RADIO NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

By
Mairaj Rasool
 Course Objective

 That the trainee will be able to have elementary

knowledge of the Navigational and surveillance
equipment installed at different airports in CAA
Pakistan. which will be required For Air Traffic
Controller

 Purpose and working principle of Navigational and

surveillance equipment
Course syllabus

•Basic communication concept

•Navigational aids (NDB, ILS, VOR, DME)
•Radar (SSR, PSR)
CHAPTER NO. 1
TRANSMITTER
A transmitter is an electronic device which, usually with
the aid of an antennas, propagates an
electromagnetic signal at a particular frequency
such as Radio & TV transmitting station,
NDB,ILS,VOR or other telecommunications.
ELECTROMEGNETIC WAVES/SIGNALS
Electromagnetic (EM) radiation, is a self-propagating
wave in space with electric and magnetic components.
These components travel at right angles to each other
and to the direction of propagation
 According to Maxwell's equations, a change in electric
field generates a magnetic field and vice versa.
Therefore, as an oscillating electric field generates an
oscillating magnetic field, the magnetic field in turn
generates an oscillating electric field, and so on. These
oscillating fields together form an electromagnetic
wave.
Contd E/M waves
Electromagnetic radiation is classified into types
according to the frequency of the wave: these types
include, in order of increasing frequency,
 radio waves 3Hz to 300GHz
 microwaves 1GHz to 300GHz
 infrared radiation above 800 nm
 visible light 340nm TO 780nm
 ultraviolet radiation below 300nm
 X-rays and gamma rays.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Frequency –Wavelength
relationship

As the frequency goes

high the wavelength
decreases
Antenna
 An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer that transmits
or receives electromagnetic waves. In other words,
antennas convert electromagnetic radiation into
electrical current, or vice versa.
RADIO WAVES
 High frequency current when pass through a radiator
(antenna) produce magnetic and electric field which
radiate in all direction over a long distance. The wave
so produced are called Radio waves.
 Radio waves are electromagnetic waves occurring on
the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic
spectrum i.e. 3 Hz to 300 GHz.
FREQUENCY
Number of cycles in one second is called frequency. It
is expressed in Hertz (HZ)
or
cycles per second (c/s or cps).
Radio frequency spectrum
 Description Frequency
 Very low frequency VLF 3 — 30 KHz
 Low frequency LF 30 — 300 KHz
 Medium frequency MF 300 — 3,000 KHz
 High frequency HF 3 — 30 MHz
 Very high frequency VHF 30 — 300 MHz
 Ultra high frequency UHF 300 — 3000
MHz
 Super high frequency SHF 3 — 30 GHz

 Extremely high frequency EHF 30 — 300 GHz

Time period
Time required to complete one cycle is called Time
period.

It is expressed in second.

T = 1/F
 Wavelength

The distance that a

wave travels in the
time of one cycle is
called its
wavelength. It is
expressed in
meters.
WAVELENGTH AND FREQUENCY
CALCULATION
We can calculate the frequency and distance by using
following formula
λ=c/f
where λ = wave length
f = frequency and
c = speed of light (3x108 m/s or 162,000NM/sec)
EXAMPLE – 1
What is the wave length of radio station , which operates
on an assign frequency of 570 KHz ?
EXAMPLE – 2
What is the frequency of radio station , whose wave
length does not exceed 200 meters ?
Receiver
A receiver is an electronic device which, usually with
the aid of an antenna, receive an electromagnetic
signal at a particular frequency and convert it into
original useful data/signal such as Radio & TV.
TRANSRECEIVER
A Tran receiver are those which have properties of
both i.e. transmitter and receiver
Or
An electronics device which can transmit and also
receive the electromagnetic waves at a particular
frequency such as Radar, DME, mobiles etc.
Modulation
Modulation is mixing/superimposing of the intelligence
signal into high frequency carrier.
Amplitude Modulation
Frequency Modulation