Dynamic Soil Behavior and Dynamic Soil Parameters PDF

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SOIL DYNAMICS
ZMG 510E
Chapter IV : Dynamic Soil Properties
Dynamic Soil
Char.
Assist. Prof. Dr. E. Ece BAYAT
4.1 Introduction
Soil behavior is non-linear, especially at large strains.
Soil dynamics problems are typically categorized according to the shear strain levels involved.
A) Small shear strains:  < 10-4 %
Examples include:
Offshore soil behavior
Machine foundations
Compaction, densification, construction activities
B) Large shear strains:  > 10-4 %
Mostly earthquake loads
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4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils
Typical stress-strain behavior under cyclic load:
Equivalent System
G defines an equivalent
shear modulus, which is
used to calculate
stiffness k.
Viscous and Hystretic Damping

Energy is dissipated in soils and structures by several mechanisms, including heat generation,
friction, and plastic yielding. For specific soils and structures the operative mechanisms are not
understood sufficiently to allow them to be explicitly modeled. As a result, the effects of the
various energy loss mechanisms are usually lumped together and represented by some convenient
damping mechanisms.
F When a viscous damped SDOF is subjected to harmonic

kuo displacement:
cuo
u
-uo uo
u (t )  uo sin t
F (t )  ku (t )  cu (t )  kuo sin t  cuo cos t
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F WD Area within the hysteresis loop :
kuo The energy dissipitated in one cycle of oscillation energy lost
cuo
u WS=Area under the force-displacement curve:
uo At maximum displacement the velocity is 0 and the strain
-uo
energy stored in the system
c c c
D  
ccr 2 km 2k Hysteretic damping
ratio Dhys
 to  2  /  du 
WD  to F
dt
dt  cuo2 
 c WD / (uo2 ) WD 
 D  
W  1 ku 2  2k 2(2Ws / uo2 ) 4 WS 
 s D2 oD  
Viscous damping ratio Dvis

visc hyst

F WD Area within the hysteresis loop :
kuo The energy dissipitated in one cycle of oscillation energy lost
cuo
u WS=Area under the force-displacement curve:
uo At maximum displacement the velocity is 0 and the strain
-uo
energy stored in the system
the soil hysteretic damping ratio Dhys does not depend on the frequency. Whereas
viscous damping ratio depends on the frequency. Energy loss in a viscous dashpot
is function of frequency. Thus, when using dashpot to model soils, use

Dvisc  D hyst

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In soils: use stress-strain relationship
du
dz
z
x
Shear Kelvin-Voigt solid subjected to horizontal shearing
strain

  G  
t
  G o sin t   o cos t
   o sin t
du
dz
x
 2u 
 
t 2 z
 2u  2u  3u
 2  G 2   2  for harmonic waves: u u ( z )eit
t z z t
2
dU 2G
(G  i)    2U and   D
Complex shear modulus
dz 2

Complex Shear Modulus: G *  G  i  G (1  2iD)
 Hence soil is modeled as a spring without a viscous dashpot. Because viscous dashpot
constant depends on the loading frequency, however soil damping is hysteretic damping and
does not depend on the frequency.
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Area within the hysteresis loop defines the soil hysteretic damping ratio Dhys.
Shear stress A1 = WD Area within the hysteresis loop = energy lost

A2 = WS=Area under the stress-strain curve = strain energy (if soil
were linear)
to  2  /  
WD    dt   o2
Shear strain
to t
1
WS  G o2
2
1 WD 1  o2 2G
Hysteretic Damping Ratio D hyst     Dhyst
4 WS 4 1 G 2 
o
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4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils
sec
 Nonlinear soil behavior is observed with increasing strain.

 Can be solved using equivalent linear soil modulus which decreases with strain
and equivalent soil damping ratio which increases with strain.
 Nonlinear models
 G for sands may slightly increase with increasing number of cycles of load.
 G for clays decreases with increasing number of cycles of load.
 Hysteresis loop is not influenced by frequency of load application.
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 In the Voight model,  (similar to c in force-displacement behavior) is frequency dependent.

