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Field
axis
A′ Fm
Fig. 2.9: The distribution of main field flux at no load.
When the generator is driving load, the flux Fa is produced by current carrying conductors is
vertically downwards in the armature core. The magnetic flux Fa due to the flow of current through
the armature conductors interacts with the magnetic field F m of the poles. This interaction causes
distortion of the main field flux and shifting the position of Magnetic Neutral Axis (M.N.A.).
These two effects of armature reaction causes a distortion in the main field flux “Cross-
magnetization effect” as well as shifting of the magnetic neutral axis “Demagnetization or
weakens the main flux” as shown in Fig; 2.10.
The magnetic neutral axis shifted clockwise to a new position BB'; this new position of magnetic
neutral axis (M.N.A.) “axis of commutation” remains perpendicular to the resultant m.m.f. vector
0F. The Geometric Neutral Axis (G.N.A.) remains at AA′. As in Fig; 2.10. The first effect leads to
the sparking at the brushes and the second to reduce generated voltage. If the brushes remain on
the original position of (M.N.A.) AA′, the coil will be commutating under the greatest change in
the flux compared with the other coils under the pole. It is obvious that the brushes must be shifted
to the new position of the magnetic neutral axis BB', to avoid sparking at the brushes due to the
voltage that will induce in the coil.
A B
B′
A′ B
B′
Fa
Fig. 2.10: The shift of the magnetic neutral axis
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M.Sc. Haider M. Umran
University of Kerbala Electrical DC Machine EEE. Dep.
B′ 2θm A′ C′
Fig; 2.11 Development of armature reaction
4 θm
∴ Total number of armature conductors lying in angles BOC and B ′ OC ′ is = ×Z
360
Since two conductors from one turn,
1 4 θm
Total number of turns in these angles = ×Z
2 360
2 θm
= ×Z
360
2 θm
Demagnetizing amp − turns /pair of poles = × Z . Ic
360
θm
∴ Demagnetizing amp − turns⁄pole (ATd per pole) = × Z . Ic
360
And the conductors which are responsible for cross-magnetizing amp-turns are lying between
angles COB' and BOC'.
Z
Total armature − conductors/pole =
P
From the above the Demagnetizing conductor’s ⁄ pole is:
2 θm
Demagnetizing conductors /pole = ×Z
360
Z 2 θm
∴ Cross magnetizing conductors/pole = − Z.
P 360
1 2 θm
= 𝑍[ − ]
P 360
1 2 θm
∴ Cross magnetizing amp − turns/pole = 𝑍 . Ic [ − ]
P 360
Since two conductors from one turn,
22
M.Sc. Haider M. Umran
University of Kerbala Electrical DC Machine EEE. Dep.
1 θm
∴ Cross magnetizing amp − turns/pole (ATc⁄pole) = Z. Ic [ − ]
2P 360
If lead angle is given in electrical degrees, it should be converted into mechanical degrees by the
following relation:
θ(electrical) θele. 2 θele.
θmech. = = =
Pair of poles P ⁄2 P
Note: - For neutralizing the demagnetizing effect of armature-reaction, an extra number of turns
may be put on each pole.
ATd
No. of extra turns⁄pole = (If : field current)
If
If the leakage coefficient λ is given, the (No. of extra turns ⁄ pole) is calculating as:
ATd
No. of extra turns⁄pole = .λ
If
Ex.:- A 6 pole DC generator has lap winding with 720 armature conductors supplied a current of
55A at full-load condition. If the brushes lead is 10o, determine the demagnetizing and cross-
magnetizing amp-turns per pole.
θm
Sol.: - (ATd ) = × Z. Ic
360
Where: - Z = No. of armature conductors, I = current per conductor, and θ = brush lead.
Ia 55
IC = = (Where a = p = 6 in lap winding)
a 6
55 10
ATd = 720 × × = 183.33 AT
6 360
1 θm
cross magnetizing amp − turns/pole (ATc/Pole) = Z. Ic [ − ]
2P 360
= 6600(0.084 − 0.028) = 369.6 AT
23
M.Sc. Haider M. Umran
University of Kerbala Electrical DC Machine EEE. Dep.
armature conductors under the pole shoe. The compensating winding conductors are connected in
series with armature conductors as shown in Fig. 2.13.
Compensating
Compensating winding Inter- poles
winding
Armature
winding
Ia
Ia Z
Total amp. −conductors/pole = .
a P
Not: - The compensating winding neutralizes the armature reaction m.m.f directly under the pole
shoe only.
Ex.: Calculate the number of conductors on each pole piece in a compensating winding for a 10
pole DC generator which has lap wound, armature containing 800 conductors.
