Reyes V Bagatsing

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{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 Reyes v
Bagatsing}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321
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Petitioner, retired Justice JB L. Reyes, on behalf of the Anti-Bases Coalition
sought a permit from the City of Manila to hold a peaceful march and rally on
October 26, 1983 from 2:00 to 5:00 in the afternoon, starting from the Luneta, a
public park, to the gates of the United States Embassy, hardly two blocks away.
Once there, and in an open space of public property, a short program would be held.
2 During the course of the oral argument, 3 it was stated that after the delivery
of two brief speeches, a petition based on the resolution adopted on the last day
by the International Conference for General Disbarmament, World Peace and the
Removal of All Foreign Military Bases held in Manila, would be presented to a
representative of the Embassy or any of its personnel who may be there so that it
may be delivered to the United States Ambassador.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich
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\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 The permit was denied reference was made to persistent
intelligence reports affirm[ing] the plans of subversive/criminal elements to
infiltrate and/or disrupt any assembly or congregations where a large number of
people is expected to attend. Respondent Mayor suggested, however, in accordance
with the recommendation of the police authorities, that "a permit may be issued for
the rally if it is to be held at the Rizal Coliseum or any other enclosed area
where the safety of the participants themselves and the general public may be
ensured." }{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 Issue:}
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 WON the
non issuance of the permit was proper}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
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\af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 No. The Constitution is quite explicit: "No
law shall be passed abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the Government for redress of
grievances." 10 Free speech, like free press, may be Identified with the liberty to
discuss publicly and truthfully any matter of public concern without censorship or
punishment. 11 There is to be then no previous restraint on the communication of
views or subsequent liability whether in libel suits, 12 prosecution for sedition,
13 or action for damages, 14 or contempt proceedings 15 unless there be a clear and
present danger of a substantive evil that [the State] has a right to prevent." 16
Freedom of assembly connotes the right people to meet peaceably for consultation
and discussion of matters Of public concern.17 It is entitled to be accorded the
utmost deference and respect. It is hot to be limited, much less denied, except on
a showing, as 's the case with freedom of expression, of a clear and present danger
of a substantive evil that the state has a right to prevent.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch
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\af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 The mere assertion that subversives may
infiltrate the ranks of the demonstrators does not suffice. Not that it should be
overlooked. There was in this case, however, the assurance of General Narciso
Cabrera, Superintendent, Western Police District, Metropolitan Police Force, that
the police force is in a position to cope with such emergency should it arise That
is to comply with its duty to extend protection to the participants of such
peaceable assembly}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 Batas
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\ulnone0 \caps0 AN ACT ENSURING THE FREE EXERCISE BY THE PEOPLE OF THEIR RIGHT
PEACEABLY TO ASSEMBLE AND PETITION THE GOVERNMENT FOR OTHER PURPOSES}{\i0 \fs21
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\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- This Act
shall be known as "The Public Assembly Act of 1985."}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
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\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Declaration of policy}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
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\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- The constitutional
right of the people peaceably to assemble and petition the government for redress
of grievances is essential and vital to the strength and stability of the State. To
this end, the State shall ensure the free exercise of such right without prejudice
to the rights of others to life, liberty and equal protection of the law.}{\i0
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\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Definition of terms}{\i0
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form of mass or concerted action held in a public place for the purpose of
presenting a lawful cause; or expressing an opinion to the general public on any
particular issue; or protesting or influencing any state of affairs whether
political, economic or social; or petitioning the government for redress of
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\aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 The processions, rallies, parades,
demonstrations, public meetings and assemblages for religious purposes shall be
governed by local ordinances: Provided, however, That the declaration of policy as
provided in Section 2 of this Act shall be faithfully observed.}{\fs21 \kerning0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
\cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain
\s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0
\noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 The definition herein contained shall not
include picketing and other concerted action in strike areas by workers and
employees resulting from a labor dispute as defined by the Labor Code, its
implementing rules and regulations, and by the Batas Pambansa Bilang 227.}{\fs21
\kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100
\sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright
\lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0
\chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b)
"Public place" shall include any highway, boulevard, avenue, road, street, bridge
or other thoroughfare, park, plaza, square, and/or any open space of public
ownership where the people are allowed access.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0
