Mot 3412 Heui

05/09/2018 D10R Track-Type Tractor 3KR00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3412 Engine(SEBP2478 - 116) - Documentation
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Welcome: kcbjmg
Product: TRACK-TYPE TRACTOR
Model: D10R TRACK-TYPE TRACTOR 3KR01247
Configuration: D10R Track-Type Tractor 3KR00001-UP (MACHINE)
POWERED BY 3412 Engine
Systems Operation
3408E and 3412E Engines for Caterpillar Built Machines
Media Number -SENR1018-16 Publication Date -01/06/2013 Date Updated -17/06/2013
i07021697
Fuel System
SMCS - 1250
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Illustration 1 g00990048
HEUI fuel system (typical example)
(1) Unit injector hydraulic pump
(2) Oil flow to the engine
(3) Oil filter
(4) Engine oil pump
(5) Injectors
(6) Oil cooler
(7) IAP control valve
(8) IAP sensor
(9) Fuel transfer pump
(10) Secondary fuel filter
(11) Fluid manifolds
(12) Fuel tank
(13) Fuel pressure regulator
(14) Speed-timing wheel
(15) Engine speed/timing sensors
(16) Primary fuel filter
(17) Water separator
(18) Oil temperature sensor

(19) Engine boost pressure sensor
(20) Coolant temperature sensor
(21) Coolant level sensor
(22) Oil pressure sensor
(23) Fuel pressure sensor
(24) Fuel temperature sensor
(25) Atmospheric pressure sensor
(26) Throttle position sensor
(27) Data link
(28) Alarm warning lamp
(29) Diagnostic lamp
(30) Electronic Control Module (ECM)
(31) Batteries
The operation of the Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI) fuel system utilizes the concepts of
hydraulics and the multiplication of force to deliver fuel to the engine. The HEUI fuel system is completely
free of adjustment. Adjustments cannot be made to the mechanical components of the system. Changes in
performance are made by installing different software in Electronic Control Module (ECM) (30).
This fuel system consists of six basic components:
Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI) (5)
Electronic Control Module (ECM) (30)
Unit injector hydraulic pump (1)
Injection actuation pressure control valve (7)
Fuel transfer pump (9)
Injection actuation pressure sensor (8)
Note: The components of the HEUI fuel system are not serviceable components. These fuel system
components must not be disassembled. Disassembly will damage the components. If the components have
been disassembled, Caterpillar may not allow a warranty claim or Caterpillar may reduce the warranty claim.
Component Description
Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector
The HEUI fuel system utilizes a hydraulically actuated electronically controlled unit injector (5).
The precise delivery of the fuel controls the engine's performance. All fuel systems for diesel engines use a
plunger and barrel in order to pump high pressure fuel into the combustion chamber. A fuel injection pump
camshaft lobe is typically used to provide a mechanical force to the plunger. The plunger then pumps the
precise amount of fuel into the combustion chamber. The HEUI fuel system uses engine oil that has been
pressurized by the system's hydraulic pump in order to apply force to the plunger. Control for the exact
timing of the fuel delivery is provided electronically by the engine's ECM. Due to the differences in the
HEUI fuel system, a technician must use different troubleshooting methods in order to diagnose fuel system
problems.
The HEUI fuel system's hydraulic pump pressurizes the engine lubrication oil from 10 MPa (1450 psi) to
23 MPa (3350 psi) in order to transfer force from the engine's rotational energy to hydraulic energy that is
used by the injector. The HEUI fuel system operates in the same manner as a hydraulic cylinder. A piston in
the injector is used to receive the hydraulic energy that is supplied by the pump. The piston converts the
hydraulic energy to a mechanical force that is applied directly to the injector's plunger assembly. The plunger
assembly multiplies the mechanical force that is provided by the piston. The plunger converts the force into a
hydraulic pressure that is placed on the fuel that is in the injector barrel. By multiplying the force of the high
pressure oil that is supplied by the HEUI fuel system's hydraulic pump, the HEUI can produce the injection
pressures that are essential for the complete fuel atomization that provides combustion efficiency.
Engine oil is used by the unit injector hydraulic pump in order to supply hydraulic pressure to the injectors.
This hydraulic pressure is called injector actuation pressure. The actuation pressure of the oil generates the
high injection pressures that are delivered by the unit injector. This injection pressure is greater than
actuation pressure by approximately six times. The pressure in the system is multiplied by the intensifier
piston that is located in the injector.
Low actuation pressure results in low injection pressures. During conditions of low engine speed such as idle
and start, the low injection pressure is due to the low actuation pressure that is being produced by the unit
injector hydraulic pump.
High actuation pressure results in high injection pressures. During conditions of high speed such as high idle
and acceleration, high injection pressures can be produced because of the high actuation pressures that are
produced by the hydraulic pump.
There are many other operating conditions when the injection pressure fluctuates between the minimum and
the maximum. Regardless of the speed of the engine, the HEUI fuel system provides infinite control in order
to provide the optimum fuel injection pressure.
Electronic Control Module (ECM)

The Electronic Control Module (ECM) (30) is mounted directly on the engine. The ECM is a powerful
computer that provides total electronic control of engine performance. The ECM gathers performance data
from the engine through a series of engine sensors. This data is used by the ECM in order to modify the
engine's fuel delivery, injection pressure, and injection timing. The ECM also contains performance maps in
the form of software that define engine's horsepower, torque curves, and rpm.
Most of today's engines are equipped with an ECM that can be reprogrammed in the field. There are
electronic service tools that can be used to program the ECM. These electronic service tools use flash
programming in order to load new software into the ECM.
The ECM is also used to record engine faults that may occur. These faults are usually triggered when one of
the engine sensors detect a parameter that is operating out of the normal range of operation. An electronic
service tool can be used in conjunction with the engine ECM to run several diagnostic tests on engine's
electrical systems or electronic systems.
Unit Injector Hydraulic Pump
The unit injector hydraulic pump (1) is a high pressure hydraulic pump that is located at the front of the
engine. The unit injector hydraulic pump is a variable displacement axial piston pump that is driven by the
front gear train of the engine. The unit injector hydraulic pump uses a portion of the engine lubrication oil to
supply the HEUI fuel system. The unit injector hydraulic pump pressurizes the engine lubrication oil to the
correct injection actuation pressure in order to power the HEUI injectors.
Injection Actuation Pressure Control Valve (IAP Control Valve)

