DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

IN HUMANS
Group 2
Rowena Muñoz, Abby Borromeo, Aira Aguilar, Engelbert
Balingbing, Ariane Omnes, Kenneth Jamco
PROCESS OF DIGESTION
1. Ingestion- food from outside the
body enters the alimentary tract
through the mouth.
2. Digestion- process in which
complex food material is broken
down into simpler substances.
3. Absorption- absorbing digested
materials.
4. Elimination- eliminating
undigested materials.
PROCESS OF DIGESTION
 IMPORTANCE OF DIGESTION
Digestion is important because your body needs nutrients
from food and drink to work properly and stay healthy. The
digestive system breaks nutrients into parts small enough for your
body to absorb and use for energy, growth and cell repair.
• Proteins break into amino acids.
• Fats break into fatty acids and glycerol
• Carbohydrates break into simple sugars.
PARTS OF
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM
 MOUTH
Digestion starts here before you
even take the first bite of a meal. The
smell of food triggers the salivary glands
in your mouth to secrete saliva, causing
your mouth to water.
 Also called the throat, the
PHARYNX pharynx is the portion of the
digestive tract that receives the
food from your mouth. Branching off
the pharynx is the esophagus, which
carries food to the stomach, and the
trachea or windpipe, which carries
air to the lungs.
 ESOPHAGUS
Located in your throat near
your trachea (windpipe), the
esophagus receives food from your
mouth when you swallow. By means of
a series of muscular contractions
called peristalsis, the esophagus
delivers food to your stomach.
 LOWER ESOPHAGEAL
SPHINCTER (LES)
It is a bundle of muscles at the
low end of the esophagus, where it
meets the stomach. When the LES is
closed, it prevents acid and stomach
contents from traveling backwards
from the stomach.
 STOMACH
The stomach is a sac-like organ with
strong muscular walls. Besides holding
food, it serves as the mixer and
grinder of food. The stomach secretes
acid and powerful enzymes that
continue the process of breaking the
food down and changing it to a
consistency of liquid or paste
 LIVER
Its main function within the
digestive system is to process
the nutrients absorbed from the
small intestine.
 LIVER
The liver is the body's
chemical "factory." It takes the raw
materials absorbed by the intestine
and makes all the various chemicals
the body needs to function. The
liver also detoxifies potentially
harmful chemicals.
 LIVER

Bile- The liver makes

digestive juice called BILE that

helps digest fats and some

vitamins
GALL BLADDER
Gallbladder stores bile
between meals. When you eat,
your gallbladder squeezes bile
through the bile ducts into your
small intestine.
 PANCREAS
The pancreas is among the
most important digestive organs,
and is located behind the
stomach. It secretes a large
number of enzymes, involved in
the digestion of carbohydrates,
fats and proteins.
 SMALL INTESTINE
Small intestine makes digestive
juice, to complete the breakdown of
proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.
Bacteria in small intestine make some of
the enzymes needed to digest
carbohydrates. It moves water from the
bloodstream into the GI tract to help
break down food. It also absorbs water
with other nutrients.
 VILLI
Finger-like
projections; extensive
network of blood vessels
 LARGE INTESTINE
In large intestine, more water
moves from the GI tract into the
bloodstream. Bacteria inside help
break down remaining nutrients
and make vitamin K. Waste
products of digestion, including
parts of food that are still too
large, become stool.
 RECTUM
The lower end of

your large intestine, the

rectum, stores stool until

it pushes stool out of

your anus during a bowel

movement.
ENZYMES
MALFUNCTIONS
 GASTROESOPHAGEAL
REFLUX DISEASE
(GERD)
➢Severe “heartburn” (in
laymen’s language).
➢Weakness of the valve
between the esophagus and
stomach may allow stomach
acid to reflux into the
esophagus and irritate and
inflame the lining.
 JAUNDICE
➢Literally means “yellow” in
French.
➢Yellowing of the skin and whites
of the eyes from a backup of bile
metabolic by-products from the
blood into body tissues. May result
from excessive breakdown of red
blood cells.
 DIVERTICULOSIS/
DIVERTICULITIS
➢Small pouches may form along
the walls of the large
intestine called diverticuli
which if symptomatic, causing
discomfort to the patient, is
called diverticulosis.
 CIRRHOSIS
➢ Literally, “orange-yellow” in
Greek.
➢A degenerative disease of
the liver that often
develops in chronic
alcoholics, but can have
other causes. The name
refers to the gross
appearance of the organ.
ESOPHAGEAL VARICES
➢ Bulging, engorged veins in
the walls of the esophagus
are often a complication of
chronic alcoholism. The
thin-walled, swollen veins
are at risk of tearing
resulting in severe, possibly
fatal, bleeding.
PORTAL HYPERTENSION
➢A potential complication of chronic
alcoholism resulting in liver damage
and obstruction of venous blood flow
through the liver. The rising blood
pressure in the veins between the
gastrointestinal tract and liver
causes engorgement of veins around
the umbilicus (navel).
➢The characteristic radiating pattern
of veins is called a “caput medusae”
(head of Medusa).
 CROHN’S DISEASE
➢A chronic inflammatory disease
primarily of the bowel.
➢Typical symptoms are
abdominal pain, weight loss,
diarrhea. There may also be
rectal bleeding that can lead to
anemia.
 PERITONITIS
➢Inflammation of the
lining of the abdominal
cavity.
➢Before antibiotics, people
would die from peritonitis
if an inflamed appendix
burst.
PROCESS OF DIGESTION
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FOOD FLOW
M- Mouth
J- Jejenum
O- Oesophagus
I- Lleum
S- Stomach
L- Large Intestine
S- Small Intestine
A- Anus
D- Duodenum
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