\par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar
\keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24
\kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c) "Maximum tolerance"
means the highest degree of restraint that the military, police and other peace
keeping authorities shall observe during a public assembly or in the dispersal of
the same.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (d) "Modification of permit" shall include the change of the
place and time of the public assembly, rerouting of the parade or street march, the
volume of loud-speakers or sound system and similar changes.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8
\ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1
Section 4.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i1 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 Permit when required and when not required}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- A written
permit shall be required for any person or persons to organize and hold a public
assembly in a public place. However, no permit shall be required if the public
assembly shall be done or made in a freedom park duly established by law or
ordinance or in private property, in which case only the consent of the owner or
the one entitled to its legal possession is required, or in the campus of a
government-owned and operated educational institution which shall be subject to the
rules and regulations of said educational institution. Political meetings or
rallies held during any election campaign period as provided for by law are not
covered by this Act.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1
\ulnone0 \caps0 Section 5.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i1 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 Application requirements}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- All applications for a permit
shall comply with the following guidelines:}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100
\sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum
\adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (a) The applications shall be in writing and shall include the
names of the leaders or organizers; the purpose of such public assembly; the date,
time and duration thereof, and place or streets to be used for the intended
activity; and the probable number of persons participating, the transport and the
public address systems to be used.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b) The application shall incorporate the duty
and responsibility of applicant under Section 8 hereof.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8
\ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c) The
application shall be filed with the office of the mayor of the city or municipality
in whose jurisdiction the intended activity is to be held, at least five (5)
working days before the scheduled public assembly.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (d) Upon
receipt of the application, which must be duly acknowledged in writing, the office
of the city or municipal mayor shall cause the same to immediately be posted at a
conspicuous place in the city or municipal building.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1
Section 6.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i1 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 Action to be taken on the application}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?-}{\i0 \fs21
\kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (a) It shall be the duty of the mayor or any
official acting in his
behalf to issue or grant a permit unless there is clear and convincing evidence
that the public assembly will create a clear and present danger to public order,
public safety, public convenience, public morals or public health.}{\fs21 \kerning0
\cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b) The mayor
or any official acting in his behalf shall act on the application within two (2)
working days from the date the application was filed, failing which, the permit
shall be deemed granted. Should for any reason the mayor or any official acting in
his behalf refuse to accept the application for a permit, said application shall be
posted by the applicant on the premises of the office of the mayor and shall be
deemed to have been filed.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c) If the mayor is of the view that there is
imminent and grave danger of a substantive evil warranting the denial or
modification of the permit, he shall immediately inform the applicant who must be
heard on the matter.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (d) The action on the permit shall be in writing
and served on the application within twenty-four hours.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (e) If the
mayor or any official acting in his behalf denies the application or modifies the
terms thereof in his permit, the applicant may contest the decision in an
appropriate court of law.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (f) In case suit is brought before the
Metropolitan Trial Court, the Municipal Trial Court, the Municipal Circuit Trial
Court, the Regional Trial Court, or the Intermediate Appellate Court, its decisions
may be appealed to the appropriate court within forty-eight (48) hours after
receipt of the same. No appeal bond and record on appeal shall be required. A
decision granting such permit or modifying it in terms satisfactory to the
applicant shall, be immediately executory.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (g) All cases filed in
court under this Section shall be decided within twenty-four (24) hours from date
of filing. Cases filed hereunder shall be immediately endorsed to the executive
judge for disposition or, in his absence, to the next in rank.}{\fs21 \kerning0
\cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (h) In all
cases, any decision may be appealed to the Supreme Court.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (i)
Telegraphic appeals to be followed by formal appeals are hereby allowed.}{\fs21
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100
\adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b1 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch
\f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Section 7.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch
\f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
\ulnone0 \caps0 Use of public thoroughfare}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- Should the proposed public
assembly involve the use, for an appreciable length of time, of any public highway,
boulevard, avenue, road or street, the mayor or any official acting in his behalf