The Injection Actuation Pressure Control Valve (IAP Control Valve) (7) is located on the side of unit injector
hydraulic pump (1). The pressure control valve assembly controls the outlet flow of the hydraulic pump. The
pressure control valve assembly also controls the hydraulic pump pressure.
There are three components of the pressure control valve assembly.
Injection actuation pressure control valve
Compensator valve assembly

Valve base
The compensator valve assembly contains three major parts:
Load sensing spool
Pressure limiter spool
Check valve
The load sensing spool controls the oil flow to the control piston. The control piston controls the swashplate
angle. The swashplate angle determines the pressure that is produced by the pump.
In the event of a malfunction of the pump, the pressure limiter spool acts as an emergency relief valve. A
malfunction of the pump would cause the pressure to rise above the relief setting. The pressure limiter spool
is a simple spring loaded relief valve. The valve opens at a preset pressure. When the valve opens, high
pressure oil is sent to the control piston. This will destroke the pump and the oil flow that is being produced
by the pump will be reduced.
The check valve works in conjunction with the pressure limiter spool. The valve allows high pressure oil to
flow to the control piston when the pressure limiter spool has opened. The check valve remains closed at all
other times.
The IAP control valve is an electrically controlled solenoid valve. The IAP control valve works with the load
sensing spool in order to control the pump outlet pressure. The IAP control valve is actually an electrically
operated hydraulic pressure relief valve. The IAP control valve converts an electrical signal from the ECM to
the mechanical control of the spool valve in order to control the pump's outlet pressure.
Under most conditions, the pump is producing an excess oil flow. The IAP control valve instructs the load
sensing spool to discharge excess pump flow to the control piston in order to control injection actuation
pressure at the desired level. The IAP control valve is a solenoid valve of high precision. The IAP control
valve is used to control the actuation pressure that provides hydraulic pressure to the injectors. The
performance maps that are programmed into the ECM contain a desired actuation pressure for every engine
operating condition. The ECM uses a control current in order to control the IAP control valve. This control
current is used to vary the action of the solenoid in order to maintain an actual actuation pressure that is very
near to the desired actuation pressure that has been determined by the ECM.
Fuel Transfer Pump

Fuel transfer pump (9) is mounted on the back of unit injector hydraulic pump (1). The fuel transfer pump
must first draw fuel from fuel tank (12). Then, the fuel transfer pump must be capable of providing enough
flow to the low pressure fuel system in order to maintain a continuous system pressure. A normal system
pressure for the low pressure fuel system is usually between 310 kPa (45 psi) and 450 kPa (65 psi). This
pressurized fuel is continuously supplied to injectors (5).
The fuel transfer pump is a fixed displacement gear pump. The fuel transfer pump contains an integral
pressure relief valve. This relief valve opens at approximately 630 kPa (91 psi). Excess flow from the valve
discharges to an internal passage from the outlet side of the pump. The internal passage sends the fuel back
to the inlet side of the pump.
Injection Actuation Pressure Sensor (IAP)
IAP sensor (8) monitors the actual injection actuation pressure. The oil manifold supplies the injectors with a
continuous flow of actuation oil. This oil is used to power the injectors. The IAP sensor is installed in this
high pressure oil manifold. The IAP sensor monitors the oil pressure in the manifold. The ECM is
continuously monitoring the IAP sensor for pressure changes. The ECM interprets this signal in order to
provide control for the engine's fuel system.
Operation of the HEUI Fuel System

Low Pressure Fuel System
Low pressure fuel system (typical example)
(5) Injectors
(9) Fuel transfer pump
(10) Secondary fuel filter
(11) Fluid manifolds
(12) Fuel tank
(13) Fuel pressure regulator
(16) Primary fuel filter
(17) Water separator
The low pressure fuel system serves four basic functions. The system supplies the injectors (5) with fuel for
combustion. Supplies extra fuel flow for cooling of the injectors. This extra fuel flow removes air from the
system. The system also supplies the fuel that is used to cool the ECM.
The low pressure fuel system consists of seven basic components:
Fuel tank (12)
Water separator (17)
Primary fuel filter (16)
Fuel transfer pump (9)
Secondary fuel filter (10)
Fluid manifolds (11)
Fuel pressure regulator (13)
Fuel is drawn from fuel tank (12) and flows through the water separator (17). The water separator is typically
a 15 to 30 micron filter. The water separator will filter large debris from the fuel. The water separator also
has the capacity that will filter large amounts of water from the fuel. If equipped, the fuel may flow to the
primary fuel filter (16). The primary fuel filter is used to filter the fuel before entering the fuel transfer pump.
Fuel flows from the primary fuel filter to the inlet side of fuel transfer pump (9). The fuel transfer pump is
mounted on the back of unit injector hydraulic pump. Fuel is drawn into the inlet port of the pump. An inlet
check valve in the inlet port of the fuel transfer pump prevents fuel from flowing back into the fuel tank
while the engine is not running. The fuel flow is increased by a simple gear pump and the fuel is then
discharged through the outlet port of the pump. The outlet port also incorporates a check valve that is used to
prevent pressurized fuel leakage back through the pump.
The fuel transfer pump is used in order to pressurize the fuel that supplies the low pressure fuel system. The
maximum pressure that is generated by the fuel transfer pump is limited to 630 kPa (91 psi) by an internal
pressure relief valve.
Fuel flows from the outlet port of the fuel transfer pump to the secondary fuel filter (10). The secondary fuel
filter is a two micron fuel filter. The two micron fuel filter removes very small abrasive contaminants in the
fuel. Fuel then flows from the secondary fuel filter to the fuel supply passages that are drilled into fluid
manifolds (11).
The fluid manifolds are mounted on top of the cylinder heads. A fuel supply passage runs for the length of
the fluid manifold. This passage connects with each unit injector bore in order to supply fuel to the unit
injectors. Pressurized fuel flows through the fluid manifold to all of the unit injectors. Excess fuel flows out
of the fluid manifold, into the fuel return line, and then to the fuel pressure regulator (13).
The fuel pressure regulator consists of an orifice and a spring loaded check valve. The orifice is a flow
restriction that provides a back pressure to the supply fuel. The spring loaded check valve opens at 410 kPa
(60 psi) in order to allow the excess fuel to return to the fuel tank. The excess fuel that passes through the
orifice is used in order to transfer heat away from the fuel system. A ratio of fuel that is returned to the tank
to the amount of fuel that is consumed by the engine is approximately 3 to 1. When the engine is off and no
fuel pressure is present, the spring loaded check valve closes. The spring loaded check valve closes in order
to prevent the fuel in the cylinder head from draining to the fuel tank.
Injection Actuation System

