CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
1. The aim of this project is to use wireless technology to intimate the
owner of the CAR about any unauthorized entry. This is done by sending
an auto-generated SMS to the owner. As the crime rate is going up,
security system for CAR is extremely essential.

In this proposed system if someone tries to start your car, a massage will be
sent to owner that car has started, the microcontroller gets an interrupt
through a switch mechanism connected to the system and commands the GSM
modem to send an SMS. The GSM modem interfaced to the microcontroller, if
unauthorized intimation detects then owner has to reply a stop sms, so car will
be stopped and alarm will start.
 CHAPTER 2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

16X2

LCD DISPLAY (optional)

CAR LOCK
Buzzer

ATMEGA8L

Microcontroller
Motor Driver
Module

(Robotic Chassis)

GSM MODULE
CHAPTER 3

Circuit Diagram
 CHAPTER 4

LIST OF COMPONENTS
6. LIST OF COMPONENTS

1) MICROCONTROLLER ATMEGA8L
2) GSM MODEM
3) Robotic Chassis
4) Motors (300RPM)
5) VOLATGE REGULATOR 7805
6) L293D MOTOR DRIVER IC
7) 1 UF/25V CAPACITOR
8) 1N4007 Diodes
9) LEDs
10) RESISTANCES
11) PCB

CHAPTER 5
 SPECIFICATION OF
COMPONENTS

1. MICROCONTROLLER:-

Microntroller is of AT MEGA 8 . The ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller

based on the AVR enhanced RISC architecture. By executing powerful instructions in a single
clock cycle, the ATmega8 achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz allowing the
system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

Features

• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller

• Advanced RISC Architecture
– 130 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
– 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
– Fully Static Operation
– Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
– On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier

• Nonvolatile Program and Data Memories

– 8K Bytes of In-System Self-Programmable Flash
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– Optional Boot Code Section with Independent Lock Bits
In-System Programming by On-chip Boot Program
True Read-While-Write Operation
– 512 Bytes EEPROM
Endurance: 100,000 Write/Erase Cycles
– 1K Byte Internal SRAM
– Programming Lock for Software Security
• Peripheral Features
– Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescaler, one Compare Mode
– One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and Capture
Mode
– Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
– Three PWM Channels
– 8-channel ADC in TQFP and MLF package
Six Channels 10-bit Accuracy
Two Channels 8-bit Accuracy
– 6-channel ADC in PDIP package
Four Channels 10-bit Accuracy
Two Channels 8-bit Accuracy
– Byte-oriented Two-wire Serial Interface
– Programmable Serial USART
– Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
– Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
– On-chip Analog Comparator
• Special Microcontroller Features
– Power-on Reset and Programmable Brown-out Detection
– Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator
– External and Internal Interrupt Sources
– Five Sleep Modes: Idle, ADC Noise Reduction, Power-save, Power-down, and
Standby
• I/O and Packages
– 23 Programmable I/O Lines
– 28-lead PDIP, 32-lead TQFP, and 32-pad MLF
• Operating Voltages
– 2.7 - 5.5V (ATmega8L)
– 4.5 - 5.5V (ATmega8)
• Speed Grades
– 0 - 8 MHz (ATmega8L)
– 0 - 16 MHz (ATmega8)
• Power Consumption at 4 Mhz, 3V, 25°C
– Active: 3.6 mA
– Idle Mode: 1.0 mA
– Power-down Mode: 0.5 μA

Pin Configurations

Overview
The ATmega8 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on the AVR RISC
Architecture . By executing powerful instructions in a single clock cycle, the ATmega8
achieves throughputs approaching 1 MIPS per MHz, allowing the system designer to
optimize power consumption versus processing speed.
Pin Descriptions

VCC Digital supply voltage.

GND Ground.

Port B (PB7..PB0) XTAL1/

XTAL2/TOSC1/TOSC2

Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit).
The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and
source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally pulled low will source current if
the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a reset condition
becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

Depending on the clock selection fuse settings, PB6 can be used as input to the inverting
Oscillator amplifier and input to the internal clock operating circuit. Depending on the clock
selection fuse settings, PB7 can be used as output from the inverting Oscillator amplifier. If
the Internal Calibrated RC Oscillator is used as chip clock source, PB7..6 is used as
TOSC2..1 input for the Asynchronous Timer/Counter2 if the AS2 bit in ASSR is set. The
various special features of Port B are elaborated in “Alternate Functions of Port B” on page
56 and “System Clock and Clock Options” on page 23.

Port C (PC5..PC0) Port C is an 7-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

PC6/RESET If the RSTDISBL Fuse is programmed, PC6 is used as an I/O pin. Note that the
electrical characteristics of PC6 differ from those of the other pins of Port C. If the
RSTDISBL Fuse is unprogrammed, PC6 is used as a Reset input. A low level on this pin for
longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a Reset, even if the clock is not running.
The minimum pulse length is given in Table 15 on page 36. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed
to generate a Reset.
Port D (PD7..PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors
(selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally pulled low will
source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset
condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.

RESET Reset input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will
generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.

AVCC AVCC is the supply voltage pin for the A/D Converter, Port C (3..0), and ADC (7..6).
It should be externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used,
it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter. Note that Port C (5..4) use digital
supply voltage, VCC.

AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter.

ADC7..6 (TQFP and MLF Package Only)

1. In the TQFP and MLF package, ADC7..6 serve as analog inputs to the A/D converter.
These pins are powered from the analog supply and serve as 10-bit ADC channels.
 2. INTRODUCTION TO GSM ARCHITECTURE:
A GSM network consists of the following components:

1. Mobile station:

The GSM mobile station (or mobile phone) communicates with other parts of
the system through the base-station system.

2. GSM Base station system(BSS).

3. Base transceiver station (BTS):

The base transceiver station (BTS) handles the radio interface to the mobile
station. The base transceiver station is the radio equipment (transceivers and
antennas)

4. Base station controller (BSC):

The BSC provides the control functions and physical links between the MSC and
BTS. It provides functions such as handover, cell configuration data and control
of RF power levels in base transceiver stations. A number of BSCs are served by
a MSC.

