Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERING
Tuesday 5:00 P.M. – 7:30 A.M.
Saturday 9:00 A.M. – 12:00 A.M.
Topics :
i. ASPHALT TECHNOLOGY
ii. MATERIALS QUALITY CONTROL
Submitted by :
Mary Ann R. Montecalvo
Bryan Moscoso
Fritze Ann T. Nuique
Britney Patajo
Aramina Saraňa
Submitted to :
Engineer Tina Favor
Instructor
Reporter : Mary Ann R.Montecalvo
What is Asphalt ?
- A heavy, dark brown to black mineral substance, one of several mixtures of
hydrocarbons called bitumens
- The material that binds the crushed stone and gravel, referred to as aggregate, together to
create a strong hard surface.
Natural asphalt
-is obtained directly from the nature especially from the two resources
lakes and rocks.
Residual asphalt
-is obtained artificially by the distillation of crude petroleum oil with
asphaltic base.
Cutback asphalt
-is in liquid state. Asphalt is dissolved in a volatile solvent to get this cutback
asphalt. It is used for manufacturing bituminous paint, repairing roofs etc.
Asphalt emulsion
Asphalt cement
-is subjected to high pressure air under high temperature to get asphalt cement.
Asphalt cement is plastic in nature and it is used for flooring, roofing, water
proofing material etc.
Mastic asphalt
-is obtained by heating natural asphalt with sand and mineral fillers. It is
impermeable matter does not contain any voids.
Composition of Asphalt
Uses of Asphalt
Electrical Uses
- High-grade asphalts are used in electrical industry on mixing with wood tar, pitch,
rubber, and resin. The battery containers are its best examples.
Roadway Construction
- Asphaltic bitumens are characterized by a set of useful properties such as: resistance to
weather, water proofness, binding capacity and ability to provide a flexible surface.
Asphaltic Paints
- Bituminous asphalts are used as essential ingredients in certain paints. Such paints are
especially useful for damp walls and over concrete structures.
Asphalt Concrete
- Some asphalt is refined to specifications that give it excellent binding properties. It is
called asphalt cement, and when mixed with fine and coarse aggregates, it gives asphalt
concrete.
Applications of Asphalt
- Used for roll roofing
- For expansion joints
- For patches on concrete roads
- Helps in preserving and waterproofing
- Helps in rust proofing and soundproofing
- Maintenance of many structures, systems, and components
- Type of paint, ink and graffiti
- A mortar for building
- For all types of roadways
Types of Asphalt
Native Asphalt
- Pure asphalts occur in nature in the form of solid or semi-solid deposits in certain parts of
the world.
Asphalt Rock
- It is a type of limestone converted to asphalt rock. This has happened at places where
natural bitumens have entered the crevices of limestone rock and changed it to an
asphaltic composition.
Asphaltites
- These are actually asphalt like in composition and have low softening points (200° F or
so).
- Some asphaltites are used considerably in electrical storage batteries, thermo-plastic
molded goods, mastic flooring and pipeline coatings.
Advantages of Asphalt
1. Economical
Asphalt is low-cost building material. It is less expensive not just in actual cost, but also
in terms of the time it takes to complete construction.
2. Durable
Asphalt is a reliable weather resistant material and can be designed for low and high
traffic conditions which can withstand the harshest of weathers and heaviest of semi-trailers.
3. Safe
Asphalt’s safety feature is related to its smooth-like finish which offers drivers skid
resistance, reduced splash back and better visual distinction between road markings.
4.Recyclable
Asphalt is recyclable material, it can be used over and over, and its life-cycle never ends
and helps preserving our natural resources by reusing the same material over again.
Disadvantages of Asphalt
1. Care and Maintenance
Asphalt Pavement requires more maintenance than concrete to ensure long lasting
solutions. Resealing the asphalt surface area in every three to five years will cost both money,
and time.
2. Cracks
Asphalt cracks look ugly and can get expensive if it is left unrepaired. Issues such as
uneven pavement surfaces, inadequate mixing and laying pavement are reasons responsible for
cracks.
3. Environmental Issues
Some asphalt is petroleum crude oil based product. In the process of asphalt creation,
hydrocarbons are released which is responsible for leading pollution.
4. Equipment
Large-scale projects require heavier equipment, which can be cost-prohibitive.