The following criteria must be meet for injection to be enabled. If this criteria is not met, then there should
be error for "Injection Disabled".
Engine speed in the range of 100 to 250 rpm
The ECM determining correct timing between the primary speed sensors and the HEUI fuel pump
drive train
Minimum injection actuation pressure of 6205 kPa (900 psi)
Desired and Actual Injection Actuation Pressure (IAP) within 1379 kPa (200 psi)
Actuation Oil Flow
Actuation Oil Flow (typical example)
(3) Oil filter
(4) Engine oil pump
(6) Oil cooler

(8) IAP sensor
The injection actuation system serves two functions. The injection actuation system supplies high pressure
oil in order to power the HEUI injectors. Also, the injection actuation system utilizes control of the actuation
pressure of the oil in order to control the injection pressure of the fuel that is produced by the unit injectors.
The injection actuation system consists of six basic components:
Hydraulic pump (1)
Engine oil filter (3)
Engine oil pump (4)
Oil cooler (6)
The Injection Actuation Pressure control valve (IAP control valve) (7)
The Injection Actuation Pressure sensor (IAP sensor) (8)
Oil from engine oil pump (4) supplies engine oil to unit injector hydraulic pump (1). The capacity of the
engine oil pump has been increased in order to meet the additional flow that is required to supply the
hydraulic pump.
Oil that is drawn from the engine oil pan is pressurized to the lubrication system oil pressure by the engine
oil pump. Oil flows from the engine oil pump through engine oil cooler (6), through engine oil filter (3), and
then to the main oil gallery. A separate circuit from the main oil gallery directs a portion of the lubrication oil
in order to supply the unit injector hydraulic pump. A steel tube on the left side of the engine connects the
main oil gallery with the inlet port of the unit injector hydraulic pump.
Oil flows into the inlet port of the unit injector hydraulic pump and the pump reservoir is filled with engine
oil. The pump reservoir provides oil to the unit injector hydraulic pump during engine start-up. Also, the
pump reservoir provides oil to the unit injector hydraulic pump until the engine oil pump can increase
pressure enough to provide the pump with a steady flow of oil.
The pump reservoir also provides makeup oil to the high pressure oil passage in the cylinder head. When the
engine is off and the engine cools down, the oil shrinks. A check valve in the pump allows oil to be drawn
from the pump reservoir in order to keep the high pressure oil passage full, even during engine shutdown.
Oil from the pump reservoir is pressurized in the unit injector hydraulic pump and flows out of two outlet
ports of the pump under high pressure. The high pressure oil flows from the outlet ports of the unit injector
hydraulic pump then flows through a one-way check valve. The oil then flows to the high pressure oil
passage that is within the fluid manifold. The check valve is used to prevent high pressure pulses, that are
generated by the injectors, from returning to the pump. High pressure pulses would cause the IAP control
valve (7) to operate erratically. This would cause the actuation pressure to become unstable and
unpredictable.
The high pressure oil passage connects with each unit injector bore in order to supply high pressure actuation
oil to the unit injectors. High pressure actuation oil flows from the unit injector hydraulic pump and travels
through the fluid manifold to all of the injectors. The high pressure oil is held in the high pressure oil passage
until the oil is used by the unit injectors. Oil that has been exhausted by the unit injectors is expelled under
the valve covers. This oil returns to the crankcase through oil drain holes in the cylinder head.
Actuation Oil Pressure Control
Injection actuation pressure control system (typical example)
(3) Oil filter
(4) Engine oil pump
(5) Injectors
(6) Oil cooler
(8) IAP sensor
(30) Engine control module (ECM)
Unit injector hydraulic pump (1) is a variable displacement axial piston pump. The flow of this pump can be
varied from the minimum to the maximum at any engine speed.
The rotating group of the pump changes the rotary motion of the pump shaft to hydraulic oil flow. The
rotating group has three components:
Barrel and pistons
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Swashplate
Pump shaft
The pump supplies the flow of oil to the injectors. The amount of oil flow controls the system pressure.
Pump flow is increased or decreased within the pump by changing the angle of the swashplate.
The swashplate is moved toward maximum flow by a control spring. The maximum angle produces
maximum piston stroke and maximum pump flow. The control piston is used to counter the control spring.
The control piston is in a retracted state when the swashplate is at the maximum angle. The control spring
will be in an expanded state.
Pump flow is reduced by an increased oil flow to the control piston. As the pressure to the control piston
increases, the piston pushes the swashplate toward the minimum angle. The swashplate angle will be reduced
and the pistons produce minimum stroke at this minimum angle. Minimum output will be produced.
Destroking the pump - This term is used to describe a decrease in the angle of the swashplate in order to
decrease the output of the pump. Oil flow is being applied to the control piston.
Stroking the pump - This term is used to describe an increase in the angle of the swashplate in order to
increase the output of the pump. Oil flow is being removed from the control piston.
The pump housing contains the following components:
Rotating group
Internal oil reservoir
The reservoir provides oil to the unit injector hydraulic pump while the engine is being cranked. The
reservoir provides oil to the injection system until oil flow from engine oil pump (4) is established.
Supply oil from the engine lube system flows through the reservoir to the inlet port of the rotating group. The
high pressure actuation oil flows from the outlet port of the pump and flows through steel tubing in order to
feed the high pressure fluid manifolds that are on each cylinder head.
While the engine is not running, the swashplate control spring in the unit injector hydraulic pump pushes the
swashplate to the maximum angle. The maximum pump displacement is achieved. During cranking of the
engine, the pump produces maximum flow. This builds actuation pressure rapidly until the desired actuation
pressure is reached.
Once the actuation pressure matches the desired pressure, oil is sent from the IAP control valve to the control
piston. This will destroke the pump. At idle conditions, a minimum swashplate angle is required to maintain
the desired actuation pressure. HEUI injectors (5) use very little actuation oil at either no load conditions or
low idle conditions.
When a load is applied to the engine, the desired fuel rate increases. Also, the demand for actuation oil flow
and pressure rapidly increase. The Electronic Control Module (ECM) (30) detects the decrease in engine
speed that is caused by the increase in load. The ECM then increases the control current to IAP control valve
(7). This allows oil to drain from the control piston. This forces the swashplate angle and the pump flow to
quickly increase. The swashplate angle will increase until actual pressure equals desired pressure at the flow
rate that is required by the injectors.
If the load on the engine is decreased, the actuation oil flow is decreased in order to match the engine
requirements. The ECM detects the increase in engine speed and the current that is being sent to the IAP
control valve is reduced. Oil is directed to the control piston. This will decrease the swashplate angle. Pump
output flow and actuation pressure decrease until actual pressure equals desired pressure.
There are two types of actuation pressure:
Desired actuation pressure