The earthquake response is irregular and its frequency varies with time in a random manner.
Hence, it is difficult to determine any single number of  parameter. An alternative method of
analysis is either
1) Estimate an average modulus Gave and damping ratio Dave for the soil layer
2) Estimate strain dependent G and D with the use of nonlinear stress–strain model
G and D found in 1) and 2) can be inserted in the complex shear modulus:

Complex Shear Modulus: G*  G (1  2iD)
u
  G*    G* 
z
When the Voight model is replaced in earthquake geotechnical engineering by a complex-
modulus model in which a spring parameter has an imaginary part this imaginary part
stands for an energy dissipation, eliminating the use of a rate-dependent dashpot in the
model.
3) Advanced constitutive models (Elastoplastic theory in most of the finite element and
finite difference software programs).
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Cyclic Nonlinear Soil Models

A variety of cyclic nonlinear models have been developped : all are cathegorized by
(1) A backbone curve
(2) A series of rules that govern the unloading reloading behavior, stiffness degradation
and other effects.
Gmax 
  Fbb 
Backbone Curve 1  (Gmax /  max ) 
Loading and unloading curves have the same shape as

the backbone curve (with the origin shifted to the
loading reversal point) but is enlarged by a factor of 2.
Masing Rule 1926
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Cyclic Nonlinear Models

Hardin and Drenevich Model 1972
max ,  r
G max 
   

 1 
1 
r G max max
G 1

G max 
1
r
Shear strain, 
where γr is the reference strain and γ is the shear strain. The reference strain is a soil
characteristics and indicates a strain that would be attained at failure stress, if soil were to
behave elastically (Ishihara, 1996)
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Pyke Model 1979
G max     c  G
r  G 
G max c
  c  
  c G max  r  G   2 c
1 G max c
c r
in which, (γc,τc) is the inflection point, c is a parameter: c = ±1 − τc Ττf (the first term is
positive for reloading and negative for unloading), 𝜏𝑓 (=Gmax*(γr )) is the ultimate shear
strength of the soil. It is worth to note that ''c'' parameter turns into a constant value for
cyclic loading conditions.
The Pyke model is more advantageous in providing the hysteresis loop for an arbitrary
dynamic loading. However, Hardin and Drnevich model only provides the average path that
determines the stress- strain behavior of the soil under dynamic loads without formulizing
any hysteresis loop.
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Pyke Model 1979
The Pyke model is more advantageous in providing the hysteresis loop for an arbitrary
dynamic loading. However, Hardin and Drnevich model only provides the average path that
determines the stress- strain behavior of the soil under dynamic loads without formulizing
any hysteresis loop.
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Damping
 γc 
2  2  0 τ  γ  dγ 
D hys  1
π  γc τ  γ  
 
For Hardin and Drenevich insert stress-strain equation and take the integral:
γ𝑐
4 1 ln 1 + 2
γr
Dhys = 1 + γ 1− γ𝑐 −
π c π
γr γr
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Stress-Strain Equation becomes using complex modulus
(t)  G*   (t)
G*  G 1  2iD 
γ𝑐
Gmax 4 1 ln 1 + 2
γr 𝛾(𝑡 ሻ
τ t = 1 + 2i Dvis + 1+γ 1− γ𝑐 −
γ π 𝑐 π
1+ 𝑐 γr γr
γr
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G/Gmax and D Curves:
1.00 100
Pyke (γr=0.01%) H&D (γr=0.01%)
0.80 80 Pyke (γr=0.1%) H&D (γr=0.1%)
Damping Ratio (%)
Pyke Pyke (γr=1%) H&D (γr=1%)

0.60 60
G/Gmax
H&D S&I
0.40 S&I γr=1% 40

γr=0.1%
0.20 20
γr=0.01%
0.00 0
0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 0.0001 0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10
Cyclic Shear Strain (%) Cyclic Shear Strain (%)
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4.4 Estimation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils
STEP 1 for all soils: Estimate Gmax
PEER Report: Guidelines for Estimation of Shear Wave Velocity Profiles, Bernard R. Wair, Jason T. DeJong, Thomas Shantz,
2012
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Effects of Environmental and Loading Conditions on Gmax
From Kramer 1996 “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering” 20
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Effects of Environmental and Loading Conditions on G/Gmax
Effects of Environmental and Loading Conditions on Damping Ratio
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SANDS
STEP 1 Estimation of Gmax (Small strain shear modulus (for <10-4%)
 Using shear wave velocity measurments from field or laboratory tests

