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Power supply circuit plays an essential role in every electrical and electronic circuit to provide the electrical power to the owl
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circuit or loads like machines, computers, etc. These di erent loads require di erent forms of power at various ranges and
characteristics. So, the power is converted into the desired form by using di erent power converters. Basically, di erent loads LM747 IC: Pin Configuration and Its
Applications
work with various types of power supplies like SMPS (switch mode power supply), AC power supply, AC to DC power supply,
programmable power supply, high voltage power supply & uninteruptable power supply. What is Wave Propagation? Definition,
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Switch Mode Power Supply Diagram and Applications

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What is SMPS (Switch-Mode Power Supply)? Working, Advantages and Limitations

SMPS is defined as, when the power supply is included with the switching regulator from converting electrical power from one What is a Piezoelectric Sensor? Circuit,
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form to another form with necessary characteristics is called switch mode power supply. This power supply is used to attain
regulated DC o/p voltage from the DC i/p voltage or unregulated AC.

SMPS

SMPS is a complicated circuit like other power supplies, it supplies from a source to the loads. MPS is crucial for di erent
electrical and electronic appliances which consumes power and also for designing electronic projects.

Topologies of SMPS
Topologies of SMPS are categorized into di erent types such as AC-DC converter, DC-DC converter, Forward Converter and
Flyback converter.

Working principle of Switch Mode Power Supply

The working of a switch mode power supply topologies is discussed below.

DC-DC Converter SMPS Working

In this power source, a high voltage DC power is directly acquired from a DC power source. Then, this high voltage DC power is
switched usually in the range of 15KHz-5KHz. And, then it is fed to a step down transformer unit of 50Hz. The o/p of this
transformer is fed to the rectifier, them this rectified o/p power is used as a source for loads, and the oscillator ON time is
controlled and a closed loop regulator is formed.

DC to DC converter SMPS

The switching-power supply o/p is regulated by using Pulse Width Modulation shown in the above circuit, the switch is driven by
the PWM oscillator, then indirectly the step down transformer is controlled when the power fed to the transformer. Therefore,
the o/p is controlled by the pulse width modulation, as this o/p voltage and PWM signal are inversely proportional to each other.
If the duty cycle is 50%, then the max power is transferred through the transformer, and if the duty cycle drops, then the power
in the transformer also drops by decreasing the power dissipation.

AC -DC Converter SMPS Working

This type of SMPS has an AC i/p and it is converted into DC by using rectifier & filter. This unregulated DC voltage is fed to the
power factor correction circuits as it is a ected. This is because around the voltage peaks, the rectifier draws short current
pulses having significantly high-frequency energy that a ects the power factor to reduce.

AC to DC converter SMPS

It is almost related to the above discussed converter, but in the place of DC power supply, here we have used AC i/p. So, the
mixture of the rectifier &filter, this block diagram is used for converting the AC to DC and the switching operation is done by
using a power MOSFET amplifier. The MOSFET transistor consumes low on-resistance & can resist high currents. The frequency
of the switching is selected such that it must be kept low to normal human beings (above 20KHz) and action of switching is
controlled by a feedback using the PWM oscillator.

Again, this AC voltage is fed to the o/p of the transformer shown in the above figure to step up or step down the levels of voltage.
Then, the this transformer’s o/p is rectified & smoothed by using the o/p filter and a rectifier. The o/p voltage is controlled by a
feedback circuit by likening it with the reference voltage.

Fly-back Converter SMPS Working

The SMPS circuit which has very low o/p power (less than 100W) is called as fly-back converter SMPS. This type of SMPS is very
low and simple circuit compared with other SMPS circuits. This type of SMPS is used for low power applications.

Fly-back Converter type SMPS

The unregulated i/p voltage with a constant magnitude is changed into a preferred o/p voltage by switching fast using a
MOSFET; the frequency of switching is around 100 kHz. The voltage isolation can be attained by using a transformer. The
operation of the switch can be controlled by using a PWM while executing a practical fly-back converter.

Fly-back transformer shows dissimilar characteristics compared to normal transformer.Fly-back transformer includes two
windings which acts as a magnetic coupled inductor. The o/p of this transformer is delivered through a capacitor and diode for
filtering as well as rectification. As shown in the above figure, the o/p of the SMPS can be taken as voltage across the filter
capacitor.

Forward Converter type SMPS Working

This type of SMPS is almost same to the fly back converter type SMPS. But, in this type of SMPS a control is connected at the o/p
of the secondary winding of the transformer to control the switch. As compared to the fly back converter, the filtering and
rectification circuit is complicated.

Forward Converter type SMPS

This is also called as a DC-DC buck converter, along with a transformer which is used for scaling and isolation. In addition to the
“D1” diode & “C” capacitor, an inductor L & a diode D are connected at the end of the o/p. If ‘S’ switch gets switched ON, then
the i/p is given to the transformer’s primary winding. Therefore, a scaled voltage is produced at the transformer’s secondary
winding.

Therefore, the D1 diode gets forward biased & scaled voltage is passed through the LPF proceeding the load. When the switch S
is turned ON, then the currents through the winding reaches to zero, However the current through the inductive filter & load
cannot be changed shortly, and a lane is o ered to this current by the coasting diode D2. By using the filter inductor, the
required voltage across the D2 diode & to keep the electromagnetic force necessary for maintaining the stability of the current
at inductive filter. Even though the current is falling against the o/p voltage, almost the constant o/p voltage is sustained with
the existence of the large capacitive filter. It is regularly used for various switching applications with a 100 W to 200 W power
range.

This is all about switch mode power supply and its types which involves Buck converter, Buck-boost converter Self Oscillating
fly-back converter, Boost converter, Cuk, Sepic, Boost-buck. But, a few types of SMPS’s are discussed in this article they are AC-
DC converter, DC-DC converter, Forward and Fly-back converter. Furthermore, any information regarding the types of SMPS, fell
free to give your feedback to give your suggestions, comments in the comment section below.

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