5. GSM Switching System.

6. Mobile services switching center (MSC):

The MSC performs the telephony switching functions of the system. It also
performs such functions as toll ticketing, network interfacing, common channel
signaling, and others.

7. Home location register (HLR):

The HLR database is used for storage and management of
subscriptions. The home location register stores permanent data
about subscribers, including a subscriber's service profile, location
information, and activity status.
8. Visitor location register (VLR):
The VLR database contains temporary information about subscribers
that is needed by the mobile services switching center (MSC) in order
to service visiting subscribers. When a mobile station roams into a
 new mobile services switching center (MSC) area, the visitor location
register (VLR) connected to that MSC will request data about the
mobile station from the HLR, reducing the need for interrogation of
the home location register (HLR).
9. Authentication center (AUC):
The AUC provides authentication and encryption parameters that
verify the user's identity and ensure the confidentiality of each call.
The authentication center (AUC) also protects network operators
from fraud.
10.Equipment identity register (EIR):
The EIR database contains information on the identity of mobile
equipment to prevent calls from stolen, unauthorized or defective
mobile stations.

11. Message center (MXE):

The MXE is a node that provides integrated voice, fax, and data messaging.

12. Mobile service node (MSN):

The MSN is the node that handles the mobile intelligent network (IN) services.

13. Gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC):

A gateway mobile services switching center (GMSC) is a node used to

interconnect two networks.

14. GSM interworking unit (GIWU):

The GIWU consists of both hardware and software that provides an interface to
various networks for data communications. Through the GSM interworking unit
(GIWU), users can alternate between speech and data during the same call.

15. Operation and support system (OSS):

The OSS is the functional entity from which the network operator monitors and
controls the system. The purpose of operation and support system is to offer
support for centralized, regional, and local operational and maintenance
activities that are required for a GSM network.

2. GSM MODULE
 a. INTRODUCTION:
GSM/GPRS module is used to establish communication between a computer
and a GSM-GPRS system. Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) is an
architecture used for mobile communication in most of the countries. Global
Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is an extension of GSM that enables higher data
transmission rate. GSM/GPRS module consists of a GSM/GPRS modem
assembled together with power supply circuit and communication interfaces
(like RS-232, USB, etc) for computer. The MODEM is the soul of such modules.

b. WORKING:
A GSM/GPRS module assembles a GSM/GPRS modem with standard
communication interfaces like RS-232 (Serial Port), USB etc., so that it
can be easily interfaced with a computer or a microprocessor /
microcontroller based system. The power supply circuit is also built in
the module that can be activated by using a suitable adaptor

Block diagram for GSM interfacing with computer or microcontroller

GSM/GPRS MODEM is a class of wireless MODEM devices that are designed for
communication of a computer with the GSM and GPRS network. It requires a
SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) card just like mobile phones to activate
communication with the network. Also they have IMEI (International Mobile
Equipment Identity) number similar to mobile phones for their identification. A
GSM/GPRS MODEM can perform the following operations:
1. Receive, send or delete SMS messages in a SIM.

2. Read, add, search phonebook entries of the SIM.

3. Make, Receive, or reject a voice call.

The MODEM needs AT commands, for interacting with processor or controller,

which are communicated through serial communication. These commands are
sent by the controller/processor. The MODEM sends back a result after it
receives a command. Different AT commands supported by the MODEM can be
sent by the processor/controller/computer to interact with the GSM and GPRS
cellular network.

c. AT COMMANDS:
AT commands are used to control MODEMs. AT is the abbreviation for
Attention. These commands come from Hayes commands that were used by
the Hayes smart modems. The Hayes commands started with AT to indicate the
attention from the MODEM. The dial up and wireless MODEMs (devices that
involve machine to machine communication) need AT commands to interact
with a computer. These include the Hayes command set as a subset, along with
other extended AT commands.

AT commands with a GSM/GPRS MODEM or mobile phone can be used to

access following information and services:
1. Information and configuration pertaining to mobile device or MODEM and
SIM card.
2. SMS services.
3. MMS services.
4. Fax services.
5. Data and Voice link over mobile network

LED{LIGHT EMITTING DIODES}:-

 As its name implies it is a diode, which emits light when forward biased. Charge carrier
recombination takes place when electrons from the N-side cross the junction and recombine
with the holes on the P side. Electrons are in the higher conduction band on the N side
whereas holes are in the lower valence band on the P side. During recombination, some of the
energy is given up in the form of heat and light. In the case of semiconductor materials like
Gallium arsenide (GaAs), Gallium phosphate (Gap) and Gallium arsenide phoshide (GaAsP)
a greater percentage of energy is released during recombination and is given out in the form
of light. LED emits no light when junction is reverse biased. All LEDs produce incoherent,
narrow-spectrum light; “white” LEDs are actually combinations of three LEDs of a different
color, or a blue LED with a yellow scintillator coating. LEDs can also be used as low-
efficiency photodiodes in signal applications. An LED may be paired with a photodiode or
phototransistor in the same package, to form an opto-isolator.

Reading a table of technical data for LEDs

IF VF VF VR Luminous Viewing
Type Colour Wavelength
max. typ. max. max. intensity angle
Standard Red 30mA 1.7V 2.1V 5V 5mcd @ 10mA 60° 660nm
Standard Bright red 30mA 2.0V 2.5V 5V 80mcd @ 10mA 60° 625nm
Standard Yellow 30mA 2.1V 2.5V 5V 32mcd @ 10mA 60° 590nm
Standard Green 25mA 2.2V 2.5V 5V 32mcd @ 10mA 60° 565nm
High intensity Blue 30mA 4.5V 5.5V 5V 60mcd @ 20mA 50° 430nm
Super bright Red 30mA 1.85V 2.5V 5V 500mcd @ 20mA 60° 660nm
Low current Red 30mA 1.7V 2.0V 5V 5mcd @ 2mA 60° 625nm

