Heat

PVB101 Physics of the Very Large

Darren Pearce
 TCold THot
Energy Flow

Energy will flow from the hotter body to the

colder body
Energy Flow continues until thermal
equilibrium is reached
At thermal equilibrium both bodies will have
the same temperature
In your own words…
Define “Heat”
Heat
When two bodies at different temperatures
are in thermal contact, energy is allowed to
flow between them
The energy transferred between the bodies
is called HEAT
▫ Symbol - Q
▫ SI Unit- Joule
 Heat Added Heat Removed
Q positive Q negative
value value
Increase T Decrease T
Change State Change State
– Melt (Fuse) – Freeze
– Boil (Vaporise) – Condense
– Sublimate – Deposit
To Change Temperature

Change temp of mass m by ∆T

Q ∝ ∆T
Q ∝ m

Q = mc∆T
▫ where c = Specific Heat Capacity
▫ ∆T = Tf - Ti
▫ Ti = Initial Temperature
▫ Tf = Final Temperature
Specific Heat Capacity

SI Unit - J kg-1 K-1 (or J kg-1 °C-1 )

Energy required to raise 1 kg by
1K
e.g. Water c = 4186 J kg-1 K-1 (at
15°C)
Value varies ± 1% between 0°C -100°C
4.186 J = 1 calorie (cal)
4186 J = 1 kcal
= 1 Calorie (dietary)
H2O
To Change State

Temperature remains constant despite

addition (or removal) of energy
Energy required to overcome bonding
between molecules
Q ∝ m

Q = mL
where L = “Latent Heat” (in J kg-1)
Latent Heat
To melt or freeze To vaporise or condense
LF LV
Latent Heat of Fusion Latent Heat of Vaporisation

Melting: Q +ve Boiling: Q +ve

Freezing: Q -ve Condensing: Q -ve
e.g. Water e.g. Water
LF = 3.33x105 J kg-1 ▫ LV = 2.26x106 J kg-1
Latent Heats
Insulated System
In an insulated system, no heat may
leave or enter the system i.e.

ΣQ = 0
or Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + ...... = 0
If every Q is known to be a loss or a gain,
this may alternatively be stated as

QGains = QLosses
Exercises

1. How much heat is required to change a

500 g block of ice at -5°C to water at
20°C? (cice = 2100 J kg-1 K-1 )

2. 200 g of water at 60°C is added to a 150 g

mug at 20°C. What is the final temperature
of the system? (Take cmug = 900 J kg-1 K-1 )
In your own words…
What is the difference between
“Temperature” and “Heat”
Strategy Tips
• Identify which energy changes result in
change of temperature, and which result in
change of state.
• When system is allowed to reach
equilibrium, estimate the final temperature
first.
• If you can assume an insulated system, use
the sign conventions described here to
calculate every energy change, then add
them to zero.
Heat Transfer
Mechanisms for Heat Transfer
Conduction

Convection

Radiation
Power
Rate of energy transfer

Energy E
P= =
time t
mks unit of Power is
Joules per second (J s-1) or Watts (W)
Conduction
Collisions between particles
High energy particle collides with low energy
particle
On average - high energy particle loses KE
- low energy particle gains KE
Conduction
Slab of material
P ∝ Area A
P ∝ Temperature
Difference ∆T
P 1
P ∝
T2 T1 L
Thermal
L Conductivity
=k
A(T2 − T1 )
P=k
L
 Thermal
Conductivities
Good Conductors

Poor Conductors
Good Insulators
Density
m
ρ = density
m = mass ρ=
V = volume
V
ρ Liquid Water = 1000 kg m-3
If ρ Object < ρ Liquid Water
object will float
Convection
Movement of high energy particles from
one place to another in a fluid
One portion of the fluid becomes hot and
expands
Hot fluid becomes less dense than the rest
of the fluid and floats to the surface
Cool fluid sinks to the bottom
Convection Current
Convection Current
Central Heating
Radiation

Any object with a temperature above 0 K

will emit electromagnetic (or e-m) radiation
Collisions between particles excite electrons
to higher energy levels
Electrons return to lower energy levels by
releasing energy as e-m radiation
Radiation
Absorptivity a Emissivity e
radiation absorbed radiation re - emitted
a= e=
incident radiation radiation absorbed
 Black Body:  Black Body:
a =1 e =1
 Perfect Reflector:  Perfect Reflector:
a=0 e=0
e = a
Power Out T
A

POut ∝ A
POut ∝ e
POut ∝ (KE)4 ∝ T4 (T in KELVINS)
POut ∝ eAT4

POut = e σ A T4
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann Constant
= 5.67x10-8 W m-2 K-4
 TS
Power In A

PIn ∝ a
PIn ∝ TS4
(TS = T of surroundings in KELVINS)
PIn = a σ A TS4
Net Power Output PNet = POut –Pin
PNet = e σ A T4 - a σ A TS4
but e = a
Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Net Power Output of a body

P = eσA T − Ts ( 4 4
)
Example
1. A body executing light work must expel
about 200 W. A body with tissue ~2 cm
thick has inner temp 36.5 °C and surface
temp 34.5 °C (A~1.5 m2). Find the rate of
energy
▫ (a) conducted per second through the
tissue
▫ (b) radiated from the skin surface (e ~0.7)
▫ (c) lost via convection