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Actual actuation pressure
Desired actuation pressure is the injection actuation pressure that is required by the system for optimum
engine performance. The desired actuation pressure is established by the performance maps in the ECM and
information from the engine sensors. This information is used in order to calculate the optimum pressure to
use for the best engine performance. The desired actuation pressure is constantly changing based on various
sensor inputs, changing engine speed and load. The following sensors supply signals to the ECM:
Throttle position sensor
Engine boost pressure sensor
Speed/timing sensors
Coolant temperature sensor
These signals are used by the ECM in order to calculate the desired actuation pressure. The desired actuation
pressure is only constant under steady state conditions (steady engine speed and load). The desired actuation
pressure is continuously adjusted by the ECM.
Actual actuation pressure is the actual system pressure of the actuation oil that is used to power the injectors.
The IAP control valve is constantly adjusting the amount of pump flow that is discharged to the drain. The
pump flow is discharged to the drain in order to match the actual actuation pressure to the desired actuation
pressure.
Three components operate together in order to control injection actuation pressure:
ECM (30)
IAP control valve (7)
IAP sensor (8)
The ECM calculates the desired actuation pressure by sampling sensor inputs and referencing performance
maps. The ECM sends a control current to the IAP control valve in order to change the actual actuation
pressure. The IAP control valve reacts to the electrical current from the ECM in order to change the actual
actuation pressure. The actual actuation pressure is changed when the IAP control valve discharges control
pressure oil to the drain. The IAP control valve acts as an electrically controlled relief valve. The IAP sensor
monitors the actual actuation pressure in the high pressure oil passage. The IAP sensor reports the actual
actuation pressure by sending a signal voltage to the ECM.
The injection actuation pressure control system operates in a cycle. The ECM calculates the desired actuation
pressure. After the correct signal has been calculated, the ECM sends an electrical current to the IAP control
valve in order to adjust the actuation pressure. The IAP control valve reacts to the electrical current from the
ECM by changing the pressure relief setting for the control piston, which changes the actual actuation
pressure. The IAP sensor samples the actual actuation pressure and the IAP sensor sends a signal voltage
back to the ECM. The ECM interprets the signal voltage from the IAP sensor in order to calculate the actual
actuation pressure. Then, the ECM compares the actual actuation pressure to the desired actuation pressure in
order to adjust the electrical current to the IAP control valve. The IAP control valve responds to the change
in electrical current by changing the actual actuation pressure. This process is repeated 60 times per second.
This cycle of constant repetition is called a closed loop control system.
Increasing current to the IAP control valve causes the actuator solenoid that controls the poppet valve in the
IAP control valve to be excited. As the poppet valve closes the drain port, the oil flow from the load sensing
spool decreases and the spool allows oil from the control piston to be vented to the case drain. As the control
piston retracts, the swashplate angle is increased. There is an increased flow from the pump outlet.
Reducing the current to the IAP control valve causes the following actions to occur. The actuator solenoid
that controls the poppet valve in the IAP control valve is relaxed. The poppet valve opens the drain port and
a proportional amount of oil is allowed to flow from the load sensing spool. As the load sensing spool reacts,
oil is sent to the control piston and the angle of the swashplate is reduced. There is a decreased flow from the
pump outlet.
If the IAP control valve fails to receive the control current during engine operation, the only force that will
act on the load sensing spool will be the mechanical force of the spool's spring. The pressure that is produced
from this spring force is approximately 5 to 6 MPa (725 to 870 psi). This pressure is called margin pressure.
A margin pressure is necessary for this system in order to establish the engine with a limp home mode in the
event of system failure. The spool spring also improves the accuracy of the IAP control valve.
The limp home mode will allow the engine to keep running at a very low actuation pressure. This could
happen if the IAP control valve fails or the circuit experiences an open circuit condition.
This spring pressure also improves the ability of the IAP control valve to accurately control lower actuation
pressures.
Margin pressure is not a critical adjustment. Margin pressure does not affect normal engine performance.
Margin pressure must be set high enough to keep the engine running in the event of an open circuit or a
control valve failure. Margin pressure should not be set too high. An excessively high margin pressure will
cause overfueling and hard starting of the engine. This will occur when the engine is cold and the oil is thick.
Margin pressure is preset at the factory. The pressure should not be adjusted in the field. Increasing or
decreasing margin pressure from the factory setting will not increase engine horsepower or engine
performance.
The combined force of the spool spring and the oil flow that is controlled by the IAP control valve work
together in order to position the load sensing spool. If the margin pressure is changed, the ECM compensates
by adjusting the current to the IAP control valve in order to obtain the desired actuation pressure that has
been calculated.
The unit injector hydraulic pump contains a pressure limiter spool. The pressure limiter spool is located just
above the load sensing spool. The pressure limiter spool will only work when an extreme pressure exists in
the system. If an extreme pressure is allowed to exist, the system pressure could exceed the maximum safe
operating pressure.
The pressure limiter spool is held in the closed position by a spring. If a malfunction occurs, the pump outlet
pressure may exceed the safe limit of the pump. In this case, the pressure would overcome the spring force
and the relief spool would vent the excess pressure. This will allow the pump outlet pressure to flow to the
control piston. The extra flow to the control piston would destroke the pump. The pump will continue to
destroke until the outlet pressure becomes less than relief pressure and the relief valve closes.
This pressure control system also incorporates a one-way check valve that allows the outlet pressure to flow
from the relief valve to the control piston. The check valve will not allow oil from the control piston to flow
in the opposite direction when the relief valve is closed.
The relief valve is set at the factory. The relief valve should not be adjusted. A low relief setting will cause
the relief valve to open below normal operating pressure. This will result in low engine power.
A high relief valve setting will not affect normal operation. A high relief valve setting could rupture the
pump housing in the event of a malfunction. Adjusting the relief valve setting will not increase the actuation
pressure, engine horsepower, or engine performance.
Most of the high pressure oil flow from the unit injector hydraulic pump is used in order to power the unit
injectors. Excess flow is the amount of pump flow that is not required in order to meet the desired actuation
pressure. The excess flow is returned to the case drain through the load sensing spool. The excess flow
travels through a drilled passage to the front of the pump. Drain oil flows out of the front of the pump over
the pump drive gear and flows down the engine front gear train to the engine oil sump.
Operation of the Injection Actuation Pressure Control Valve (IAP Control Valve)
Injection actuation pressure control valve
(1) Spring retainer
(2) Edge filter
(3) Seat assembly
(4) Drain port
(5) Armature
(6) Valve body
(7) Adapter
(8) Poppet
(9) Push pin
(10) Control solenoid
The IAP control valve is an electrically controlled pilot operated pressure control valve. The IAP control
valve is used in order to adjust the actuation pressure. The actual actuation pressure must be constantly
adjusted in order to achieve the desired actuation pressure and this pressure must be controlled regardless of
engine speed, pump flow, and variable oil demand of the unit injectors. The IAP control valve consists of six
basic components:
Seat Assembly (3)
Armature (5)
Poppet (8)
Push pin (9)
Control solenoid (10)
The IAP control valve operates by using the variable electrical current from the ECM in order to create a
magnetic field in control solenoid (10). This magnetic field acts on armature (5) and the magnetic field
generates a mechanical force. This mechanical force is used to adjust the position of the armature. The
adjustment on the armature affects the position of push pin (9) and poppet (8).
When the poppet is in the closed position, the poppet is also opposed by the oil pressure that is inside valve
body (6). The oil pressure inside the valve body is trying to open the poppet. As the oil pressure from the
load sensing spool valve increases, the force on the poppet from the oil pressure also increases. As this force
overcomes the mechanical force of the solenoid, the poppet opens. The open poppet allows a flow path to
drain port (4) for the oil pressure. Discharging part of the oil pressure to drain lowers the hydraulic pressure
that is inside the valve body. When the hydraulic pressure of oil decreases below the magnetic force on the
poppet, the poppet closes again.
Valve Operation (Engine Off)
Operation of the injection actuation pressure control valve (engine off)
(1) Oil pressure from load sensing spool
(2) Current from ECM
(3) Drain port
(4) Poppet
When the engine is off, there is no oil pressure from load sensing spool (1) and there is no current from ECM
(2). The poppet is in the open position.
Valve Operation (Engine Cranking)
Operation of the injection actuation pressure control valve (engine cranking)
(3) Drain port
(4) Poppet
During engine start-up, approximately 6.2 MPa (900 psi) of injection actuation pressure is required in order
to activate the unit injector. This low injection actuation pressure will generate a fuel injection pressure of
about 35 MPa (5000 psi). Actuation pressure will continue to increase until the desired actuation pressure is
reached. The desired actuation pressure during engine start-up is approximately 7 MPa (1000 psi).
In order for the engine to start quickly, the injection actuation pressure must rise quickly. Because the
hydraulic pump is being turned at engine cranking speed, pump flow is very low. The ECM sends a strong
current (2) to the IAP control valve in order to keep poppet (4) closed. With the poppet in the closed position,
all of the flow through drain port (3) is blocked. Oil flow through the drain port remains blocked until an
actual actuation pressure of 6.2 MPa (870 psi) is achieved. The ECM does not send a signal to the unit
injectors until this minimum actual actuation pressure is reached.
Note: If the engine is already warm, the pressure that is required to start the engine may be higher than
6.2 MPa (900 psi). The values for the desired actuation pressures are stored in the performance maps of the
ECM. These values for desired actuation pressures vary with engine temperature.
Once the unit injectors begin to operate, the ECM begins to control the current to the IAP control valve. The
ECM signals the IAP control valve to maintain the actual actuation pressure at 7 MPa (1000 psi) until the
engine starts. The ECM monitors the actual actuation pressure through the IAP sensor. The ECM uses the
signal from the IAP sensor, signals from other engine sensors, and the performance maps in order to
calculate the desired actuation pressure. Once the desired actuation pressure has been calculated, the ECM
compares the desired actuation pressure to the actual actuation pressure in the high pressure oil passage. The
ECM adjusts the current levels to the IAP control valve in order to reach the desired actuation pressure.
Oil Flow (Engine Cranking)
(3) Drain port
(4) Poppet
As the engine cranks, oil pressure from load sensing spool (1) enters the end of the valve body. The oil
pressure begins to act against the poppet (4). The hydraulic force that is applied by the oil pressure from load
sensing spool attempts to push against the poppet in order to open the drain port. The current from ECM (2)
causes the solenoid to generate a magnetic field which forces the poppet against the drain port of the spool
chamber. This closes the drain port. The drain port is the only path to the drain for the oil in the valve body.
The pump outlet pressure flows to the load sensing spool valve. The load sensing spool valve dumps the oil
directly to the case drain. As the pump outlet pressure increases, the pressure in the valve body will also
increase. While the pump outlet pressure does not overcome the force on the poppet, this path to the drain
will remain blocked. The load sensing spool will continue to dump the oil pressure to the case drain and the
angle of the swashplate will remain at the maximum.
The combination of the force from the current from the ECM and the low oil pressure in the valve body will
hold the poppet in the closed position. The drain port will remain closed while the poppet is in the closed
position. This will continue until the actual actuation pressure reaches 6.2 MPa (900 psi).
Valve Operation (Running Engine)