IF max. Maximum forward current, forward just means with the LED connected
correctly.
VF typ. Typical forward voltage, VL in the LED resistor calculation.
This is about 2V, except for blue and white LEDs for which it is about 4V.
VF max. Maximum forward voltage.
VR max. Maximum reverse voltage.
Luminous intensity Brightness of the LED at the given current, mcd = mill candela.
Viewing angle Standard LEDs have a viewing angle of 60°, others emit a narrower beam of
about 30°.
Wavelength The peak wavelength of the light emitted, this determines the color of the
LED.
LED resistor value
 R = (VS - VL) / I

VS = supply voltage
VL = LED voltage (usually 2V, but 4V for blue and white LEDs)
I = LED current (e.g. 20mA), this must be less than the maximum permitted

Applications

 Radio demodulation
 Power conversion
 Over-voltage protection
 Logic gates
 Ionizing radiation detectors
 Temperature measuring
 Current steering

7.2 Resistors

A resistor is an electrical component, which has been manufacture with a specified

amount of resistance. The resistors can conduct current in both the directions. The resistors
may be connected in an electric circuit without concern for lead polarization. The resistors are
used mainly for two purposes, namely controlling the flow of electric current and providing
desired amounts of voltage in electric in electric or electronic circuits.

Resistor specifications

The resistors are specified in terms of their resistance values, tolerance power rating and
thermal stability. By tolerance, we mean the allowed variation permitted in the normal or
marred value or the resistor. It means that the actual value of the resistor may be either greater
or smaller than that of the indicated value, by a factor given by the specified tolerance. Thus
resistors are manufactured with a specified tolerance. For example, a 5000  resistor with a
tolerance of + 10% will have an actual resistance value anywhere between 4500  and 5500
 or in other words 500  greater or smaller them the rated value.
The power rating of a resistor is given by the maximum wattage it can dissipate, without
excessive heating. Since the power rating is proportional to the square of a current, there fore
current must not be higher than its safe value. If the current exceeds the safe value, the
resistance will burn out. Usually, carbon composition resistors will fail, if operated at near the
rated power values. In this case, the resistor will not burn out. But the failure is gradual,
which takes many months. It changes gradually to a much lower amount of resistance. This
causes an improper operation of an electronic of an electronic circuit particularly in amplifier.
Thus in order to increase the life of use a power dissipation of about half of the rating of the
resistor.

The thermal stability of a resistor is indicated by the temperature coefficient specification,

which is usually expressed in parts per million per degree centigrade (+ ppm/C). The smaller
value of temperature coefficient will have less variation in the resistance value. Therefore,
smaller value of temperature coefficient means a higher thermal stability of a resistor.

CLASSIFICATION OF RESISTORS

Shows the classification of resistors in the from of a family tree. The resistors are basically of
two types, namely linear resistors and non- linear resistors. Each type is further subdivided
into many types as shown in the figure.

Linear resistors. The resistors through which the current is directly proportional to the
applied voltage, are called linear resistors. Such resistors have a property that their resistance
value do not change with the variation in applied voltage, temperature or light intensity. The
linear resistors are of two types namely fixed resistors and variable resistors. Non-linear. The
resistors through which the current is not directly proportional to the applied voltage, are
called non-linear resistors. Such resistors have a property that their resistance values change
with variation in applied voltage, temperature of light intensity. The non-linear resistors are of
three namely thermostat, photo resistor and varistor.

Fixed Resistors

The fixed resistors are those whose do not change with the variation in applied voltage,
temperature and light intensity. Such resistors are available in various shapes and sizes, with
 The Resistor
both axial and radial leads as shown in Fig.7.2. In addition to this, the
Colour Code
fixed resistors are available with sugs for installation by soldering or
mounting with screws and rivets. Colour Number

Black 0

Brown 1

Red 2

Orange 3

Yellow 4

Green 5

Blue 6

Violet 7

Grey 8

RESISTOR COLOUR CODE CALCULATOR White 9

The Resistor Colour Code Calculator can be used to identify resistors. It consists of three card
discs showing the colours and values, these are fastened together so you can simply turn the
discs to select the value or colour code required.

DIODE :-

It is s two terminal device consisting of a P-N junction formed either in GE or SI crystal. The
P and N type regions are referred to as anode and cathode respectively. Commercially
available diodes usually have some means to indicate which lead is P and which lead is N.
Standard notations consists the number proceeded by IN such as In 240 & 250. Here 240 and
250 correspond to color band. Diodes are polarized, which means that they must be inserted
into the PCB the correct way round. This is because an electric current will only flow through
them in one direction (like air will only flow one way through a tyre valve).Diodes have two
connections, an anode and a cathode. The cathode is always identified by a dot, ring or some
other mark.

The pcb is often marked with a + sign for the cathode end. Diodes come in all shapes and
sizes. They are often marked with a type number. Detailed characteristics of a diode can be
found by looking up the type number in a data book. If you know how to measure resistance
with a meter then test some diodes. A good one has low resistance in one direction and high
in the other. There are specialized types of diode available such as the zener and light
emitting diode (LED).

CAPACITOR:-

A capacitor or condenser is a passive electronic component consisting of a pair

of conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator). When a potential difference (voltage)
exists across the conductors, an electric field is present in the dielectric. This field
stores energy and produces a mechanical force between the conductors. The effect is greatest
when there is a narrow separation between large areas of conductor, hence capacitor
conductors are often called plates.

An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, which is measured

in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference
between them. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount ofleakage
current. The conductors and leads introduce an equivalent series resistance and the dielectric
has an electric field strength limit resulting in a breakdown voltage.

Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits to block the flow of direct current while
allowing alternating current to pass, to filter out interference, to smooth the output of power
supplies, and for many other purposes. They are used in resonant circuits in radio frequency
equipment to select particular frequencies from a signal with many frequencies.

Theory of operation :- A capacitor consists of two conductors separated by a non-

conductive region.The non-conductive substance is called the dielectric medium, although
this may also mean a vacuum or a semiconductor depletion regionchemically identical to the
conductors. A capacitor is assumed to be self-contained and isolated, with no netelectric
charge and no influence from an external electric field. The conductors thus contain equal and
opposite charges on their facing surfaces,[8] and the dielectric contains an electric field. The
capacitor is a reasonably general model for electric fields within electric circuits.