may, to prevent grave public inconvenience, designate the route thereof which is
convenient to the participants or reroute the vehicular traffic to another
direction so that there will be no serious or undue interference with the free flow
of commerce and trade.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \par
}\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar
\keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16
\itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b1 \i0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Section 8.}
\chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 }
Responsibility of applicant}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- It shall be the duty and responsibility of the
leaders and organizers of a public assembly to take all reasonable measures and
steps to the end that the intended public assembly shall be conducted peacefully in
accordance with the terms of the permit. These shall include but not be limited to
the following:}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \par
}\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (a) To inform the
participants of their responsibility under the permit;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b) To police
the ranks of the demonstrators in order to prevent non-demonstrators from
disrupting the lawful activities
of the public assembly;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c) To confer with local government officials
concerned and law enforcers to the end that the public assembly may be held
peacefully;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (d) To see to it that the public assembly
undertaken shall not go beyond the time stated in the permit; and}{\fs21
\chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (e)
To take positive steps that demonstrators do not molest any person or do any act
unduly interfering with the rights of other persons not participating in the public
assembly.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0
\ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0
\aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\b1 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Section 9.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Non-interference by law enforcement authorities}
\uc1 \u160 ?- Law enforcement agencies shall not interfere with the holding of a
public assembly. However, to adequately ensure public safety, a law enforcement
contingent under the command of a responsible police officer may be detailed and
stationed in a place at least one hundred (100) meter away from the area of
activity ready to maintain peace and order at all times.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Section 10.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Police assistance when requested}{\i0 \fs21
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- It shall
be imperative for law enforcement agencies, when their assistance is requested by
the leaders or organizers, to perform their duties always mindful that their
responsibility to provide proper protection to those exercising their right
peaceably to assemble and the freedom of expression is primordial. Towards this
end, law enforcement agencies shall observe the following guidelines:}{\i0 \fs21
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (a) Members of the law enforcement contingent
who deal with the demonstrators shall be in complete uniform with their nameplates
and units to which they belong displayed prominently on the front and dorsal parts
of their uniform and must observe the policy of "maximum tolerance" as herein
defined;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b) The members of the law enforcement contingent shall not
carry any kind of firearms but may be equipped with baton or riot sticks, shields,
crash helmets with visor, gas masks, boots or ankle high shoes with shin guards;}
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c) Tear gas, smoke grenades, water cannons, or any similar
anti-riot device shall not be used unless the public assembly is attended by actual
violence or serious threats of violence, or deliberate destruction of property.}
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Dispersal of public assembly with permit}{\i0
No public assembly with a permit shall be dispersed. However, when an assembly
becomes violent, the police may disperse such public assembly as follows:}{\i0
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (a) At the first sign of impending violence, the
ranking officer of the law enforcement contingent shall call the attention of the
leaders of the public assembly and ask the latter to prevent any possible
disturbance;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b) If actual violence starts to a point where rocks or other
harmful objects from the participants are thrown at the police or at the non-
participants, or at any property causing damage to such property, the ranking
officer of the law enforcement contingent shall audibly warn the participants that
if the disturbance persists, the public assembly will be dispersed;}{\fs21
\sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0 \noline0 \aspalpha
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c) If the violence or disturbances prevailing as stated in
the preceding subparagraph should not stop or abate, the ranking officer of the law
enforcement contingent shall audibly issue a warning to the participants of the
public assembly, and after allowing a reasonable period of time to lapse, shall
immediately order it to forthwith disperse;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (d) No arrest of any
leader, organizer or participant shall also be made during the public assembly
unless he violates during the assembly a law, statute, ordinance or any provision
of this Act. Such arrest shall be governed by Article 125 of the Revised Penal
Code, as amended:}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (e) Isolated acts or incidents of disorder or
branch of the peace during the public assembly shall not constitute a group for
dispersal.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0
\noline0 \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Dispersal of public assembly without permit}{\i0
When the public assembly is held without a permit where a permit is required, the
said public assembly may be peacefully dispersed.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Prohibited acts}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- The following shall
constitute violations of this Act:}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch
\f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0
\caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (a) The