Operation of the injection actuation pressure control valve (running engine)
(3) Drain port
(4) Poppet
Once the engine starts, the current from ECM (2) controls the IAP control valve in order to maintain the
desired actuation pressure. The IAP sensor monitors the actual actuation pressure that is in the high pressure
oil passage in the fluid manifold. The ECM compares the actual actuation pressure to the desired actuation
pressure 60 times per second. If the pressures do not match, the ECM adjusts the current level that is being
sent to the IAP control valve. This will bring the actual injection actuation pressure closer to the desired
injection actuation pressure.
The amount of current that is sent to the solenoid regulates the amount of magnetic force that is being used to
hold poppet (4) closed. The solenoid, the armature, and the push pin simulate a variable spring that is
electronically controlled. Increased current results in increased force on the poppet. Decreased current results
in a decrease of force that is acting on the poppet.
The magnetic force that is controlled by the ECM is used to hold the poppet closed. When the poppet is
closed, the pressure in the valve body increases. When the pressure in the valve body exceeds the force that
is holding the poppet closed, the poppet will begin to open. When the poppet opens, the volume of oil that is
in the valve body begins to escape to the drain. This causes the pressure in the valve body to drop. When the
pressure in the valve body drops, the poppet closes again. As the poppet closes, the pressure begins to
increase and the cycle is repeated. This process provides control to the position of the load sensing spool.
The position of the load sensing spool controls the oil flow to the control piston.
The IAP control valve uses oil flow to control the position of the load sensing spool. The force of the oil
pressure in the valve body provides resistance against the force of the oil pressure from load sensing spool
(1). Controlling this pressure helps to control the position of the valve spool. When the IAP control valve
allows oil to pass to drain port (3), the load sensing spool is allowed to shift in the bore of the valve body. An
oil port that leads to the control piston is opened and the swashplate angle is decreased. This effectively
reduces the actual actuation pressure in the fluid rails.
As the pump pressure decreases, the IAP control valve closes the drain port through the poppet. This reduces
the flow of oil that is coming from the load sensing spool. The spool repositions in the bore of the valve body
and the oil port for the control piston is blocked. An increase in pump outlet pressure will follow.
The amount of control that is provided for the load sensing spool is controlled by the ECM. The electrical
current from the ECM is used to control the position of the poppet valve. By opening and closing the poppet
valve, the flow of oil from load sensing spool can be regulated. When the poppet is opened the flow of oil
from the load sensing spool is increased. The position of the spool changes so that the flow of oil to the
control piston of the swashplate increases. When the electrical current from the ECM closes the poppet, the
flow of oil from the load sensing spool is decreased. This will reposition the spool in the bore of the valve
body so that the flow to the control piston is reduced.
Most of the time, the poppet and the load sensing spool operate in a partially open position. The poppet and
the spool are completely open or completely closed only during the following conditions:
Acceleration
Deceleration
Rapidly changing engine loads
Oil Flow (Running Engine)
When oil flow from load sensing spool (1) enters the end of the valve body, a small amount of oil flows into
the chamber of the valve body through the edge filter. The pressure in the valve body is controlled by
adjusting the force on poppet (4). Adjusting the force on the poppet allows the poppet to drain off some of
the oil in the valve body. The force on the poppet is controlled by the strength of the magnetic field that is
produced from electrical current from ECM (2). The poppet also responds to pressure changes in the valve
body. The position of the poppet dictates the amount of oil flow that is allowed to reach drain port (3).
The amount of oil that is allowed to pass through the poppet controls the position of the load sensing spool.
The position of the load sensing spool determines the amount of oil that is directed to the swashplate's
control piston. The process of responding to pressure changes on either side of the load sensing spool occurs
so rapidly that the spool is held in a partially open position. This allows the outlet pressure of the injection
pump to be closely controlled. The IAP control valve allows infinitely variable control of pump outlet
pressure between 6 MPa (900 psi) and 24 MPa (3500 psi).
Components of the HEUI Injector