An ideal capacitor is wholly characterized by a constant capacitance C, defined as the ratio of

charge ±Q on each conductor to the voltage V between them:[7]

Sometimes charge buildup affects the mechanics of the capacitor, causing the capacitance to
vary. In this case, capacitance is defined in terms of incremental changes:

In SI units, a capacitance of one farad means that one coulomb of charge on each conductor
causes a voltage of one volt across the device.

CAPACITOR TYPES :- Practical capacitors are available commercially in many

different forms. The type of internal dielectric, the structure of the plates and the device
packaging all strongly affect the characteristics of the capacitor, and its applications.

Values available range from very low (picofarad range; while arbitrarily low values are in
principle possible, stray (parasitic) capacitance in any circuit is the limiting factor) to about
5 kFsupercapacitors. Above approximately 1 microfarad electrolytic capacitors are usually
used because of their small size and low cost compared with other technologies, unless their
relatively poor stability, life and polarised nature make them unsuitable. Very high capacity
supercapacitors use a porous carbon-based electrode material.

APPLICATIONS :-
Energy storage :-

A capacitor can store electric energy when disconnected from its charging circuit, so it can be
used like a temporary battery. Capacitors are commonly used in electronic devices to
maintain power supply while batteries are being changed. (This prevents loss of information
in volatile memory.)

Conventional electrostatic capacitors provide less than 360 joules per kilogram of energy
density, while capacitors using developing technologies can provide more than
2.52 kilojoules per kilogram[20].

In car audio systems, large capacitors store energy for the amplifier to use on demand. Also
for a flash tube a capacitor is used to hold the high voltage. In ceiling fans, capacitors play the
important role of storing electrical energy to give the fan enough torque to start spinning.

Power conditioning

Reservoir capacitors are used in power supplies where they smooth the output of a full or half
wave rectifier. They can also be used incharge pump circuits as the energy storage element in
the generation of higher voltages than the input voltage.

Capacitors are connected in parallel with the power circuits of most electronic devices and
larger systems (such as factories) to shunt away and conceal current fluctuations from the
primary power source to provide a "clean" power supply for signal or control circuits. Audio
equipment, for example, uses several capacitors in this way, to shunt away power line hum
before it gets into the signal circuitry. The capacitors act as a local reserve for the DC power
source, and bypass AC currents from the power supply. This is used in car audio applications,
when a stiffening capacitor compensates for the inductance and resistance of the leads to
the lead-acid car battery

Sensing

Most capacitors are designed to maintain a fixed physical structure. However, various factors
can change the structure of the capacitor, and the resulting change in capacitance can be used
to sense those factors.
Changing the dielectric:- The effects of varying the physical and/or electrical characteristics
of the dielectric can be used for sensing purposes. Capacitors with an exposed and porous
dielectric can be used to measure humidity in air. Capacitors are used to accurately measure
the fuel level in airplanes; as the fuel covers more of a pair of plates, the circuit capacitance
increases.

Changing the distance between the plates:- Capacitors with a flexible plate can be used to
measure strain or pressure. Industrial pressure transmitters used for process control use
pressure-sensing diaphragms, which form a capacitor plate of an oscillator circuit. Capacitors
are used as the sensor in condenser microphones, where one plate is moved by air pressure,
relative to the fixed position of the other plate. Some accelerometers use MEMS capacitors
etched on a chip to measure the magnitude and direction of the acceleration vector. They are
used to detect changes in acceleration, e.g. as tilt sensors or to detect free fall, as sensors
triggering airbag deployment, and in many other applications. Some fingerprint sensors use
capacitors.

Voltage regulator (7805 IC):-

The 7805 voltage regulators employ built-in current limiting, thermal shutdown, and safe-
operating area protection which makes them virtually immune to damage from output
overloads. 7805 is a three-terminal positive voltage regulator.

With adequate heatsinking, it can deliver in excess of 0.5A output current. Typical
applications would include local (on-card) regulators which can eliminate the noise and
degraded performance associated with single-point regulation.

7805 regulator comes from the 78xx family of self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator
integrated circuits. The 78xx family is a very popular choice for many electronic circuits
which require a regulated power supply, due to their ease of use and relative cheapness. When
specifying individual ICs within this family, the xx is replaced with a two-digit number,
which indicates the output voltage the particular device is designed to provide (for example,
the 7805 voltage regulator has a 5 volt output, while the 7812 produces 12 volts). The 78xx
line are positive voltage regulators, meaning that they are designed to produce a voltage that
is positive relative to a common ground. There is a related line of 79xx devices which are
complementary negative voltage regulators. 78xx and 79xx ICs can be used in combination to
provide both positive and negative supply voltages in the same circuit, if necessary.

7805 ICs have three terminals and are most commonly found in the TO220 form factor,
although smaller surface-mount and larger TO3 packages are also available from some
manufacturers. These devices typically support an input voltage which can be anywhere from
a couple of volts over the intended output voltage, up to a maximum of 35 or 40 volts, and
can typically provide up to around 1 or 1.5 amps of current (though smaller or larger
packages may have a lower or higher current rating).

The 7805 series has several key advantages over many other voltage regulator circuits which
have resulted in its popularity:

 7805 series ICs do not require any additional components to provide a constant,
regulated source of power, making them easy to use, as well as economical, and also
efficient uses of circuit board real estate. By contrast, most other voltage regulators
require several additional components to set the output voltage level, or to assist in the
regulation process. Some other designs (such as a switching power supply) can
require not only a large number of components but also substantial engineering
expertise to implement correctly as well.
 7805 series ICs have built-in protection against a circuit drawing too much power.
They also have protection against overheating and short-circuits, making them quite
robust in most applications. In some cases, the current-limiting features of the 7805
devices can provide protection not only for the 7805 itself, but also for other parts of
the circuit it is used in, preventing other components from being damaged as well.

7805 Regulator Circuit

INTERNAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF VOLTAGE REGULATOR
 CHAPTER 6

PCB LAYOUT
PCB Layout Designing

Layout of the desired CIRCUIT is the most important in any circuit board manufacturing
process. The following points are to be observed while designing the layout of the PCB

 Sufficient space should be maintained between two components.