Sol.:
Z
Number of turns/pole for compensating winding = 0.7 ×
2a P
800
= 0.7 × = 2.8 T
2×10×10
Since 2 conductors in one turn;
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M.Sc. Haider M. Umran
University of Kerbala Electrical DC Machine EEE. Dep.
axis or brush axis i.e. when the brush spans and hence short circuits that particular coil undergoing
reversal of current through it. This process by which current in the short-circuited coil is reversed
while it crosses the M.N.A. is called commutation. The brief period during which coil remains
short-circuited is known as commutation period Tc. If the current reversal i.e. the change from +I
to zero and then to −I is completed by the end of short circuit or commutation period, then the
commutation is ideal. If current reversal is not complete by that time, then sparking is produced
between the brush and the commutator which results in progressive damage to both. The brush
width is equal to the width of one commutator segment and mica insulation. Fig.2.14. show the
process of commutation.
a b c a b c a b c
40 A 40 A 40 A
Under commutation
Ideal or liner
commutation
aa b c
a b c
Time
40 A Spark 35
40 A Over -20A
Comm. 5
2I 2I
Reactance voltage = L × =L × Wb −Wm (v) . . . (Linear commutation)
Tc
𝑣
25
M.Sc. Haider M. Umran
University of Kerbala Electrical DC Machine EEE. Dep.
2I
Reactance voltage = 1.11 × L × (v) . . . (Sinusoidal commutation)
Tc
L: Coefficient of self-inductance.
Tc: Time of commutation.
Ex.: A 4 pole, lap wound armature running at 1500 r.p.m. delivers a current of 150 A, and has 64
commutator segments. The brush spans 1.2 segments and inductance of each armature coil is 0.05
mH.
Calculate the value of reactance voltage assuming i. linear commutation ii. Sinusoidal
commutation; neglect mica thickness.
Sol.: Commutator speed is 1500 r.p.m.
1500
Commutator speed = = 25 r. p. s
60
N
𝑣 = π Dc cm/second
60
a- Resistance Commutation:
The resistance between the commutation segments and the brushes is made high, by replacing
low-resistance Cu brushes to comparatively high-resistance carbon brushes. This helps to increase
the resistance in the circuit and accordingly the time constant L/R is reduced. Hence, the change in
current during commutation becomes faster.
26
M.Sc. Haider M. Umran
University of Kerbala Electrical DC Machine EEE. Dep.
r2 r1
2I
b- E.m.f Commutation:
The reactance voltage is neutralized by producing a reversing e.m.f in the short-circuited coil
under commutation. This reversing e.mf, opposition to the reactance voltage and if its value is made
equal to reactance voltage, x. The reversing e.m.f may be produced by two ways:
1. By using inter-poles or commutating poles.
2. By giving a forward lead to the brushes.
Functions of inter-poles:-
i- The polarity is the same as that of the main pole; they induce an e.m.f in the coil (under
commutation) which helps the reversal of current. The e.m.f induced by the com-poles
is known as commutating or reversing e.m.f. The commutating e.m.f neutralizes the
reactance e.m.f. With inter-poles, spark less commutation can be obtained up to 20 to
30% overload with fixed brush position.
ii- By use inter-poles the cross-magnetizing effect of armature reaction can neutralize.
Hence, brushes are not to be shifted from the original position.
Note: Armature reaction effect can be completely neutralized by using inter-poles as well as
compensating winding.
15 × 10−3
= = 0.955 × 10−3 sec.
15.7
27
M.Sc. Haider M. Umran
University of Kerbala Electrical DC Machine EEE. Dep.
Ex.:- A 4 pole generator supplies a current of 143 A. It has 492 armature conductors (a) wave-
wound (b) lap-connected. When delivering full load, the brushes are given an actual lead of 10 o.
Calculate the demagnetizing amp-turns/pole. The field winding is shunt connected and takes 10 A:
Find the number of extra shunt field turns necessary to neutralize this demagnetization?
θm
Sol.: - Z = 492; θ = 10o ; ATd/pole = Z. IC ×
360
Ia = 143 + 10 = 153 A;
Ic =153/2 ...when wave wound.
Ic =153/4 ...when lap-wound.
153 10
ATd / pole = 492 × × = 1046 AT.
2 360
ATd /pole
Extra shunt field turns = = 1046/10 = 105 approx.
If
153 10
ATd/pole = 492 × × = 523 AT.
4 360
523
Extra shunt field turns = ≈ 52
10
H.W:- A 450kW, 400V, 8 pole, lap wound DC generator has 768 armature conductors. If the
brushes are given a lead of 6 electrical degree, calculate the number of demagnetizing and cross-
magnetizing ampere-turns/pole at full load. Shunt field current may be neglected.
[Ans.: ATd = 450AT, and ATc= 6750AT]
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M.Sc. Haider M. Umran