A C-arm is an imaging scanner intensifier.

The name derives from the C-shaped arm used to

connect the x-ray source and x-ray detector to one another. C-
arms have radiographic capabilities, though they are used primarily for fluoroscopic
intraoperative imaging during surgical, orthopedic and emergency care procedures. The
devices provide high-resolution X-ray images in real time, thus allowing the physician to
monitor progress and immediately make any corrections.

An x-ray image intensifier (XRII) is an image intensifier that converts x-rays into visible
light at higher intensity than mere fluorescent screens do. X-ray imaging systems use such
intensifiers (like fluoroscopes) to allow converting low-intensity x-rays to a
conveniently bright visible light output.

Through its intensifying effect, the viewer can more easily see the structure of the imaged
object than fluorescent screens alone. The XRII requires lower absorbed doses due to more
efficient conversion of x-ray quanta to visible light.

The C-arm systems are commonly used for studies requiring the maximum positional
flexibility such as:

 Angiography studies (peripheral, central and cerebral);

 Therapeutic studies (Line placements, transjugular biopsies, TIPS stent,

embolizations);

 Cardiac studies;

 Orthopedic procedures.

 Mobile C-arm fluoroscopic X-ray systems are used for a variety of diagnostic
imaging and minimally invasive surgical procedures. In the operating room (OR),
they help in visualizing kidney drainage, abdominal and thoracic aortic aneurysm
repair, percutaneous valve replacements, cardiac surgery, vascular surgery,
gastroenterology, neuro stimulation, orthopedics, pain management and neurology
procedures.

GE Healthcare/OEC, Philips, Siemens and Ziehm Imaging.

Flat-Panel Systems
Most mobile C-arms use image intensifiers with a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera.
Ziehm was the first to introduce a digital flat-panel detector system with its Vision FD flat-
panel detector (FPD) mobile C-arm. Philips followed with its 2009 release of the Veradius
system.
Manufacturers say the flat-panel detectors offer better image quality and a smaller system
that takes up less room in the OR. They also offer a larger field of view (FOV) that is
unaffected by geometrical distortions, and the detector is not affected by magnetic
distortions, so the system can be freely positioned. Philips says a smaller flat-panel detector
offers fewer obstructions in the OR, allowing more room to see team members and
coordinate tasks.

 How does a mobile C-arm work?

 Mobile Fluoroscopic System, also known as portable or mobile C-arm, comprises a
generator (X-ray source) and an image intensifier or flat-panel detector. The C-shaped
connecting element allows movement horizontally, vertically and around the swivel
axes, so that X-ray images of the patient are produced from almost any angle.
 The generator emits X-rays that penetrate the patient’s body. The image intensifier or
detector converts the X-rays into a visible image displayed on the C-arm monitor.
Physician can check anatomical details such as bones and the position of implants and
instruments at any time.

 Flat-panel detectors (FDP) are increasingly replacing image intensifiers (II) on
mobile C-arm systems,

The advantages of this technology include: lower patient dose and increased image
quality and no deterioration of the image quality over time.