 High heat dissipation components like high voltage resistors should be mounted at a
sufficient distance from the semiconductors and electrolytic capacitors.

 Components layout should make proper combination with copper side circuit layout.

 Circuit copper line thickness should be decided taking into account the current drain
in the circuit.

Preparation of Screen:

Nylon bolting cloth (Silk screen cloth) is stretched and attached to a wooden frame.
Photosensitive chemical (silcot-6) and ammonium bicarbonate is spread on cloth and
dried in total darkness. The screen is exposed to UV light and is developed in water.

Printing:

The screen is placed on suitable copper laminated sheet on copper side and circuit black
printing ink (acid resistant paint) is spread on it. After printing the PCB should be allowed to
dry for at least 10 hrs. in a dust proof chamber.

Etching:
The removal of excess copper on the copper laminated PCB apart from the printed circuit is
known as etching. Generally PCB is placed in F3C13 solution and kept for one hour.

Etching Process:

Etching process requires the use of chemicals acid resistant dishes and running water supply
Ferric chloride is maximum used solution but other enchants such as ammonium per sulfate
can be used. Nitric acid can be used but in general it is not used due to poisonous fumes.
The pattern prepared is glued to the copper surface of the board using a latex type of
adhesive that can be cubed after use. The pattern is laid firmly on the copper use a very
sharp knife to cut round the pattern carefully a remove the paper corresponding to the
required copper pattern areas. Then apply the resist solutions, which can be kind of ink
proportion fort the purpose maintaining smoothing clean outlines as far as possible. While
the board is drying test all the components.

Before going to next stage, check the whole gotten and cross cheek against the circuit
diagram check for any freeing matte on the copper. The etching bath should be in a galls or
enamels disc. If using crystal of ferric-chloride these should be thoroughly dissolved in water
to the proportional suggested. There should be 0.5 Lt.of water for 125 Gm. of crystal.

Water liquid should be thoroughly deflated and druid in water land; never pour down the
drain. To prevent particles of copper hindering further etching, agitate the solutions carefully
be gently twisting or rocking the tray.

The board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than is needed to remove just the
right amount of copper. In spite of there being a resist coating there is no protection against
etching away through exposed copper edges; this leads to over etching. Have running water
ready so that etched board can be removed properly and rinsed; this will hall etching
immediately.

Drilling is one of those operations that call for great care because most of the holes will be
made a very small drill. For most purposes a 1 mm drill is used Drill all holes with this size
first those that need to be larger can be easily drilled again with the appropriate lager size.
Drilling:

Under this operation drilling should be done as per circuit lay with the suitable drill and high
speed machine. Drilling should always be done from copper side to avoid possibility of
coming out of copper circuit and chipping out of Bakelite.

Thinning:

It is an electroplating process (tin plating) done to increases the conductivity of the

conducting medium and to avoid oxidizing effect.

Component Mounting and Assembling:

All components are mounted at their respective position as per the components layout.
Proper precautions should be taken during mounting process.

From the greatest variety of electronic components available today, which runs into tens of
thousands of different types it is often a perplexing task to know which the right task for a
given job is. There should be damage such as hair line crack intuit opera on PCB that could
age a seriousfiec on the operational ability to the completed assemble. If there are than they
can and should be repaired fiesta bye soldering a short link of bare copper wire over the
affected part.

The most popular method of holding all the items is to been the wires future apart after
they even been indebted in the appropriate holes. This will hold the component in position
ready for soldering.

Some components will be considerably larger than other occupying and possible partially
obscuring neighboring components. Because of this best to start by mounting the smallest
first and progressing through to the largest. Before starting make certain that no further
drilling I likely to be necessary because access may be impossible later.

Next will probably be the resistor small signal diodes of other similar size components some
capacitor are very small but it would be best to fit these after words when fitting each group
of components marks of each one on the components its as it is fitted and if we have to
leave the job we know where to recommence. Although transistor & integrated circuit are
small items there are good reasons for leaving the soldering of these until the last step the
main pint is that these components are sensitive to heart and is subjected to prolonged
application to the soldering iron they could be internally damaged.

All the components before mounting are rubbed with sandpaper so that oxide layer is
removed from their tips. Now they are mounted according to the components layout.

2.1.6 Soldering Techniques:

A soldered connection ensures metal continuity. The soldering process involves: Melting of
the flux which in turn removes the oxide films on the metal to be soldered. Melting the
solder which remove the impurities. The solder partially dissolve of the metal in the
connection. The solder cools and fuses with the metal.

The soldering techniques involves knowledge of :

 Soldering iron

 Soldering wire

 Soldering procedure

 Replacing components
NORMAL VIEW
REAL WORLD VIEW
ARTWORK VIEW
PROTOTYPE VIEW
COMPONENT SIDE ARTWORK
CLASSIC VIEW
 CHAPTER 7

PCB MANUFACTURING
PROCESS
PCB LAYOUT
Lay out of the desired circuit is the most important in any circuit board manufacturing
process. The following points are to be observed while performing the layout of the PCB

Sufficient space should be maintained between two components. High heat dissipation
components like high voltage resistors should be mounted at a sufficient distance from the
semiconductors and electrolytic capacitors. Components layout should make proper
combination with copper side circuit layout. Circuit copper line thickness should be decided
taking into account the current drain in the circuit.

PREPARATION OF SCREEN:

Nylon bolting cloth (Silk screen cloth) is stretched and attached to a wooden frame.
Photosensitive chemical (silcot-6) and ammonium bicarbonate is spread on cloth and dried in
total darkness. The screen is exposed to UV light and is developed in water.

PRINTING:

The screen is placed on suitable copper laminated sheet on copper side and circuit black
printing ink (acid resistant paint) is spread on it. After printing the PCB should be allowed to
dry for at least 10 hrs. in a dust proof chamber.
 ETCHING:

The removal of excess copper on the copper laminated PCB apart from the printed circuit is
known as etching. Generally PCB is placed in F3C13 solution and kept for one hour.