Gmax=V2s or
 Using Emprical Correlations
 from field tests (see the next 2 figures in the next 2 slides)
 by Seed et al. (1986):
Gmax ( psf )  1000 K 2 max  m
K2 max = Soil Modulus Coefficient at γ < 10-4 %

( K 2 ) max  20( N1 )1/3
60 or
depends on: soil density and gradation
𝜎ത𝑚 = mean (octahedral) effective stress (psf).

1
 (2 H   V )
3
 H = effective horizontal stress= K o V
Earth pressure
coefficient at rest
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4.4 Stress-Strain Behavior of Cyclically Loaded Soils
1. Equivalent Linear Model

A) Estimation of Gmax (Small strain shear modulus (for <10-4%)
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SANDS

 by Sykora and Koester (1988)
VS  250 N 0.17 D 0.2 VS = Shear Wave Velocity (fps)

N = field measured SPT blow count
D = depth in feet below surface
 by Hardin and Black (1968):
Round grained sands: Angular grained sands:
2630(2.17  e) 2 o
G max  1230(2.97  e) 2 o
1 e G max 
1 e
e = void ratio
Gmax =Maximum shear modulus (psf)
1
o = effective octahedral stress (psf)= ( 1  2  3 )
3
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SANDS
STEP 1 Estimation of Gmax
Small Strain Damping Ratio

For γ < 10-4 % internal damping is very small.
stress
hysteresis
loop is small
strain
Dmin ≈ 1 to 2%
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SANDS
STEP 2 Selection of G/Gmax (Large strain shear modulus (for >10-4%)
 Run laboratory test, obtain stress-strain backbone curve find G and D. The degradation of G
and the increasing damping with γ can only be determined using laboratory tests.
or
 In practice, some developped empirical curves are used:
Researchers have normalized G versus γ curves to provide simple procedures for

establishing G versus γ curves for a particular soil encountered in a project.
Refer to the next slides
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SANDS
STEP 2 Selection of G/Gmax
commonly used in practice
Seed and Idriss 1970

29
SANDS
Used mostly when the sand deposit is deep. It includes the effect of large overburden stress.
Iwasaki et al. 1976

30
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SANDS
Includes the effect of large overburden.
Ishibashi 1992
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SANDS
Includes the effect of σ'v , N, OCR, PI, f:
STEP 2 Selection of G/Gmax  N and f has no significant effect on G/Gmax
Darendeli 2001
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SANDS
STEP 3 Estimation of G and D
Find G degradation curve:
Ishibashi 1992
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SANDS
Damping Ratio D:
 Damping is not normalized the curves start at Dmin ranges btw 0.5%-5%
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SANDS
Damping Ratio D:
commonly used in practice
35
Seed and Idriss 1986
SANDS
Damping Ratio D:
Darendeli 2001
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GRAVELS

Gmax=V2s or
 by Seed et al. (1986):
Gmax ( psf )  1000 K 2 max  m
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Seed et al. 1986

GRAVELS

VS  275 N 0.17 D 0.2
VS = Shear Wave Velocity (fps)

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GRAVELS
Seed et al.1986
39
GRAVELS
Ishibashi 1992
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GRAVELS
Damping Ratio D:
Seed et al. 1986

41
CLAYS

Gmax=V2s or
 from field tests (refer to the previous table given in sands)
 from undrained compression strength, PI and OCR:
Gmax/su = function of (PI and OCR)
From Kramer “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering” 42
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CLAYS

VS  195N 0.17 D 0.2 VS = Shear Wave Velocity (fps)

 by Hardin and Black (1968):