The HEUI injector serves four functions. The HEUI injector pressurizes supply fuel from 450 kPa (65 psi) to
160 MPa (23500 psi). The HEUI injector functions as an atomizer by pumping high pressure fuel through
orifice holes in the unit injector tip. The HEUI injector delivers the correct amount of atomized fuel into the
combustion chamber and the injector tip disperses the atomized fuel evenly throughout the combustion
chamber.
Components of the HEUI injector
(1) Solenoid
(2) Poppet valve
(3) Intensifier piston
(4) Plunger
(5) Plunger cavity
(6) Barrel
(7) Nozzle assembly
The HEUI injector consists of five basic components:
Solenoid (1)
Poppet valve (2)
Intensifier piston (3)
Plunger (4)
Barrel (6)
Nozzle assembly (7)
Solenoid
The solenoid (1) is an electromagnet. When the solenoid is energized, the solenoid creates a very strong
magnetic field. This magnetic field attracts the armature which is connected to the poppet valve (2) by an
armature screw. When the armature moves toward the solenoid, the armature lifts the poppet valve off the
poppet valve's lower seat. Energizing the solenoid and lifting the poppet valve off the poppet valve's lower
seat is the beginning of the fuel injection process.
Poppet Valve
The poppet valve (2) has two positions which are opened and closed. In the closed position, the poppet is
held on the lower poppet seat by a spring. The closed lower poppet seat prevents high pressure actuation oil
from entering the unit injector. The open upper poppet seat vents oil in the cavity that is above the intensifier
piston (3) to the drain port. The oil is vented to the drain port through the upper portion of the unit injector.
In the open position, the solenoid (1) is energized and the poppet valve is lifted off the poppet valve's lower
seat. When the poppet valve is lifted off the poppet valve's lower seat, the lower poppet seat opens allowing
high pressure actuation oil to enter the unit injector. When the high pressure actuation oil enters the unit
injector, the high pressure actuation oil pushes on the top of the intensifier piston. The poppet is closed
against the upper seat of the poppet valve and this blocks the path to the drain port. Blocking the path to the
drain prevents the leakage of high pressure actuation oil from the unit injector.
Intensifier Piston
The surface area of intensifier piston (3) is six times larger than the surface area of plunger (4). This larger
surface area provides a multiplication of force. This multiplication of force allows 24 MPa (3500 psi) of
actuation oil to produce 162 MPa (23500 psi) of fuel injection pressure. When poppet valve (2) moves away
from the lower poppet seat, high pressure actuation oil enters the unit injector. When the high pressure
actuation oil enters the unit injector, the high pressure actuation oil pushes on the top of the intensifier piston.
Pressure rises on top of the intensifier piston and the pressure pushes down on the intensifier piston and the
plunger. The downward movement of the plunger pressurizes the fuel in plunger cavity (5). The pressurized
fuel in the plunger cavity causes nozzle assembly (7) to open. When the nozzle assembly opens, the fuel
delivery into the combustion chamber begins. A large O-ring around the intensifier piston separates the oil
above the intensifier piston from the fuel below the intensifier piston.
Barrel
The barrel (6) is the cylinder that holds plunger (4). The plunger moves inside the barrel. The plunger and
barrel together act as a pump. Both the plunger and the barrel are precision components that have a working
clearance of only 0.0025 mm (0.00010 inch). These tight clearances are required in order to produce
injection pressures that are over 162 MPa (23500 psi) without excessive leakage.
Note: A small amount of controlled leakage is required in order to lubricate the plunger which prevents
wear.
Nozzle Assembly
Nozzle Assembly
(1) Inlet fill check ball
(2) Case
(3) Check
(4) Tip
(5) Tip orifice holes
The nozzle assembly is similar to all other unit injector's nozzle assemblies. Fuel that has been pressurized to
the injection pressure flows from the plunger cavity through a passage in the nozzle to the nozzle tip (4).
Fuel flow out of the tip is stopped by check (3), which covers the tip orifice holes (5) in the end of the tip.
The force of a spring holds the check down in the closed position. This prevents the leakage of fuel out of the
tip and this prevents the leakage of combustion gas into the unit injector when the cylinder fires.
When the injection pressure increases to approximately 28 MPa (4000 psi), the hydraulic force from the fuel
overcomes the spring force. When the spring force is overcome by the hydraulic force, the check moves
away from the tip. When the check moves away from the tip, the check is in the open position. The amount
of pressure that is required to open the check is called the Valve Opening Pressure (VOP). The fuel flows out
of the tip orifice holes in the end of the tip and the fuel flows into the combustion chamber. The check
remains open and fuel continues to flow out of the tip until fuel injection pressure drops below 28 MPa
(4000 psi). When the pressure drops, the check closes and fuel injection is stopped. The amount of pressure
that allows the check to close is called the Valve Closing Pressure (VCP).
Note: VOP and VCP will vary among applications and horsepower ratings in order to meet exhaust emission
standards. The above values were used as illustrations only.
The inlet fill check ball (1) unseats during upward travel of the plunger in order to allow the plunger cavity
to refill. The inlet fill check ball seals during the downward stroke of the plunger in order to prevent fuel
injection pressure leakage into the fuel supply.
Operation of the HEUI Injector