DRILLING:

Under this operation drilling should be done as per circuit lay with the suitable drill and high
speed machine. Drilling should always be done from copper side to avoid possibility of
coming out of copper circuit and chipping out of Bakelite.

THINNING:

It is an electroplating process (tin plating) done to increases the conductivity of the

conducting medium and to avoid oxidizing effect.

COMPONENT MOUNTING:

All components are mounted at their respective position as per the components layout. Proper
precautions should be taken during mounting process.

ETCHING PROCESS:

Etching process requires the use of chemicals acid resistant dishes and running water supply
Ferric chloride is maximum used solution but other enchants such as ammonium per sulfate
can be used. Nitric acid can be used but in general it is not used due to poisonous fumes. The
pattern prepared is glued to the copper surface of the board using a latex type of adhesive that
can be cubed after use. The pattern is laid firmly on the copper use a very sharp knife to cut
round the pattern carefully a remove the paper corresponding to the required copper pattern
areas. Then apply the resist solutions, which can be kind of ink proportion fort the purpose
maintaining smoothing clean outlines as far as possible. While the board is drying test all the
components.

Before going to next stage, check the whole gotten and cross cheek against the circuit
diagram check for any freeing matte on the copper. The etching bath should be in a galls or
enamels disc. If using crystal of ferric-chloride these should be thoroughly dissolved in water
to the proportional suggested. There should be 0.5 Lt. Of water for 125 Gm. of crystal.

Water liquid should be thoroughly deflated and druid in water land; never pour down the
drain. To prevent particles of copper hindering further etching, agitate the solutions carefully
be gently twisting or rocking the tray.

The board should not be left in the bath a moment longer than is needed to remove just the
right amount of copper. In spite of there being a resist coating there is no protection against
etching away through exposed copper edges; this leads to over etching. Have running water
ready so that etched board can be removed properly and rinsed; this will hall etching
immediately.

Drilling is one of those operations that call for great care because most of the holes will be
made a very small drill. For most purposes a 1 mm drill is used Drill all holes with this size
first those that need to be larger can be easily drilled again with the appropriate lager size.

COMPONENT ASSEMBLES:

From the greatest variety of electronic components available today, which runs into tent of
thousands of different types it is often a perplexing task to know which the right task for a
given job is. There should be damage such as hair line crack intuit opera on PCB that could
age a seriousfiec on the operational ability to the completed assemble. If there are than they
can and should be repaired fiesta bye soldering a short link of bare copper wire over the
affected part.

The most popular method of holding all the items is to been the wires future apart after they
even been indebted in the appropriate holes. This will hold the component in position ready
for soldering.

Some components will be considerably larger than other occupying and possible partially
obscuring neighboring components. Because of this best to start by mounting the smallest
first and progressing through to the largest. Before starting make certain that no further
drilling I likely to be necessary because access may be impossible later.

Next will probably be the resistor small signal diodes of other similar size components some
capacitor are very small but it would be best to fit these after words when fitting each group
of components marks of each one on the components its as it is fitted and if we have to leave
the job we know where to recommence. Although transistor & integrated circuit are small
items there are good reasons for leaving the soldering of these until the last step the main pint
is that these components are sensitive to heart and is subjected to prolonged application to the
soldering iron they could be internally damaged.

All the components before mounting are rubbed with sandpaper so that oxide layer is
removed from their tips. Now they are mounted according to the components layout.

SOLDERING TECHNIQUES:

A soldered connection ensures metal continuity. The soldering process involves: Melting of
the flux which in turn removes the oxide films on the metal to be soldered. Melting the solder
which removes the impurities. The solder partially dissolve of the metal in the connection.
The solder cools and fuses wit the metal.

The soldering techniques involves knowledge of :

 Soldering iron

 Soldering wire

 Soldering procedure

 Replacing components
 CHAPTER 8
Micro-Controller C Coding
/*****************************************************
This program was produced by the
CodeWizardAVR V2.05.3 Standard
Automatic Program Generator
© Copyright 1998-2011 Pavel Haiduc, HP InfoTech s.r.l.
http://www.hpinfotech.com

Project :
Version :
Date : 1/4/2014
Author : hp
Company :
Comments:

Chip type : ATmega8L

Program type : Application
AVR Core Clock frequency: 8.000000 MHz
Memory model : Small
External RAM size :0
Data Stack size : 256
*****************************************************/

#include <mega8.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <delay.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <alcd.h>
unsigned int temp=0,j=0,i=0,temp1=0,b,f,temp2=0,cmp=0;
unsigned char u[7];
unsigned char v[7]="$stop";
unsigned char w[7]="$start";
unsigned char comtext[10]="AT+CMGF=1";
unsigned char comsend[9]="AT+CMGS=";
unsigned char comread[10]="AT+CMGR=1";
unsigned char comdel[10]="AT+CMGD=1";

void msg_del(void)
{
putchar('a');
putchar('t');
putchar('e');
putchar('0');
putchar(13);
delay_ms(100);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)
putchar(comtext[i]);

putchar(13);
delay_ms(100);

for(i=0;i<10;i++)
putchar(comdel[i]);

putchar(13);
delay_ms(100);

PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=0; //buzzer
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=0;
delay_ms(100);

#ifndef RXB8
#define RXB8 1
#endif

#ifndef TXB8
#define TXB8 0
#endif

#ifndef UPE
#define UPE 2
#endif

#ifndef DOR
#define DOR 3
#endif

#ifndef FE
#define FE 4
#endif

#ifndef UDRE
#define UDRE 5
#endif

#ifndef RXC
#define RXC 7
#endif

#define FRAMING_ERROR (1<<FE)

#define PARITY_ERROR (1<<UPE)
#define DATA_OVERRUN (1<<DOR)
#define DATA_REGISTER_EMPTY (1<<UDRE)
#define RX_COMPLETE (1<<RXC)

// USART Receiver buffer

#define RX_BUFFER_SIZE 8
char rx_buffer[RX_BUFFER_SIZE];

#if RX_BUFFER_SIZE <= 256

unsigned char rx_wr_index,rx_rd_index,rx_counter;
#else
unsigned int rx_wr_index,rx_rd_index,rx_counter;
#endif

