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ENTREPRENEURIAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Business Environment
2.2 Role of Family and Society
2.3 Entrepreneurship Development Training and Other Support Organisational Services
2.4 Central and State Government Industrial Policies and Regulations
2.5 International Business
BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT
Business may be understood as the organized efforts of an enterprise to supply consumers with goods and
services for a profit. Businesses vary in size, as measured by the number of employees or by sales volume etc.
But, all businesses share one common purpose that is to earn profits.
The purposes of business that goes beyond earning profits are:
– an important institution in society
– for the supply of goods and services
– creating job opportunities
– offering better quality of life
– contributing to the economic growth of the country.
Hence, it is understood that the role of business is crucial from the point of view of individuals and national
society as well. Society cannot do without business. Similarly, it requires no emphasis that business needs
society as much. Modern business is dynamic. If there is any single word that can best describe today’s
business, it is ‘change’. It is ‘change’ that makes the companies spend substantially on Research and
development (R&D) to survive in the market.
Environment refers to all forces, which have a bearing on the functioning of business. They can be forces of
economic, social, political and technological factors, apart from internal forces of the organisation.
Business Environment may be defined as a set of conditions – Social, Legal, Economical, Political or
Institutional that are uncontrollable in nature and affects the functioning of organization. It is the surrounding
of the business.
Macro Environment
Macro environment is also known as general environment and remote environment. Macro factors are generally
more uncontrollable than micro environment factors. When the macro factors become uncontrollable, the
success of company depends upon its adaptability to the environment.
The macro environment is primarily concerned with major issues and upcoming changes in the environment.
The acronym for the macro analysis is “STEEP.” The five areas of interest are:
– Socio-Cultural and Demographics
– Technology
– Economic Conditions
– Ecology and Physical Environment
– Political and Legal
(i) Socio Cultural and Demographics:
Societal values and lifestyles change over time, and the most important of these; directly or indirectly
leave an impact on the business environment. For example, over the past generation, it has become acceptable
for women to work; people are not retiring at 65; and people are more aware of the environment etc.
The changes in culture and lifestyle may come from many sources: medical (smoking, healthy eating,
exercises); science (global warming, going ‘green’); economic (people working longer, women in the
workforce); cultural diversity (music preferences, foods, living accommodations, medicine); and technologies
(biodegradable plastic) are just a few examples.
Demographics refer to the size, density, distribution and growth rate of population. All these factors have a
bearing on the demand for various goods and services. For example, a country where population rate is high
BA5014 - ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT - Unit II Lecture Notes IJCE 4
and children constitute a large section of population, and then, there will be more demand for such products.
Similarly, the demand of the people of cities and towns are different than that of people of rural areas. The high
rise of population indicates the easy availability of labour. These encourage the business enterprises to use
labour intensive techniques of production. Moreover, availability of skilled labour in certain areas motivates the
firms to set up their units in such area.
(ii) Technology: Technology is understood as the systematic application of scientific or other organised
knowledge to practical tasks. Technology changes fast and to keep the pace with the dynamics of business
environment; organisation must be on its toes to adapt to the changed technology in their system. The business
in a country is greatly influenced by the technological development. The technology adopted by the industries
determines the type and quality of goods and services produced.
(iii) Economic Conditions: The economic conditions of a country refer to a set of economic factors that have
great influence on business organizations and their operations. These include gross domestic product, per capita
income, markets for goods and services, availability of capital, foreign exchange reserve, growth of foreign
trade, strength of capital market etc. All these help in improving the pace of economic growth.
– Economic Policies: All business activities and operations are directly influenced by the economic
policies framed by the government from time to time. Some of the important economic policies are:
• Industrial Policy
• Fiscal Policy Monetary Policy
• Foreign Investment Policy
• Export –Import Policy (EXIM Policy)
The government keeps on changing these policies from time to time in view of the developments taking place
in the economic scenario, political expediency and the changing requirement. Every business organization has
to function strictly within the policy framework and respond to the changes therein.
(iv) Ecology and Physical Environment: The ecology and physical environment plays a large part in many
businesses – especially for those which carry out production and manufacturing activities. Infact, business are
affected on daily basis due to environmental and ecological changes. For example, the impact of climate change
must be considered: water and fuel costs could change dramatically. Sugar factories are set up only at those
places where sugarcane can be grown. It is always considered better to establish manufacturing unit near the
sources of input. Further, government’s policies to maintain ecological balance, conservation of natural
resources etc. put additional responsibility on the business sector.
(v) Political and Legal: The political environment includes the political system, the government policies and
their attitude towards the business community. All these aspects have a bearing on the strategies adopted by the
business firms. The stability of the government also influences business and related activities to a great extent.
It sends a signal of strength, confidence to various interest groups and investors. Further, ideology of the
political party also influences the business organisation and its operations. Political changes are closely tied up
with legal changes.
