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ANSI/AISC 360-10
An American National Standard
MINGGU KE 1
INTRODUCTION TO STRUCTURAL
STEEL DESIGN
Structural design
Design procedures
Advantages of steel as a structural material
Disadvantages of steel as a structural material
Hot-rolled steel section
Steel structures shape
Type of steel
Stress-strain relationship
Behavior of steel under monotonic loading
Behavior of steel at extreme temperature
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Strength
Serviceability
Optimal Design
Economy
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
Structural behavior
High Strength
The high strength of steel per unit of weight means that structure
weight will be small. This fact is of great importance for long span
bridge, tall buildings, and structures having poor soil conditions.
Uniformity
The properties of steel do not change appreciably with time, as do those
of a reinforced concrete structure
Elasticity
Steel d behave closer to design assumption than most materials because
it follows Hooke’s law up to fairly high stress. The moment of inertia of a
steel structures can be definitely calculated, while the values obtained
for a reinforced concrete structures are rather indefinite
ADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A STRUCTURAL
MATERIAL
Ductility
The property of a material by which it can withstand extensive
deformation without failure under high tenslile stress.
Fracture Toughness
In structural steel design, toughness is a measure of the ability of
steel to resist fracture; i.e., to absorb energy. According to Rolfe,
material toughness is defined as” the resistance to unstable crack
propogation in the present of a notch.”
Miscellaneous
(a) Ability to be fastened together by several simple connection device
including welds and bolts, (b) adaption to prefabrication, (c) speed of
erection, (d) ability to be rooled into a wide variety of sizes and
shapes, (e) fatigue strength, (f) possible reuse after a structures is
disassembled, (g) ultimate recyclable material
DISADVANTAGES OF STEEL AS A
STRUCTURAL MATERIAL
Maintenance Cost
Fire Proofing Cost
Susceptibility Buckling
Fatigue
A large number of loading cycles
A wide range in stress variation
Local stress concentrations due to design and fabrication details
The problem of fatigue is if occurs, it can result in brittle fracture
Brittle Fracture
defines as “ a type of catastrophic failure that occurs without prior
plastic deformation
HOT-ROLLED STEEL SECTIONS
Channels
Angles
Pipes Channel/UNP Angle Tee
HSS Pipe
Plates
STEEL STRUCTURE SHAPE
TRUSS BRIDGES
FRAMES STRUCTURES
JOIST/TRUSSES
FRAMES STRUCTURES
INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS
FRAMES STRUCTURES
WORKSHOP BUILDINGS
AERATED CONCRETE BLOCK FACTORY
FRAMES STRUCTURES
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
FRAMES STRUCTURES
HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
FRAMES STRUCTURES
FRAMES STRUCTURES
SPACE TRUSS
FRAMES STRUCTURES
Stadium
SHELL TYPE STRUCTURES
SHELL -FRAME STRUCTURES
SUSPENSION TYPE STRUCTURE
SUSPENSION BRIGDE
TYPE OF STEEL
Fu the
The higher the steel strength, 380 to 895
more the Mpa
carbon content and the
less ductile it is
MECHANICAL TESTING OF STEEL
Impact test
Impact tests on steel are performed to determine the impact
energy or fracture energy of steel. This can also be expressed
as “ toughness”
Impact test is performed on notched specimens.
The impact tests are commonly used is Charpy v-notch test
High energy absorption of steel is associated with high ductility.
There is a direct impact on temperature on the fracture energy
fracture of material
Charpy V-notch test
2mm
Impact blow
10mm
50
Energy absorbed (ft-lb)
40 Transtition temperature
(at steepest slope). 30F for
A36 steel
30
20
10
-10 0 10 20 30 40
Temperature (F)
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Necking and
Stress (f = P/A) Fracture
Elastic Plastic Strain hardening
range range range
Upper yield
Fu=Ultimate tensile
point
stress
FY=Yield stress
Lower yield
point
E
When the initial area of the specimen is used in this calculation, the
resulting stress is called the nominal stress (engineering stress).
The true stress is obtained by by using the actual area of the bar, which
can become significantly less than the initial area
P P Ao Ao
true x nom x
A Ao A A
Yield Point
The yield point is defined as the stress in the material at which the strain
exhibits a large increse without an increase in stress
Yield Stress
The stress at the yield point and is defined as aspecified point on the
curve established by constructing a 0.2% offset of strain parallel to the
initial elastic portion of the curve. The point at which this line crosses the
stress-strain curve is taken as the yield stress
Maximum Tensile Stress
The tensile stress is defined as the maximum axial load on the specimen
divided by the original cross-sectional area.
Proportional Limit
The proprtional limit is the maximum stress for which the stress is
directly proportional to strain
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Modulus of Elasticity
The modulus of elasticity is defined as The ratio of stress to strain in the
elastic region
0,2% offset
Quenched and tempered
allow steel A514
Stress Mpa
700
Fy= 700 Mpa
560 High strength low allow
carbon steel A572
420 Fy= 350 Mpa
Strain mm/mm
STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONSHIP
Upper yield
Proportional limit
limit
Stress” f”
Lower yield
Area under elastic limit
portion represent
(resilience)
Strain “ “
Total strain represents “Ductility”
BEHAVIOR OF STEEL UNDER MONOTONIC LOADING
D C D
C
B B
A A
Residual elastic
strain recovery
0 0
plastic
elastic
C D
B
A
0
Residual strain Elastic recovery
BEHAVIOR OF STEEL AT EXTREME
TEMPERATURES
Fu (T)
Variation of Fu (T)
Fu 1,0
Fy (T)
Variation of Fy (T)
Fy
0,50 Variation of E (T)
E(T)
E
0 500 1000 1500 Temperatur, T (0F)