// This flag is set on USART Receiver buffer overflow

bit rx_buffer_overflow;

// USART Receiver interrupt service routine

interrupt [USART_RXC] void usart_rx_isr(void)
{
char status,data;
status=UCSRA;
data=UDR;
if ((status & (FRAMING_ERROR | PARITY_ERROR | DATA_OVERRUN))==0)
{
 rx_buffer[rx_wr_index++]=data;
#if RX_BUFFER_SIZE == 256
// special case for receiver buffer size=256
if (++rx_counter == 0) rx_buffer_overflow=1;
#else
if (rx_wr_index == RX_BUFFER_SIZE) rx_wr_index=0;
if (++rx_counter == RX_BUFFER_SIZE)
{
rx_counter=0;
rx_buffer_overflow=1;
}
#endif
if(data==',' && cmp==0) /***************************** usart interrupt code
*******************/
{

PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=0; //buzzer
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=0;
delay_ms(100);

for(i=0;i<9;i++) //at+cmgf=1
putchar(comtext[i]);

putchar(13);
delay_ms(100);

for(i=0;i<9;i++) //at+cmgr=1
putchar(comread[i]);

putchar(13);
temp2=0;
cmp=1;
delay_ms(10);
j=0;

if(data=='$' && temp2==0)

{
 temp2=1;
}
if(data!='#' && temp2==1)
{
u[j++]=data;
}
if(data=='#')
{
lcd_clear();
lcd_puts(u);
delay_ms(1);
b=strcmp(u,v);
f=strcmp(u,w);

if(b==0)
{
PORTC.5=1; //buzzer on
PORTC.4=0, PORTC.3=0; //STOP
PORTC.2=0, PORTC.1=0;
lcd_clear();
lcd_putsf("car stopped");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
putchar(comtext[i]);

putchar(13);
delay_ms(100);

for(i=0;i<9;i++)
putchar(comsend[i]);
delay_ms(100);
putsf("\"9644280620\"");
delay_ms(100);
putchar(13); // enter ascii value
delay_ms(1000); //Once The AT commands is given > pro3mpt will be
displayed on the screen.
putsf("Theft Intimation Alert: Car Stopped");
putchar(26); //ctrl+z ascii
delay_ms(4000);
temp=2;
PORTC.5=0;
for(j=0;j<7;j++)
u[j]=NULL;
j=0;
temp2=0;
temp1=0;
 cmp=0;
msg_del();
}
else if(f==0)
{
PORTC.5=1; //buzzer on
temp=0;
PORTC.5=0;
for(j=0;j<7;j++)
u[j]=NULL;
j=0;
temp2=0;
temp1=0;
cmp=0;
msg_del();
}

}
}
}

#ifndef _DEBUG_TERMINAL_IO_
// Get a character from the USART Receiver buffer
#define _ALTERNATE_GETCHAR_
#pragma used+
char getchar(void)
{
char data;
while (rx_counter==0);
data=rx_buffer[rx_rd_index++];
#if RX_BUFFER_SIZE != 256
if (rx_rd_index == RX_BUFFER_SIZE) rx_rd_index=0;
#endif
#asm("cli")
--rx_counter;
#asm("sei")
return data;
}
#pragma used-
#endif

// Standard Input/Output functions

#include <stdio.h>
// Declare your global variables here

void main(void)
{
// Declare your local variables here

// Input/Output Ports initialization

// Port B initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=T State2=T State1=T State0=T
PORTB=0x00;
DDRB=0x00;

// Port C initialization
// Func6=In Func5=Out Func4=Out Func3=Out Func2=Out Func1=Out Func0=In
// State6=T State5=0 State4=0 State3=0 State2=0 State1=0 State0=T
PORTC=0x00;
DDRC=0x3E;

// Port D initialization
// Func7=In Func6=In Func5=In Func4=In Func3=In Func2=In Func1=In Func0=In
// State7=T State6=T State5=T State4=T State3=P State2=P State1=T State0=T
PORTD=0x0C;
DDRD=0x00;

// Timer/Counter 0 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer 0 Stopped
TCCR0=0x00;
TCNT0=0x00;

// Timer/Counter 1 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer1 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=0xFFFF
// OC1A output: Discon.
// OC1B output: Discon.
// Noise Canceler: Off
// Input Capture on Falling Edge
// Timer1 Overflow Interrupt: Off
// Input Capture Interrupt: Off
// Compare A Match Interrupt: Off
// Compare B Match Interrupt: Off
TCCR1A=0x00;
TCCR1B=0x00;
TCNT1H=0x00;
TCNT1L=0x00;
ICR1H=0x00;
ICR1L=0x00;
OCR1AH=0x00;
OCR1AL=0x00;
OCR1BH=0x00;
OCR1BL=0x00;

// Timer/Counter 2 initialization
// Clock source: System Clock
// Clock value: Timer2 Stopped
// Mode: Normal top=0xFF
// OC2 output: Disconnected
ASSR=0x00;
TCCR2=0x00;
TCNT2=0x00;
OCR2=0x00;

// External Interrupt(s) initialization

// INT0: Off
// INT1: Off
MCUCR=0x00;

// Timer(s)/Counter(s) Interrupt(s) initialization

TIMSK=0x00;

// USART initialization
// Communication Parameters: 8 Data, 1 Stop, No Parity
// USART Receiver: On
// USART Transmitter: On
// USART Mode: Asynchronous
// USART Baud Rate: 9600
UCSRA=0x00;
UCSRB=0x98;
UCSRC=0x86;
UBRRH=0x00;
UBRRL=0x33;

// Analog Comparator initialization

// Analog Comparator: Off
// Analog Comparator Input Capture by Timer/Counter 1: Off
ACSR=0x80;
SFIOR=0x00;
// ADC initialization
// ADC disabled
ADCSRA=0x00;

// SPI initialization
// SPI disabled
SPCR=0x00;

// TWI initialization
// TWI disabled
TWCR=0x00;