There are three stages of injection with the HEUI injector:
Pre-injection
Injection
End of injection
Pre-Injection
Pre-injection cycle
(1) Drain port
(2) High pressure oil inlet port
(A) Low pressure oil
(B) Fuel supply pressure
(C) Actuation oil pressure
(D) Mechanical movement of internal components
During the pre-injection cycle, all internal components have returned to the spring loaded position. The
solenoid is not energized and the lower poppet seat is closed. The lower poppet seat blocks high pressure oil
inlet port (2). Actuation oil pressure is blocked from entering the unit injector. The plunger and the intensifier
piston are at the top of the bore and the plunger cavity is full of fuel. Fuel pressure in the plunger cavity is
equal to the fuel supply pressure. The fuel supply pressure is approximately 450 kPa (65 psi).
Injection
Injection cycle
(1) Drain port
(E) Fuel flow
(F) Injection pressure
While the solenoid is energized, the poppet valve remains open. While the poppet valve is open, high
pressure oil continues to flow into the injector. The flow of the high pressure oil pushes downward on the
intensifier piston and the plunger. The injection pressure fluctuates from 34 MPa (5000 psi) to 162 MPa
(23500 psi). The injection pressure depends on the engine's requirements. Injection continues until either the
solenoid is de-energized or the intensifier piston hits the bottom of the bore. When the solenoid is de-
energized, the poppet spring is allowed to close the poppet valve. When the poppet valve closes, high
pressure oil inlet port (2) is blocked.
End of Injection
End of injection
(1) Drain port
(E) Fuel flow
The end of the injection cycle begins when the ECM stops the current to the unit injector solenoid. The
magnetic field of the solenoid breaks down and the magnetic field is unable to overcome the spring force of
the poppet. The poppet returns to the lower poppet seat which closes high pressure oil inlet port (2). When
the poppet valve closes, high pressure oil is stopped from entering the unit injector. As the lower poppet seat
closes, the upper poppet seat opens to drain port (1). When the upper poppet seat opens to the drain, the
actuation pressure of the oil drops off.
Fuel injection pressure under the plunger exerts an upward force on the plunger and the intensifier piston. As
the pressure of the actuation oil above the intensifier piston drops off, the downward force on the intensifier
piston drops off. The upward force of the fuel injection pressure under the plunger suddenly becomes greater
than the downward force on the intensifier piston. The downward motion of the intensifier piston and the
plunger stops.
The exhaust oil on top of the intensifier piston can flow to the drain port through the open upper poppet seat.
Then, the oil flows through a vent hole to the rocker arm compartment under the valve cover.
When the downward travel of the plunger stops, fuel flow also stops. While the check is still open, the
remaining fuel pressure pushes a small amount of fuel out of the orifice holes. This causes a large pressure
drop which lowers injection pressure below VCP. Spring tension on the check now reseats the check into the
tip and injection stops.
When the check closes, injection stops. When injection stops, the fill cycle starts. The area above the
intensifier piston cavity is open to atmospheric pressure through the drain port. Pressure drops very rapidly in
the cavity above the intensifier piston to near zero. The return spring of the plunger pushes up on the plunger
and the intensifier piston. As the plunger and the intensifier piston move upward, oil is forced out of the
drain port.
As the plunger rises, pressure in the plunger cavity also drops to near zero. The fuel supply pressure is
450 kPa (65 psi). Fuel supply pressure unseats the plunger fill check in order to fill the plunger cavity with
fuel. When the intensifier piston is pushed to the top of the bore, the fill cycle ends. When the fill cycle ends,
the plunger cavity is full and the inlet fill check ball is reseated. Pressure above the intensifier piston and the
poppet chamber is zero. The fuel injection cycle is complete and the unit injector is ready to begin again. The
unit injector is now back in the pre-injection cycle.
Water Separator (if Equipped)
(1) Fuel inlet
(2) Water separator
(3) Drain valve
(4) Fuel return
Some engines may have a water separator. Water that has been separated from the fuel can be drained from
the unit by opening the drain valve (3).
Copyright 1993 - 2018 Caterpillar Inc. Wed Sep 05 2018 10:17:07 GMT+0100 (heure d’été d’Europe de l’Ouest)
All Rights Reserved.
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05/09/2018 D10R Track-Type Tractor 3KR00001-UP (MACHINE) POWERED BY 3412 Engine(SEBP2478 - 116) - Documentation