Asphalt Pavement
- Is made up of stone (aggregates), sand, additives and liquid asphalt.
- Consist of 95% aggregate and sand, and 5 to 10% asphalt or bitumen.
1. Alligator Cracking
-Is a load associated structural failure. The failure can be due to weakness in the
surface, base or sub grade ; a surface or base that is too thin; poor drainage or the combination of
all three.
2. Block Cracking
-Block cracks look like large interconnected rectangles.
-Not load-associated, but generally caused by shrinkage of the asphalt pavement
due to an inability of asphalt binder to expand and contract with temperature cycles.
4. Transverse Cracking
-Are single cracks perpendicular to the pavement’s centerline or lay down
direction.
-Can be caused by reflective cracks from an underlying layer, daily temperature
cycles, and poor construction due to improper operations of the power.
5. Edge Cracks
-Travel along the inside edge of a pavement surface within one or two feet.
-This is caused by poor drainage conditions and lack of support at the pavement
edge.
6. Joint Reflection Cracks
-These are cracks in a flexible pavement overlay of a rigid pavement.
-These occur directly over the underlying rigid pavement joints.
7. Slippage Cracks
-Are crescent-shaped cracks or tears in the surface layer of asphalt where the new
material has slipped over the underlying course.
-This problem is caused by a lack of bonding between layers.
8. Pot Holes
-Small, bowl shaped depression in the pavement surface that penetrate all the way
through the asphalt layer down to the base course.
10. Rutting
-Ruts in asphalt pavements are channelized depressions in the wheel-tracks.
-It is caused by insufficient pavement thickness; lack of compaction of the
asphalt, stone base or soil; weak asphalt mixes; or moisture infiltration.
11. Shoving
-Is the formation of ripples across a pavement.
-Occurs at location having severe horizontal stresses, such as intersections.
-Typically caused by excess asphalt; too much fine aggregate; rounded aggregate;
too soft an asphalt; or a weak granular base
12. Upheaval
-Is a localized upward movement in a pavement due to swelling of the sub grade.
-This can be due to expansive soils that due to moisture if frost heave.
13. Raveling (very porous asphalt)
-Is the on-going separation of aggregate particles in a pavement from the surface
downward or from the edges inward.
-One common cause is placing asphalt too late in the season.
2. Perpetual Pavement
-Is a combination of asphalt and the multi-layer paving design process
-They are durable and long-lasting
3. Quiet Pavement
-Paving roads with asphalt significantly reduces the noise inside and outside of
homes and businesses.
4. Warm-Mix Asphalt
-Is produced the same way that hot-mix asphalt, except it is 50-100 degrees
Fahrenheit lower.
5. Thin Overlays
-Thin overlays improve ride quality and reduce pavement distress, noise levels,
and life-cycle costs. This is produced by using warm-mix asphalt and recycled materials.
2. Milling Machines
- used to remove a distressed surface layer from an existing pavement
3. Graders
- used in place of milling machines if the base course is dirt or gravel
4. Sweepers
- clean the surface of the road after it has been milled or graded
5. Dump Trucks
- move the hot asphalt from the plant to the jobsite
7. Asphalt Paver
- a self-propelled formless laydown machine with a floating screed
8. Compactor/Roller
- compacts the asphalt
9. Paver Screed
- flatten the asphalt
Variables
Aggregates – granular material such as sand, gravel, crushed stone and many more.
Asphalt binder – it is a material added to modify the original asphalt cement properties.
Asphalt binder to aggregate ratio – ratio of the weight of asphalt binder to the weight of
aggregate used in the mix.
Deformation Resistance – the design should be stable and should not rut or deform under
traffic loading.
Fatigue Resistance – the design should not crack when subjected to repeated loads over
time.
Low Temperature Cracking Resistance – the design should not crack when subjected to
low ambient temperature.
Durability – the design should not suffer excessive aging during production and service
life.
Moisture Damage Resistance – the design should not degrade substantially from moisture
penetration into the mix.
Skid Resistance – the design placed as a surface course should provide sufficient friction
when in contact with a vehicle’s tires.