holding of any public assembly as defined in this Act by any leader or organizer
without having first secured that written permit where a permit is required from
the office concerned, or the use of such permit for such purposes in any place
other than those set out in said permit: Provided, however, That no person can be
punished or held criminally liable for participating in or attending an otherwise
peaceful assembly;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b) Arbitrary and unjustified denial or
modification of a permit in violation of the provisions of this Act by the mayor or
any other official acting in his behalf.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \par }\pard
\plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1 \saauto1 \widctlpar \keep0 \keepn0
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c) The unjustified and arbitrary refusal to
accept or acknowledge receipt of the application for a permit by the mayor or any
official acting in his behalf;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (d) Obstructing, impeding, disrupting or
otherwise denying the exercise of the right to peaceful assembly;}{\fs21
\chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (e)
The unnecessary firing of firearms by a member of any law enforcement agency or any
person to disperse the public assembly;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (f) Acts in violation of Section 10 hereof;}
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (g) Acts described hereunder if committed within one hundred
(100) meters from the area of activity of the public assembly or on the occasion
thereof;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 1. the carrying of a deadly or offensive weapon or device such
as firearm, pillbox, bomb, and the like;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 2. the carrying of a bladed weapon and
the like;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 3 the malicious burning of any object in the
streets or thoroughfares;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 4. the carrying of firearms by members of the
law enforcement unit;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 5. the interfering with or intentionally
disturbing the holding of a public assembly by the use of a motor vehicle, its
horns and loud sound systems.}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Section 14.}{\i0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i1
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Penalties}{\i0
Any person found guilty and convicted of any of the prohibited acts defined in the
immediately preceding Section shall be punished as follows:}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \li0 \ri0 \sb100
\adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (a) violation of subparagraph (a) shall be punished by
imprisonment of one month and one day to six months;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (b) violations
of subparagraphs (b), (c), (d), (e), (f), and item 4, subparagraph (g) shall be
punished by imprisonment of six months and one day to six years;}{\fs21
\chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (c)
violation of item 1, subparagraph (g) shall be punished by imprisonment of six
months and one day to six years without prejudice to prosecution under Presidential
Decree No. 1866;}{\fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \lang1033
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 (d) violations of item 2, item 3, or item 5 of
subparagraph (g) shall be punished by imprisonment of one day to thirty days.}
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Freedom parks}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- Every city and municipality in the
country shall within six months after the effectivity of this Act establish or
designate at least one suitable "freedom park" or mall in their respective
jurisdictions which, as far as practicable, shall be centrally located within the
poblacion where demonstrations and meetings may be held at any time without the
need of any prior permit.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100 \sbauto1
\langfenp2052 {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 In the cities and municipalities of Metropolitan Manila, the
respective mayors shall establish the freedom parks within the period of six months
from the effectivity of this Act.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8
\ulnone0 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100
\lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\ulnone0 \caps0 Section 16.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\ulnone0 \caps0 Constitutionality}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- Should any provision of this Act
be declared invalid or unconstitutional, the validity or constitutionality of the
other provisions shall not be affected thereby.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Repealing clause}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?- All laws, decrees, letters of
instructions, resolutions, orders, ordinances or parts thereof which are
inconsistent with the provisions of this Act are hereby repealed, amended, or
modified accordingly.}{\i0
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Section 18.}{\i0
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i1
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Effectivity}
\uc1 \u160 ?- This Act shall take effect upon its approval.}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Bayan v Ermita}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Facts:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch
\af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0
\itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 KMU, et al., claim that on
October 4, 2005, a rally KMU co-sponsored was to be conducted at the Mendiola
bridge but police blocked them along C.M. Recto and Lepanto Streets and forcibly
dispersed them, causing injuries to several of their members. They further allege
that on October 6, 2005, a multi-sectoral rally which KMU also co-sponsored was
scheduled to proceed along Espa\uc1 \u241 ?a Avenue in front of the University of
Santo Tomas and going towards Mendiola bridge. Police officers blocked them along
Morayta Street and prevented them from proceeding further. They were then forcibly
dispersed, causing injuries on one of them. Three other rallyists were arrested.}
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1
Issue:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
\cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 wON