// Alphanumeric LCD initialization

// Connections are specified in the
// Project|Configure|C Compiler|Libraries|Alphanumeric LCD menu:
// RS - PORTD Bit 5
// RD - PORTD Bit 6
// EN - PORTD Bit 7
// D4 - PORTB Bit 0
// D5 - PORTB Bit 1
// D6 - PORTB Bit 2
// D7 - PORTB Bit 3
// Characters/line: 16
lcd_init(16);

// Global enable interrupts

#asm("sei")
msg_del();
lcd_clear();

lcd_putsf("GSM Based Theft Intimation");

delay_ms(1000);

while (1)
{

if( PIND.2 == 0 && temp==0 )

{
lcd_clear();
lcd_putsf("Car Started");
PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=0; //buzzer
 delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=0;
delay_ms(1000);

lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
lcd_putsf("Message Sending.");
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
putchar(comtext[i]);
putchar(13);
delay_ms(100);

for(i=0;i<9;i++)
putchar(comsend[i]);
delay_ms(100);

putsf("\"9644280620\"");
delay_ms(100);
putchar(13); // enter ascii value
delay_ms(1000);
//Once The AT commands is given > prompt will be displayed on the screen.

putsf("Car Security Alert: Engine Started");

putchar(26); //ctrl+z ascii
delay_ms(1000);
lcd_gotoxy(0,1);
lcd_putsf("Message Sent....");
delay_ms(2000);
lcd_clear();
lcd_putsf("Car in Motion");
delay_ms(2000);
temp=1;
}
else if( PIND.2 == 0 && temp==1 )
{
PORTC.4=1, PORTC.3=0; //FORWARD
PORTC.2=1, PORTC.1=0;
delay_ms(50);
// PORTC.4=0, PORTC.3=0; //FORWARD
// PORTC.2=0, PORTC.1=0;
// delay_ms(50);

}
 else if( PIND.2 == 1 && temp==1 )
{
lcd_clear();
lcd_putsf("Car Stopped");
PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100); //buzzer
PORTC.5=0;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=1;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.5=0;
delay_ms(100);
PORTC.4=0, PORTC.3=0; //STOP
PORTC.2=0, PORTC.1=0;
temp=0;
delay_ms(1500);
lcd_clear();
lcd_putsf("Theft Intimation");
delay_ms(1000);
}

}
}
 CHAPTER 9
Micro-Controller
Programming

SOFTWARE: CODEVISION AVR

SOFTWARE: CODEVISION AVR

CodeVisionAvr is a C cross-compiler, Integrated Development Environment, and Automatic program

generator designed Atmel AVR family of microcontrollers.

C cross-compiler- The c cross-compiler implements nearly all the elements of the ANSI C language, as
allowed by the AVR architecture with some features added to take advantage of specificity of the AVR
architecture and the embedded system needs.

Integrated Development Environment- the IDE as built-in AVR Chip In-System Programmer software
that enables the automatic transfer of the program to the microcontroller chip after successful
compilation/assembly.

Automatic program generator- CodeVisionAVR also contains CodeWizard AVR automatic program
generator that allows you to write, in a matter of minutes, all the code needed for implementing the
following functions:

 Input/output port initialization

 LCD module initialization
 ADC initialization
 UART initialization
 External Interrupts initialization, etc.
 Steps to Program your Microcontroller:

1. Creating a New File

You can create a new file using the FILE|NEW menu command or by pressing the create new file
button on the toolbar

2. A

dialog box appears, in which you must select the file type/project and press the OK button
3. A dialog box will open asking you to confirm if you would like to use the CodeWizardAVR to
create the new project. Press yes and continue.

4. By selecting different tabs of CodeWizard, You can get readymade code for initialization of
different features of your microcontroller. Click on CHIP tab and select the chip you are working on.
Also select the frequency to 1.000000 MHz.
5. Click on PORT tab and select whichever port you want to set as input or output. Similarly you can
initialize various other features as per your requirement.

6. Now to automatically generate the code go to file ==> save generate and exit.
7. Now Code Wizard will automatically generate the code. You have to save the file in three
formats (c compiler file, project file, CODEVISION AVR file)

NOTE: All the files should have same name with different extensions.

8. The program will appear initializing each feature. Now you have to write down the logic after that
in the infinite while loop given.
9. Compile the project by clicking on the highlighted button in the tool bar.

Syntax check – by clicking on this icon we can find syntax (command) errors in the program code.

Compile project & Make project – This option is for compiling (finding more errors in program code,
checking header files) while make project is optional.

Make all project files - To convert our EMBEDDED C – CODE to HEX CODE.

10. On successful completion of compilation,

the confirmation window will open. Just click
on OK. Or else list of errors will be displayed
on code navigator window

Now you have the code, you wish to burn it in your microcontroller. There are many software
available for programming the controller. KHAZAMA AVR PROGRAMMER software provides the
facility of burning the code in the microcontroller.
Start KHAZAMA AVR PROGRAMMER software

11. To check whether your programmer is correctly connected and working, chip signature is done.

12. Load the file you want to program in the controller.

13. Now erase the memory of your chip & burn your new program code into it by clicking AUTO-
PROGRAM icon.
 CHAPTER 10
PRECAUTION
1) First check all component as per the circuit.

3) Pay proper attention to the polarity of capacitors and diodes while assembling.

5) Clean PCB after soldering so those components do not short.

6) Remember the anode and cathode of diode before fitting.

7) Remember to check dry soldering and short circuit.

8) IC should be mounted on IC base.

9) Take care in wiring the circuit to avid loose connection.

10) Check for print short after soldering.

11) Please use resistance of the exact value as given in the circuit.

13) The insulation of the wire inside the modes should be of good quality.

APPLICATIONS:
This module has a wide variety of application in the Automations Market and
can be applied for controlling the devices and various security purposes.

LIMITATIONS:

The only limitation is this that the mobile of the user should be on for
receiving information and controlling the devices.

CHAPTER 11
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books :

1. Electronic devices and circuit theory

2. Electronic projects.

3. Microelectronic circuits

4. Electronic for you.

Websites :

1. www.efy.com

2. www.nationalsemiconductor.com

3. www.icdiscription.com

4. www.electrosofts.com

5. www.wikipedia.com