1. What are advantages of Measurement While Drilling?

With the help of a figure describe basic system of

Measurement While Drilling?
 Answer: MWD is the process by which information is
measured nearer the bit and is transmitted to the
surface without interrupting normal drilling
operations. The type of information are-
 Directional data: inclination, azimuth and tool face.
 Formation characteristics.
 Drilling parameters: WOB, Bit RPM, Bit torque.
 2.What is Slim Hole Drilling? With the help of figures
describe the basic differences between a conventional
well and a slim hole well configuration?
• Answer: Slim hole is an undersized bore hole.
• The technology involved in drilling, evaluation and
completion practices for fully engineered 6 ¼” and
smaller holes at target depth (TD)
• Well with a cost effective design around an optimal
production conduit.
• Logging tools smaller than 4 ¾” , or minimum 2 7/8”.tool
OD 2 ¼”
• Slim hole is a drilling, evaluation and completion
technology which allows fully engineered 6 1/4” and
smaller holes at target depth. The well drilled with this
technology is called a slim line well, which is a well with
cost effective design around an optimal production. All
logging tools smaller than 4 ¾” or minimum2 7/8” size
can be used while using this technology.
 The above figure depicts the difference in completion
technology for a conventional and a typical 3 ½”
monobore (slim line well). The additional tool required
for the slim hole completion are PBR tieback and liner
hanger, retrievable straddle and retrievable or
permanent bridge plug and standard thrusters (to
reduce the variations in hook load).
Slim hole technique that used a down hole test tool
provides hydrological data in significantly less time and
cost than the conventional pilot well alternative.
Conventional –17.5 inch dia hole, 1200 ft costs US $1,50,000
Slim- 6.5, 1200 ft costs US $30,000
Advantages of slim hole drilling over conventional technique
are:
1.A 3 ½” monobore can produce 4000 bpd or 50 million
metric standard cubic feets per day.
2.Hole diameter (can be reduced by) 50%
3.Mud consumption and cuttings ( ) 75%
4.Site area () 75%
5.Day rate and material cost()
6.Mobilizaion and demobilization cost ()
7. Water disposal()
8.Good quality LOGs.
9.Esier Kick detection.
10.Antivibrational Technology.

3. With the help of neat figures describe the components of

PDM. Workout the expressions to evaluate the expressions
for turbodrill.
Answer:

Let Vt denote the initial velocity as the fluid strikes the rotor.
The angle at which V1 acts with respects to the direction of
rotor movement is α1. Similarly the final velocity of the fluid
be V2 acting at angle α2. From the vector diagram it can be
seen that
Vt1 = Vy1 Cot α1 and Vt2 = Vy2 Cot α2 Since Vy1 = Vy2 = Vy
for the continuity of axial flow the turbine the change in
velocity can be written as:
Vt2 - Vt1 = Vy (Cot α2 - Cot α1)
The torque (T) produced by this force is given by:
T = F . r = ρ . Q . r . (Vt2 - Vt1) where F = ρ . Q . (Vt2 - Vt1)
P=T.ω
The tangential velocity of rotor blade is Ut
Ut = ω . r
P = ρ . Q . (Ut2 . Vt2 - Ut1 . Vt1)
pressure drop through turbine (ΔP) the power is divided by
mass flow rate giving –
ΔP = ρ . (Ut2 . Vt2 - Ut1 . Vt1)
Since r is constant Ut = Ut1 = Ut2 and the equations for
torque, power and pressure drop becomes as follows:
T = ρ . Q . r . (Vt2 - Vt1)
P = ρ . Q . Ut (Vt2 - Vt1)
ΔP = Ut. ρ (Vt2 - Vt1) T , P and ΔP are directly proportional to
the mud density (ρ) therefore –
T α Q2 , P α Q3 and ΔP α Q2.
These relations can be used to calculate the new
performance under altered parameters in field at the time of
use -
T2 = T1 ( Q2 / Q1)2 . (ρ2 / ρ1)
P2 = P1 ( Q2 / Q1)3 . (ρ2 / ρ1)
ΔP2 = ΔP1 ( Q2 / Q1)2 . (ρ2 / ρ1)