Batas 880 is unconstitutional}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Ruling:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\fs24 \kerning0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf1 No. }{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \'5c}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 B.P. No. 880 is not an absolute ban of public
assemblies but a restriction that simply regulates the time, place and manner of
the assemblies. This was adverted to in\uc1 \u160 ?}{\i1 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Osme\uc1 \u241 ?a v. Comelec,}{\*\bkmkstart
rnt20}{\field \fldedit {\*\fldinst {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch
\af3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\ulnone0 \caps0 HYPERLINK
"https://lawphil.net/judjuris/juri2006/apr2006/gr_169838_2006.html" \'5cl
"fnt20" }}{\fldrslt {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \af3
\ulnone0 \caps0 }{\cs15 \i0 \fs18 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0
\chcbpat16 \cf3 \ulnone0 \super1 \caps0 20}{\*\bkmkend rnt20}}}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \af3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?where the Court referred to it as a
"content-neutral" regulation of the time, place, and manner of holding public
assemblies.}{\*\bkmkstart rnt21}{\field \fldedit {\*\fldinst {\i0 \fs21
\kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \af3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16
\lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i0 \fs21
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \ulnone0 \caps0 HYPERLINK
\chcbpat16 \cf3 \ulnone0 \super1 \caps0 21}{\*\bkmkend rnt21}}}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0
\dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \af3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \par }\pard \plain \s17 \qj \fi0 \li0 \ri0 \sb100 \sa100
\lin0 \rin0 \cbpat16 \itap0 \fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 A fair and impartial reading of B.P. No. 880 thus readily shows
that it refers to\uc1 \u160 ?}{\b1 \i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 all}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?kinds of public assemblies}
{\*\bkmkstart rnt22}{\field \fldedit {\*\fldinst {\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2
\hich \af3 \loch \af3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033
\langfenp2052 \ulnone0 \caps0 HYPERLINK
\chcbpat16 \cf3 \ulnone0
\super1 \caps0 22}{\*\bkmkend rnt22}}}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich
\af3 \loch \af3 \expnd0 \expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052
\langfenp2052 \ulnone0 \caps0 }{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3
\cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?that would use public places. The reference to
"lawful cause" does not make it content-based because assemblies really have to be
for lawful causes, otherwise they would not be "peaceable" and entitled to
protection. Neither are the words "opinion," "protesting" and "influencing" in the
definition of public assembly content based, since they can refer to any subject.
The words "petitioning the government for redress of grievances" come from the
wording of the Constitution, so its use cannot be avoided. Finally, maximum
tolerance is for the protection and benefit of all rallyists and is independent of
the\uc1 \u160 ?}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\expndtw0 \chcbpat16 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ul1
\caps0 content}{\i0 \fs21 \kerning0 \dbch \af2 \hich \af3 \loch \f3 \expnd0
\ulnone0 \caps0 \uc1 \u160 ?of the expressions in the rally.}{\i0 \fs21
\fs24 \kerning0 \lang1033 \langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 {\i0 \fs21
\langnp1033 \langfe2052 \langfenp2052 \cf8 \ulnone0 \caps0 Furthermore, the permit
can only be denied on the ground of clear and present danger to public order,
public safety, public convenience, public morals or public health.}{\i0 \fs21
\ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar \aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0
\rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs21 \kerning2
\dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 IBP v Atienza}
Facts: }{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 The
IBP filed for the issuance of a permit for a rally in Mendiola but they were given
a permit to hold it in Plaza Miranda}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Issue:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 WON the Mayor acted with grave abuse of discretion
for changing the venue of the rally}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Ruling;}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 The Court finds for petitioners.}{\fs21
\kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1
Section 6 of the Public Assembly Act reads:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich
\af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Section 6. Action to be taken on the application
-}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 (a)
It shall be the duty of the mayor or any official acting in his behalf to issue or
grant a permit unless there is clear and convincing evidence that the public
assembly will create a clear and present danger to public order, public safety,
public convenience, public morals or public health.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 (b) The mayor or any official
acting in his behalf shall act on the application within two (2) working days from
the date the application was filed, failing which, the permit shall be deemed
granted. Should for any reason the mayor or any official acting in his behalf
refuse to accept the application for a permit, said application shall be posted by
the applicant on the premises of the office of the mayor and shall be deemed to
have been filed.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321
\langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql \li0 \ri0 \lisb0 \lisa0 \widctlpar
\aspalpha \aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4
\hich \af0 \loch \af0 {\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 (c) If the mayor is of the view that there is
imminent and grave danger of a substantive evil warranting the denial or
modification of the permit, he shall immediately inform the applicant who must be
heard on the matter.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321
\aspalpha
\aspnum \adjustright \lin0 \rin0 \itap0 \fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\loch \af0 {\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 (d)
The action on the permit shall be in writing and served on the application [sic]
within twenty-four hours.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 (e) If the mayor or any official acting in his