Asphalt Mix Design Basic Procedure
Materials used
Advantages
Disadvantages
- Increased material cost associated with high bitumen and filler content
- Moisture seeping from the SMA surface for long period periods after rain
- SMA mix requires higher mixing temperature
- White fines on the surface of the pavements
- Needs more carefully monitoring the composition at the mixing plant
Production of asphalt
3. Emulsifying
- Asphalt cement can also be emulsified to produce liquid that can be easily pumped
through pipes, mixed with aggregate or sprayed through nozzles.
4. Pulverizing
- Asphalt may also be pulverized to produce powdered asphalt.
5. Air blowing
- if the asphalt is to be used for a purpose other than paving, such as roofing, pipe
coating or as under sealant or water-proofing material, the asphalt may be oxidized, or
air blown.
2. Gradation of material in each hot bin and operation of the proportioning system
Asphalt Cement - The primary asphalt products produced by the distillation of crude oil.
Uses of Asphalt Cement:
1. Item 303 – Bituminous Seal coat
2. Item 304 – Bituminous Treatment
3. Item 305 – Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
4. Item 310 – Bituminous Concrete surface course hot laid
Liquid Asphalt or Cutback Asphalt - are asphalt cements mixed with a solvent to reduce
their viscosity to make them easier to use at ordinary temperatures
Uses of Liquid Asphalt:
1. Item 301 – Bituminous Prime coat
2. Item 302 – Bituminous Tack Coat (RC)
3. Item 303 – Bituminous Seal coat
4. Item 304 – Bituminous Surface Treatment
5. Item 305– Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
6. Item 306– Bituminous Road- Mix Surface Course
7. Item 308 – Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface, Cold-laid
8. Item 309 – Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture)
9. Item 310– Bituminous Concrete Surface Course, Hot-laid
Asphalt Emulsions - are mixtures of asphalt cement and water
Uses of Asphalt Emulsion:
1. Item 205 -Asphalt Stabilized Road Mix Base Course
2. Item 302- Bituminous Tack Coat
3. Item 304- Bituminous Surface Treatment
4. Item 305- Bituminous Penetration Macadam Pavement
5. Item 306-Bituminous Road Mix Surface Course
6. Item 308-Bituminous Plant-Mix Surface Course , Cold Laid
7. Item 309- Bituminous Plant-Mix (Stockpile Maintenance Mixture)
• Stability – stability specifications should be high enough to handle traffic adequately, but
not higher than traffic conditions require. Too high stability value produces a pavement
that is too stiff and therefore less durable than desired.
• Safety – is very important for the surface course. This involves skid resistance and
drainage of water from the surface. Skid resistance is the ability of an asphalt to minimize
skidding or slipping of vehicles tires, particularly when wet.
• Durability – is its ability to resist factors such as changes in the binder, disintegration of
the aggregate, and stripping of the binder films from the aggregate. These factors can be
the result of weather, traffic, or a combination of two.
AGGREGATES
• are hard, inert materials such as sand, gravel, crushed stone, slag, or rock dust.
AGGREGATE SOURCES
Sedimentary rock
Metamorphic rock
CLASSIFICATIONS OF AGGREGATES:
Pit or Bank-Run Aggregates - Both gravel and sand are typically pit or
Bank-run natural aggregates.
Processed Aggregates - When natural pit or bank-run aggregate has been crushed and
screened to make it suitable for Asphalt Concrete pavements, it is considered a processed
aggregate.
Synthetic Aggregates - Aggregates produced by altering both physical and chemical
properties of a parent material are called synthetic or artificial aggregates.
Quality Control
- part of quality management that ensures products and services to comply with
requirements
- involve testing every single output such as the products of an assembly line
1. Project Manager
2. Supervisors
3. Quality Engineers
4. Workers
1. Checklists – a basic quality tool that is used to collect data. A check sheet might be used to
track the number of times a certain incident happens.
2. Fishbone Diagram- helpful for determining what causes a specific problem, be it materials,
machines, methods of manpower
3. Control chart – helps you see how processes historically change using controls. It also helps
find and correct problems as they happen, predict a range of outcomes and
analyze variations
5. Pareto Chart- provides visual analysis of problems and causes so it can focus on the most
significant issues
6. Histogram- uses bars to identify frequency distributions that indicate how often defects occur
- Homogenous in texture and emit clear ringing sound like metal being struck
5. Aggregates - clean, hard, strong, and have irregular shaped durable particles
- Regular in shape
QUALITY CONTROL
QUALITY ASSURANCE