• The equation of this straight line can be expressed as-

• T=mn+c
• Stalling torque (TS)
• Where gradient m = - [-----------------------------------]
• Runaway speed (nR)
•
• And the intercept (c) is Stalling torque
• c = Ts
• The torque (T) can be given as –
• T = - (Ts / nR) + Ts
• T = Ts [ 1 – (n / nR) ]
• The power (P) developed by the turbine is –
• P=T.ω
• ω = (2π / 60) . n
• P = T . π . n / 30
• Substituting for T gives
• π.n n
• P = [-----------] . [Ts - (1 - ---------)]
• 30 nR
π . Ts π . Ts
• P = [-----------] . n - [----------] . n2
• 30 30 nR
• π . Ts 2 . π . Ts . n
• (dP/dn) = [-----------] - [-----------------------] = 0
30 30 nR
• The optimum rotational speed (no) can be
• no = n R / 2
• The maximum power is therefore obtain when the
rotational speed is exactly half of the runaway speed
• The maximum rotational speed occurs when there is no
resistance to the flow of fluid through the turbine. This
is known as “runaway speed” and corresponds to zero
resisting torque. The turbine stalls when the rotors are
prevented from turning. The resisting torque therefore
reaches a maximum between torque and speed is
approximately linear.

• T = TS {1 – (n / nR)}
• P = (π . n / 30) TS {1 – (n / nR)}
• nO = nR / 2
• PI = Q . ΔP / 1714
• PO = T.n / 5252
4. What are the reasons for deflection of well path from
planned trajectory?
5. With the help of figures write down the basic
differences between any two of the following:

Magnetic Surveying and Gyroscopic surveying.

The magnetic single shot surveying instrument records
simultaneously hole inclination and magnetic north
direction of an uncased hole at a single measured depth.
 The magnetic survey results are liable to errors due to magnetic disturbances caused by casings of
nearby wells or the magnetic geological formations. To overcome these errors, gyroscopes are used
because of their ability to maintain pre-set direction irrespective of the earth magnetic fields or the
factors disturbing it. Gyros are most widely used in orienting mud motors and bent sub assemblies.

The principal element of gyro are as follows-

1.Rapidly spinning weighted wheel
2. Supporting Gimbals
Slanted Well Rich Drilling and Multilateral Drilling.

Slanted Well Rich Drilling : This type of profile can be drilled

using the slanted rig that provides initial inclination at the
time of spudding of the well profile by slanted position of the
rig at the surface. This profile is beneficial to provide
extension in the horizontal displacement, and is useful to
penetrate the targets located at a far distances which are
unable to be drilled by conventional well profile.
Fig: see copy or book.
 Multilateral Drilling: Multilateral drilling is technology
to drill a number of lateral holes from mother wellbore.
 Requires technological advances for the flexibility to
plan for complex multilateral applications.
Type of Multilaterals
1. Single open hole lateral with no re-entry
2. Multiple laterals with selective re-entry.
Q. Describe the various type of sensors used in MWD tools.
Name some basic softwares used to develop the MWD tools.

 Answer: Directional sensors:The directional sensors in

MWD tools are tri-axial magnetometers and
accelerometers to measure α, β and TFS.
 Gamma Ray sensor: detect the nature of formation
being drilled.
 Resistivity Sensor: Resistivity is a measure of the
formation’s resistance to the flow of current.
 Temperature Sensor: monitors the temperature in the
annulus of the bore hole.
 Turbine RPM sensor.

The basic computer soft-wares used are-

RIC-ESS: Rotational inclination correction (RIC) achieved by
electronic survey service (ESS) software correct magnetic
survey data for cross-axis interference either from
magnetization of the NMDC (hot spots) or form steel
casing in nearby wells.
PLANIT: BHA deflection.
IFR: monitors local magnetic field.
AGS :Adjustable Gauge Stabilizer. directional control in
both rotary and steerable assemblies.
ABI: Angle Building Indicator.

Q. What are rotary steerable motors and how they are

different than conventional bottom hole motors? Describe
the advantages of drilling by rotary steerable motors?
 Answer: Rotary-steerable systems are directional
drilling tools that allow the well trajectory, inclination
and azimuth, to be actively guided while rotating the
drill string.
 It possess clear advantages, both technologically and
economically, over most mud motor-based systems.
 This is especially true for extended reach wells where
wellbore friction severely limits the steerability of mud
motors .

 The many benefits of rotary-steerable systems include:
 Zero "Sliding" higher effective ROP Zero "Sliding"
reduces risk of pipe buckle Toolface maintenance
aggressive bits for higher ROP Continuous rotation
improves hole cleaning Continuous rotation decreases
risk of differential sticking Smoother wellbore
curvature reduces torque & drag Smaller rigs needed
for wells Longer reach wells obtainable Longer
lateral hole sections obtainable Reduces risk of
mechanical problems with completions Improved
formation evaluation with "pad contact" wireline tools
(Density, FMI) Improved real-time formation
evaluation with LWD tools no need for toolface data
transmission Extremely low system pressure losses
allow for better well hydraulics Improving bit
hydraulics and ROP Smaller rigs are feasible for longer
reach wells.