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GD&T Symbols Flatness (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness/)

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List
Symbol:
About Us (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/about-us/) Contact (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/contact/)
Relative to Datum: No
| |
(https://www.gdandtbasics.com
|
/datum/) MMC or LMC applicable: Yes –
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New in 2009
/true-position/)
Drawing Callout:
/circularity/)
/parallelism/)
Description:
GD&T Flatness is very straight forward. It is a common symbol that
/cylindricity/) references how flat a surface is regardless of any other datum’s or
features (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/regardless-of-feature-size/). It
comes in useful if a feature is to be defined on a drawing that needs to
be uniformly flat without tightening any other dimensions on the
drawing. The flatness tolerance references two parallel planes (parallel
/profile-of-a-surface/)
to the surface that it is called out on) that define a zone where the
entire reference surface must lie. Flatness tolerance is always less than
the dimensional tolerance associated with it.
/runout/) Tolerance Zone:
Two Sets of Parallel Planes where the entire referenced surface must
lie.
/concentricity/)
1 de 7 10/04/19 21:11
Flatness | GD&T Basics https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness/
| GD&T Symbols
Gauging / Measurement:
(https://www.gdandtbasics.com/gdt-symbols/)
Flatness is can be measured using a height gauge run across the

| surface of the part if only
About Us (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/about-us/) the reference
| Contact feature is held parallel. You are
(https://www.gdandtbasics.com/contact/)
trying making sure that any point along the surface does not go above
or below the tolerance zone. Modern CMM’s are best for measuring the
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part as they can create virtual planes that the true surface profile can
be compared to. This is a 3D measurement so points must be
measured across the length and width of the part to ensure the entire
surface is in tolerance.Flatness cannot be measured by simply placing
the part on a granite slab and running height gauge over it. This would
be measuring parallelism (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/parallelism/)
instead as you are fixing the bottom of the part as a datum.
(https://www.gdandtbasics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/flatness-
measurement.png?89189c&89189c)
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Relation to Other Symbols:

Flatness is the 3D version of surface straightness
(https://www.gdandtbasics.com/straightness/) – Instead of the
tolerance zone between two lines; the tolerance zone exists between
two planes.
2 de 7 10/04/19 21:11
When Used:
When you want to constrain the amount of waviness or variation in a

surface without tightening the dimensional tolerance of said surface.
Usually flatness is used to give a surface an even amount of wear or for
sealing properly with a mating part. Commonly used on a fixture that
must mate flush with another part without wobbling, but where
orientation is not important.
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Example:
|
| GD&T Symbols If you want to make sure that a tabletop is perfectly flat, if you did not
have a flatness callout, you would have to constrain the height of the
table very tightly to make sure that the entire surface is straight. With
| About Us (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/about-us/) | Contact (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/contact/)
flatness, you can allow the table to be flat without constraining the
tabletop thickness very tight. (You would be rejecting tables that were
| good thicknesses and normally in spec if using GD&T)
GD&T Course Login (http://course.gdandtbasics.com/courses/fundamentals)
(https://www.gdandtbasics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Flatness-
Example2-Table-without-GDT.jpg?89189c&89189c)
Flatness Example 2 Table without GDT: Keeping the table flat without
GD&T
(https://www.gdandtbasics.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Flatness-
Example1-Table-with-gdt.jpg?89189c&89189c)
3 de 7 10/04/19 21:11
Flatness Example 1 Table with gdt:Table using the GD&T flatness

Symbol
Final Notes:
Flatness is not the same as parallelism (https://www.gdandtbasics.com
/parallelism/). Parallelism uses a datum to control a surface while
flatness does not. Think of a table with two missing legs at an angle to
the floor. The table top may be within flatness tolerance but would not
be parallel to the floor.
| GD&T Symbols GDandT Basics (https://www.gdandtbasics.com

/author/geisstc/)
Symmetry (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/symmetry/)
Related Posts
58 Comments
yogesh says:
March 13, 2019 at 6:22 am (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness
/comment-page-6/#comment-1691)
Is Flatness value will depend on the length of face? Any standard table
recommended flatness value and corresponding face length
Reply (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness
/?replytocom=1691#respond)
Matt Derr (https://www.gdandtbasics.com) says:

March 13, 2019 at 10:02 pm (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness
Yogesh –
No, a flatness control applies to the entire surface indicated

simultaneously. You can apply form controls like straightness,
flatness etc. on a per unit basis to limit abrupt changes along a
surface or over a specified area. I don’t think that’s what you’re
driving at though.
4 de 7 10/04/19 21:11
Cheers,
Matt
gautam says:
March 24, 2019 at 5:52 am (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness
what is the meaning of ▱(flatness symbol) 0.2/ 100.
| GD&T Symbols Reply (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness


Guatam –
Read this to mean that a flatness error of 0.2 is permitted every

100. This method is often used to prevent abrupt changes in
flatness, straightness per unit length or area. For flatness, based on
the standard and my experience, the control should read as 0.2 / 10
x 10. Something that indicates that the value following the /
indicates an area. Is it possible there is a note or other such callout
nearby the control in question? I’ll refer you to Section 5.4.2.2 of the
ASME Y14.5 – 2009 standard.
Hope this helps clarify you understanding.
Cheers,
Matt
John says:
So how do I make sense of a flatness of 0.005″ per inch? I’m not

thinking this would mean a flatness of 0.060″ for a 1 foot part??

John –
It’s specifying that you can’t have a flatness error greater than .005
5 de 7 10/04/19 21:11
for every square inch. You typically see this as a means to prevent
abrupt changes in surface form. So, for instance, if you don’t require
a particularly flat surface (say with a tolerance of .060), but also
don’t want knife ridges due to the machinist using a hacksaw, you
could create a composite control where you have .060 in the upper
frame and .005/1×1 in the lower frame. You might check out section
5.4.2.2 of the ASME Y14.5 – 2009 standard for more information. I
hope this helps clarify.
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(https://www.gdandtbasics.com/gdt-training/)
Matt
| GD&T Symbols Reply (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/flatness


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Flatness is can be measured using a height gauge run across the

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Relation to Other Symbols:

When you want to constrain the amount of waviness or variation in a

GD&T Training (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/gdt-training/)

Flatness Example 1 Table with gdt:Table using the GD&T ﬂatness

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Matt Derr (https://www.gdandtbasics.com) says:

No, a ﬂatness control applies to the entire surface indicated

| GD&T Symbols Reply (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/ﬂatness

| About Us (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/about-us/) | Contact (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/contact/)

Read this to mean that a ﬂatness error of 0.2 is permitted every

Hope this helps clarify you understanding.

So how do I make sense of a ﬂatness of 0.005″ per inch? I’m not

Matt Derr (https://www.gdandtbasics.com) says:

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| GD&T Symbols Reply (https://www.gdandtbasics.com/ﬂatness

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