1230 ( 2.97  e) 2
G max  (OCR ) K o
1 e
 vm Max. past pressure
OCR = Overconsolidation Ratio= =
 vo Present pressure PI = LL - PL K
e = void ratio 0 0
20 0.18
Gmax = Maximum shear modulus (psf)
40 0.30
o= effective octahedral stress (psf)= 1 (      )
1 2 3 60 0.41
3
80 0.48
100 0.50
From Richart, Hall, and Woods “Vibrations of Soils and Foundations” 43
CLAYS
from Vucetic and Dobry 1991
From Kramer “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering”

44
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CLAYS
from Ishibashi 1992
CLAYS Includes the effect of σ'v , N, OCR, PI, f:

STEP 2 Selection of G/Gmax  N and f has no significant effect on G/Gmax
Darendeli 2001
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CLAYS
Ishibashi 1992
47
CLAYS
Damping Ratio D:
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STEP 3 Estimation of G and D CLAYS

Includes the effect of σ'v , N, OCR, PI, f:
Damping Ratio D:
Darendeli 2001
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Example 4.1
Given: Soil profile shown below.
Estimate: Shear modulus G vs. γ and damping ratio D vs. γ of the two types of soil present in
the profile.
depth (m)
0
sand Naverage = 15, γt = 17.3 kN/m3
3
clay Naverage = 10, γt = 17.3 kN/m3
s u /  v  0 .3
(NC) PI = 15,
6
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Example 4.2
The ground water table in a normally consolidated sand layer is located at a depth of 3 m
below the ground surface. The unit weight of sand above the groundwater table is 15.5
kN/m3. Below the groundwater table, the saturated unit weight of sand is 18.5 kN/m3.
Assuming that the void ratio and relative density of sand below the groundwater table are 0.6
and Dr=43%, respectively, determine the damping ratio and the shear modulus of this sand at
a depth of 7.5 m below the ground surface if the strain is expected to be about 0.12%.
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10/11/2017

Chapter IV : Dynamic Soil Properties

Assist. Prof. Dr. E. Ece BAYAT

Soil behavior is non-linear, especially at large strains.

B) Large shear strains:  > 10-4 %

Mostly earthquake loads

4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils

Typical stress-strain behavior under cyclic load:

4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils

Viscous and Hystretic Damping

F When a viscous damped SDOF is subjected to harmonic

4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils

Viscous and Hystretic Damping

4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils

Viscous and Hystretic Damping

4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils

In soils: use stress-strain relationship

4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils

4.2 Typical Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior in soils

Shear stress A1 = WD Area within the hysteresis loop = energy lost

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

 Nonlinear soil behavior is observed with increasing strain.

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

 In the Voight model,  (similar to c in force-displacement behavior) is frequency dependent.

G and D found in 1) and 2) can be inserted in the complex shear modulus:

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

Cyclic Nonlinear Soil Models

Loading and unloading curves have the same shape as

Masing Rule 1926

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

Cyclic Nonlinear Models

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

Cyclic Nonlinear Models

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

Cyclic Nonlinear Models

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

Cyclic Nonlinear Models

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

Cyclic Nonlinear Models

4.3 Stress-Strain Characterization of Cyclically Loaded Soils

Cyclic Nonlinear Models

G/Gmax and D Curves:

Pyke Pyke (γr=1%) H&D (γr=1%)

0.40 S&I γr=1% 40

4.4 Estimation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils

STEP 1 for all soils: Estimate Gmax

4.4 Estimation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils

Effects of Environmental and Loading Conditions on Gmax

From Kramer 1996 “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering” 20

4.4 Estimation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils

Effects of Environmental and Loading Conditions on G/Gmax

From Kramer 1996 “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering” 21

4.4 Estimation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils

Effects of Environmental and Loading Conditions on Damping Ratio

From Kramer 1996 “Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering” 22

4.4 Estimation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils

 Using shear wave velocity measurments from field or laboratory tests

K2 max = Soil Modulus Coefficient at γ < 10-4 %

𝜎ത𝑚 = mean (octahedral) effective stress (psf).

4.4 Stress-Strain Behavior of Cyclically Loaded Soils

1. Equivalent Linear Model

4.4 Estimation of Shear Modulus and Damping in Soils