behalf denies the application or modifies the terms thereof in his permit, the
applicant may contest the decision in an appropriate court of law.}{\fs21 \kerning2
\dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 sang Magbubukid ng Pilipinas
(KMP) v. Ermita,13 the Court reiterated:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 x x x Freedom of assembly connotes the right of
the people to meet peaceably for consultation and discussion of matters of public
concern. It is entitled to be accorded the utmost deference and respect. It is not
to be limited, much less denied, except on a showing, as is the case with freedom
of expression, of a clear and present danger of a substantive evil that the state
has a right to prevent. Even prior to the 1935 Constitution, Justice Malcolm had
occasion to stress that it is a necessary consequence of our republican
institutions and complements the right of free speech. To paraphrase the opinion of
Justice Rutledge, speaking for the majority of the American Supreme Court in Thomas
v. Collins, it was not by accident or coincidence that the rights to freedom of
speech and of the press were coupled in a single guarantee with the rights of the
people peaceably to assemble and to petition the government for redress of
grievances. All these rights, while not identical, are inseparable. In every case,
therefore, where there is a limitation placed on the exercise of this right, the
judiciary is called upon to examine the effects of the challenged governmental
actuation. The sole justification for a limitation on the exercise of this right,
so fundamental to the maintenance of democratic institutions, is the danger, of a
character both grave and imminent, of a serious evil to public safety, public
morals, public health, or any other legitimate public interest.14 (emphasis
supplied)}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 x x x [The public official concerned shall]
appraise whether there may be valid objections to the grant of the permit or to its
grant but at another public place. It is an indispensable condition to such refusal
or modification that the clear and present danger test be the standard for the
decision reached. If he is of the view that there is such an imminent and grave
danger of a substantive evil, the applicants must be heard on the matter.
Thereafter, his decision, whether favorable or adverse, must be transmitted to them
at the earliest opportunity. Thus if so minded, they can have recourse to the
proper judicial authority.16 (italics and underscoring supplied)}{\fs21
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 In
modifying the permit outright, respondent gravely abused his discretion when he did
not immediately inform the IBP who should have been heard first on the matter of
his perceived imminent and grave danger of a substantive evil that may warrant the
changing of the venue.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Respondent failed to indicate how he had arrived
at modifying the terms of the permit against the standard of a clear and present
danger test which, it bears repeating, is an indispensable condition to such
modification. Nothing in the issued permit adverts to an imminent and grave danger
of a substantive evil, which "blank" denial or modification would, when granted
imprimatur as the appellate court would have it, render illusory any judicial
scrutiny thereof.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 It is true that the licensing official, here
respondent Mayor, is not devoid of discretion in determining whether or not a
permit would be granted. It is not, however, unfettered discretion. While prudence
requires that there be a realistic appraisal not of what may possibly occur but of
what may probably occur, given all the relevant circumstances, still the assumption
\uc1 \u8211 ? especially so where the assembly is scheduled for a specific public
place \uc1 \u8211 ? is that the permit must be for the assembly being held there.
The exercise of such a right, in the language of Justice Roberts, speaking for the
American Supreme Court, is not to be "abridged on the plea that it may be exercised
in some other place."}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Malabanan v Ramento}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Facts:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch
\af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }\pard \plain \ql
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Petitioners were officers of the
Supreme Student Council of respondent University. They sought and were granted by
tile school authorities a permit to hold a meeting from 8:00 A.M. to 12:00 P.M, on
August 27, 1982. Pursuant to such permit, along with other students, they held a
general assembly at the Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science basketball court
(VMAS), the place indicated in such permit, not in the basketball court as therein
stated
but at the second floor lobby. At such gathering they manifested in vehement and
vigorous language their opposition to the proposed merger of the Institute of
Animal Science with the Institute of Agriculture. At 10:30 A.M., the same day, they
marched toward the Life Science Building and continued their rally. It was outside
the area covered by their permit. They continued their demonstration, giving
utterance to language severely critical of the University authorities and using
megaphones in the process. There was, as a result, disturbance of the classes being
held.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1
Ruling:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 As is
quite clear from the opinion in Reyes v. Bagatsing, 6 the invocation of the right
to freedom of peaceable assembly carries with it the implication that the right to
free speech has likewise been disregarded. Both are embraced in the concept of
freedom of expression which is Identified with the liberty to discuss publicly and
truthfully, any matter of public interest without censorship or punishment and
which "is not to be limited, much less denied, except on a showing ... of a clear
and present danger of a substantive evil that the state has a right to prevent.}
\tab }{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1
Petitioners invoke their rights to peaceable assembly and free speech. They are
entitled to do so. They enjoy like the rest of the citizens the freedom to express
their views and communicate their thoughts to those disposed to listen in
gatherings such as was held in this case. They do not, to borrow from the opinion
of Justice Fortas in Tinker v. Des Moines Community School District, 12 "shed their
constitutional rights to freedom of speech or expression at the schoolhouse gate."