(18) Oil temperature sensor

This fuel system consists of six basic components:

Hydraulic Electronic Unit Injector (HEUI) (5)

Electronic Control Module (ECM) (30)

Unit injector hydraulic pump (1)

Injection actuation pressure control valve (7)

Fuel transfer pump (9)

Injection actuation pressure sensor (8)

Electronic Control Module (ECM)

Unit Injector Hydraulic Pump

Injection Actuation Pressure Control Valve (IAP Control Valve)

There are three components of the pressure control valve assembly.

Injection actuation pressure control valve

Compensator valve assembly

The compensator valve assembly contains three major parts:

Load sensing spool

Pressure limiter spool

Fuel Transfer Pump

Injection Actuation Pressure Sensor (IAP)

Operation of the HEUI Fuel System

The low pressure fuel system consists of seven basic components:

Fuel tank (12)

Water separator (17)

Primary fuel filter (16)

Fuel transfer pump (9)

Secondary fuel filter (10)

Fluid manifolds (11)

Fuel pressure regulator (13)

Injection Actuation System

Engine speed in the range of 100 to 250 rpm

Minimum injection actuation pressure of 6205 kPa (900 psi)

Actuation Oil Flow

(6) Oil cooler

The injection actuation system consists of six basic components:

Hydraulic pump (1)

Engine oil filter (3)

Engine oil pump (4)

Oil cooler (6)

The Injection Actuation Pressure sensor (IAP sensor) (8)

Actuation Oil Pressure Control

Barrel and pistons

The pump housing contains the following components:

Internal oil reservoir

There are two types of actuation pressure:

Desired actuation pressure

Actual actuation pressure

Throttle position sensor

Engine boost pressure sensor

Coolant temperature sensor

Three components operate together in order to control injection actuation pressure:

IAP control valve (7)

IAP sensor (8)

Seat Assembly (3)

Push pin (9)

Control solenoid (10)

Valve Operation (Engine Off)

Valve Operation (Engine Cranking)

Oil Flow (Engine Cranking)

Valve Operation (Running Engine)

Rapidly changing engine loads

Oil Flow (Running Engine)

Components of the HEUI Injector

The HEUI injector consists of five basic components: