PD Phase Patterns and Pulses

Summary PDGold Software

Signal Recognition Guide

Version 3 - April 2012

Copyright HVPD Ltd.

INTERNAL CABLE PD
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Cable • Pulses on both halves of power cycle.

• Positive pulses on one half, negative
pulses on other half.
Cable PD • Generally, magnitudes should be
similar on both halves of the cycle,
1,500
although one half can be bigger than
1,000
other.
PD Magnitude (pC)

500 • Number of pulses per power cycle can

0 vary from two up to hundreds.
-500 • Sometimes wide inception window, if
-1,000
very active PD site.
• Variation in pulse height is typical, i.e.
-1,500
Risetime: 89 nSec not all pulses have same magnitude.
0 90 180 270 360 Max Frequency: 1.10 MHz • Pulses should have a reasonably mono-
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
+ve PD Pulse polar shape, sometimes with a little
oscillation.
Source: Example1.PDG
Noise Analysis Note
Noise Events

8
6
Noise Magnitude (mV)

4
2

-2
-4

-6
-8
Risetime: 3.7 uSec
0 90 180 270 360 Pulse magnitude is determined by
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
Max Frequency: 66 kHz
automatically integrating the area
underneath the pulse relative to its
baseline. Approximate to this is multiplying
base by height.
NOISE
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Noise • Noise can affect all measurements.

• Can resemble PF very closely in phase and
pulse characteristics.
Noise Events
• Below shows the effect of local AM
8
broadcast on overhead cables.
6 • By selection of the appropriate filter, the
Noise Magnitude (mV)

4 source frequencies of noise can be

2 minimised in measurements, revealing even
0 significantly lower magnitude partial
-2 discharges.
-4
-6
-8

0 90 180 270 360 Risetime: 3.7 uSec

Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg) Max Frequency: 66 kHz
Source: Example1.PDG

Noise 8
Noise Waveform

4
Noise Waveform
Noise Events

Volts (mV)
2
12
10 0
8
-2
10 6
4 -4
Volts (mV)
Noise Magnitude (mV)

2
-6
5 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
-2 Time us
-4
0 -6
-8
Risetime: 181.72 ns
-10
Max Frequency: 976.56 kHz
-5 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time us

-10 Sources: Example1.PDG

Example1b.PDG
0 90 180 270 360
Risetime: 23.86 ns Castlemoate Fostertown Feeder.PDG - ESB
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg) Max Frequency: 12.70 MHz FS 7763 LA’s Connected.PDG – Jemena
INTERNAL CABLE PD ON ALL THREE PHASES
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Cable • Pulses on both halves of power cycle.

• 120 degree phase separation between
Cable PD
pulse groups on L1, L2 and L3.
• Phase-phase crosstalk is not necessarily
1,500
present if the HFCTs are coupled onto
1,000 cable with earth brought back through
instead of commonly grounded earth
PD Magnitude (pC)

500
sheaths.
0

-500
Risetime: 75.96 ns
Max Frequency: 2.50 MHz
-1,000

-1,500

0 90 180 270 360

Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)

Source: Example2.PDG

Noise Noise Waveform

Noise Events Noise Waveform
4
6 3
2
4
Noise Magnitude (mV)

Vo lts (m V)
0
2
-1
-2
0
-3

-2 -4
-5
-4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Time us
-6

0 90 180 270 360 Risetime: 600.24 ns

Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
Max Frequency: 390.63 kHz
INTERNAL CABLE PD ON ALL THREE PHASES (Belted PILC)
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Cable • More than one phase grouping of pulses

present across power cycle.
• Different cable PD wave shapes observable
Cable PD (i.e. with different rise-times/fall times/pulse
widths).
3,000 • HFCT signal has mono-polar cable PD
2,000 wave shapes.
PD Magnitude (pC)

1,000

-1,000

-2,000

-3,000

0 90 180 270 360

Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
Source: Example3.PDG

Noise Noise Waveform

Noise Events

8
6
Noise Magnitude (mV)

4
2
0
Risetime: 109 nSec
Max Frequency: 315 kHz
-2
-4
-6
-8

0 90 180 270 360

Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
CABLE PD AT TERMINATION
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Local • Synchronous HFCT and TEV signals.

• HFCT signal has rapidly oscillating PD
Cable PD wave shapes (10+ MHz)
1,500

1,000
PD Magnitude (pC)

500

-500

-1,000

-1,500
0 90 180 270 360 Risetime: 40 nSec
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
Max Frequency: 10.67 MHz

Noise Noise Waveform

Noise Events

20
15
Noise Magnitude (mV)

10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20

0 90 180 270 360 Risetime: 423.89 ns

Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
Max Frequency: 427.25 kHz
Source: Example4.PDG
CABLE PD PHASE-TO-PHASE CROSSTALK
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Cable • Typically occurs when cable earth

sheath are bonded to common point,
Cable PD e.g. at earth link box.
400 • If HFCTs are installed with arrows
350 pointing in same direction with respect
PD Magnitude (pC)

300 to earth then PD crosstalk signals

250 should be of opposite polarity to the
200 source.
150
100
50
0
0 90 180 270 360 Risetime: 11.49 nSec Falltime: 88 ns
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg) Max Frequency: 18.5 MHz Pulse Width: 156
nSec

Noise Noise Waveform

8
Noise Magnitude (mV)

0
0 90 180 270 360
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)

Source: Example6.PDG
SURFACE DISCHARGE
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Local • Pulses on both halves of power cycle.

• Often diagnosed as cable and local PD,
due to pulse shapes being on the threshold
between these two types (frequency range
3-10 MHz).
• Larger magnitude pulses on one half than
the other.
• Typically detected when testing at outdoor
terminations and metal-clad switchgear.

Risetime: 2.21 nSec

Max Frequency:6.25 MHz

Noise Noise Waveform

Source: Example5.PDG
CORONA – SHARP POINTS ON HV OR GROUND CONDUCTORS
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Cable • Pulses only on one half of the power cycle.

• Pulses can be very large in magnitude
Cable PD
(hundreds of mV).
500
• Pulses occur over a narrow inception
400 window that should remain fixed on each
300 power cycle (assuming trigger source is
synchronous).
PD Magnitude (pC)

200
100 • Typically detected when testing at outdoor
0 terminations.
-100
-200
-300
-400
-500
0 90 180 270 360
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg) Risetime: 34 nSec
Max Frequency: 3.29 MHz

Noise Noise Waveform

Noise Waveform
8
Noise Magnitude (mV)

10
8
6 6
4
V o lts ( m V )

2
4 0
-2
-4
2
-6
-8
0 -10
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220
0 90 180 270 360 Time us
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg)
Source: Example7.PDG
PD AT TRANSFORMERS
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

• Pulses on both halves of power cycle.

Cable • Positive pulses on one half, negative pulses
on other half.
• Sometimes wide inception window if very
active PD site.
PD Magnitude (pC)

400
• Variation in pulse height typical, i.e. not all
300 pulses have the same magnitude.
• Phase-to-phase crosstalk expected.
200 • Large oscillation on pulse shapes expected.

100

0
0 90 180 270 360 Risetime: 60 nSec
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg) Max Frequency: 3.42 MHz Source: Example8.PDG

Noise on Single HFCT Noise in TEV (Local) Channel Risetimes of PD

DISCHARGE DUE TO FLOATING METAL PARTICLES /
UNEARTHED METALWORK
Phase Patterns Segment Waveforms Comments

Local • Pulses on both halves of the power cycle.

600 • Pulses can be very large in magnitude
400 (hundreds of mV).
800 • Pulses have uniform height and wide

Volts (mV)
200
inception windows that can vary between
PD Magnitude (mV)

0
power cycles.
600 -200
• Typically detected when testing at outdoor
-400 terminations and gas insulated switchgear
400 -600 (GIS).
-800
200 4.8 4.9 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4
Time uSec
0
0 90 180 270 360 Risetime: 4.81 nSec
Phase of Pow er Cycle (deg) Max Frequency: 58.6 MHz

Noise Noise Waveform

Source: Example10.PDG