13 While, therefore, the authority of educational institutions over the conduct of
students must be recognized, it cannot go so far as to be violative of
constitutional safeguards. On a more specific level there is persuasive force to
this formulation in the Fortas opinion: "The principal use to which the schools are
dedicated is to accommodate students during prescribed hours for the purpose of
certain types of activities. Among those activities is personal intercommunication
among the students. This is not only an inevitable part of the process of attending
school; it is also an important part of the educational process. A student's
rights, therefore, do not embrace merely the classroom hours. When he is in the
cafeteria, or on the playing field, or on the campus during the authorized hours,
he may express his opinions, even on controversial subjects like the conflict in
Vietnam, if he does so without 'materially and substantially interfer[ing] with the
requirements of appropriate discipline in the operation of the school' and without
colliding with the rights of others. ... But conduct by the student, in class or
out of it, which for any reason \uc1 \u8212 ? whether it stems from time, place, or
type of behavior \uc1 \u8212 ? materially disrupts classwork or involves
substantial disorder or invasion of the rights of others is, of course, not
immunized by the constitutional guarantee of freedom of speec}{\fs21 \kerning2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 t would be most appropriate then,
as was done in the case of Reyes v. Bagatsing, 21 for this Court to lay down the
principles for the guidance of school authorities and students alike. The rights to
peaceable assembly and free speech are guaranteed students of educational
institutions. Necessarily, their exercise to discuss matters affecting their
welfare or involving public interest is not to be subjected to previous restraint
or subsequent punishment unless there be a showing of a clear and present danger to
a substantive evil that the state, has a right to present. As a corollary, the
utmost leeway and scope is accorded the content of the placards displayed or
utterances made. The peaceable character of an assembly could be lost, however, by
an advocacy of disorder under the name of dissent, whatever grievances that may be
aired being susceptible to correction through the ways of the law. If the assembly
is to be held in school premises, permit must be sought from its school
authorities, who are devoid of the power to deny such request arbitrarily or
unreasonably. In granting such permit, there may be conditions as to the time and
place of the assembly to avoid disruption of classes or stoppage of work of the
non-academic personnel. Even if, however, there be violations of its terms, the
penalty incurred should not be disproportionate to the offense.}{\fs21 \kerning2
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Tinker v Des Moines}{\fs21
Background}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 At a
public school in Des Moines, Iowa, students planned to wear black armbands at
school as a silent protest against the Vietnam War.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 When the principal became aware
of the plan, he warned the students that they would be suspended if they wore the
armbands to school because the protest might cause a disruption in the learning
environment. Despite the warning, some students wore the armbands and were
suspended.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321
During their suspension, the students' parents sued the school for violating their
children's right to free speech. The U.S. District Court for the Southern District
of Iowa sided with the school\uc1 \u8217 ?s position, ruling
that wearing the armbands could disrupt learning.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4
\hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 The students appealed the ruling
to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit but lost and took the case to
the Supreme Court of the United States.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Ruling:}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 he Supreme Court held that the armbands
represented pure speech that is entirely separate from the actions or conduct of
those participating in it. The Court also held that the students did not lose their
First Amendment rights to freedom of speech when they stepped onto school property.
In order to justify the suppression of speech, the school officials must be able to
prove that the conduct in question would "materially and substantially interfere"
with the operation of the school. In this case, the school district's actions
evidently stemmed from a fear of possible disruption rather than any actual
interference.}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0 \loch \f0 \lang13321
\f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 Non v Dames}{\fs21 \kerning2 \dbch \af4 \hich \af0
\loch \f0 \lang13321 \langnp13321 \cf1 \par }}

Reyes V Bagatsing

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Reyes V Bagatsing

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