Legal environment includes flexibility and adaptability of law and other legal rules governing the business. It
may include the exact rulings and decision of the courts. These affect the business and its managers to a great
extent. This refers to set of laws, regulations, which influence the business organisations and their operations.
Every business organisation has to obey, and work within the framework of law. Additionally, an industry may
have specific laws and regulations. For example, a pet store would deal with federal animal welfare and
prohibited pet laws as wells as state laws concerning animal cruelty, housing, veterinary care and so on.
Role of Family
A lot has been documented about the importance of the entrepreneur’s access to financial capital, as well as
educational achievement and progress, to the enterprise’s ultimate success. The family background of an
entrepreneur is often an unrecognized aspect of success. Few facts regarding the role of family for
entrepreneurs are:
Two to three times more business is owned by the children of industrialists than those whose parents
don’t own a business. So it is pretty clear that, business ownership runs within the family but the
question here is does it lead to success?
Entrepreneurs working in their family business before starting a business of their own, tend to be 10 to
40 percent more successful than they would be otherwise.
The would-be entrepreneur gains valuable experience through informal learning and apprenticeship that
occurs while working in a family business.
Who can teach us better than our own parents? A brilliant way of learning the “name of the game” of
running an own business is first working in the family business.
Family business is a golden ticket for family members to hold human capital linked to operating a
business. It is not necessary to gain this experience in the same industry, probably because basic
business experience is what counts.
The major scope through which families shift their business success across generations is by working through
experience. However, a major drawback is the cycle of low rates of business ownership could be easily broken
and relatively worse business outcomes could be passed from one generation to the next. It is very important to
address the lack of opportunities to work in family businesses.
Role of Society
The major role of the society in entrepreneurship is support. Entrepreneurs contribute to the society in the
following ways:
Business yields and allots products and services to meet certain public requirements. Business has to be
very flexible and frequent research on consumer demands should be done to increase profit.
Entrepreneurs create job opportunities. Income is ensured through entrepreneurship. It is a very
important factor to consider.
Entrepreneurship has its own contribution in the national well-being. It ensures it in different ways,
assisting the government to preserve and manage all kinds of public, social institutions and services, etc.
Entrepreneurs facilitate in enlightening and educating people and motivating their growth at a personal level.
Due to high level of competition in the market, it is important for both businessmen as well as their employees
to be involved in the constant process of learning and improving personal skills and abilities like creativity,
determination, communication skills and vision for new business chances.
The concept of entrepreneurship development programme involves equipping a person with the required
skills and knowledge needed for starting and running the enterprise.
Objectives of EDP:
The major objectives of the Entrepreneurship Development Programmes (EDPs) are to:
a. Develop and strengthen the entrepreneurial quality, i.e. motivation or need for achievement.
b. Analyse environmental set up relating to small industry and small business.
c. Select the product.
d. Formulate proposal for the product.
e. Understand the process and procedure involved in setting up a small enterprise.
f. Know the sources of help and support available for starting a small scale industry.
g. Acquire the necessary managerial skills required to run a small-scale industry.
h. Know the pros and cons in becoming an entrepreneur.
i. Appreciate the needed entrepreneurial discipline.
j. Besides, some of the other important objectives of the EDPs are to:
k. Let the entrepreneur himself / herself set or reset objectives for his / her enterprise and strive for their
realization.
l. Prepare him / her to accept the uncertainty in running a business.
m. Enable him / her to take decisions.
n. Enable to communicate clearly and effectively.
o. Develop a broad vision about the business.
p. Make him subscribe to the industrial democracy.
q. Develop passion for integrity and honesty.
r. Make him learn compliance with law.
PHASES OF EDP’S
An Entrepreneurship development program consists of the following three phases:
Pre-training phase
Training phase
Post-training phase
With due attention to role of entrepreneurship in economy, government is interested to lead and guide
entrepreneur’s needs to capital, technology and other facilities for performing their activities. With approval
of laws and regulations, Governments can give necessary information and capital and provide to better
technology can help entrepreneurs. Government can also perform planning, draw policy and determine
strategy for helping entrepreneurs. In the early stages of sustained growth, government has often has often
provided the incentives for entrepreneurship to take hold. Some economies the support has been extended
even for transportation, power and other utilities by the government. The government has also offered
financial inducements and subsidies without financial intermediaries or brokers. Even during recession,
government gives investment support to the needy entrepreneurs during their course of business.
Promotional schemes provided by Government – Government has announced various schemes and benefits
for promoting the entrepreneurship in I. Some of them are as follows:
a) Tax Holiday- Under Section 80J of the Income Tax Act, 1961, new industrial undertakings, including
small-scale industries are exempted from the payment of income tax on their profits subject to a
maximum of 6% per annum of their capital employed. This exemption tax is allowed for a period of
five years from the commencement of production.
A small scale industry has to satisfy the following two conditions to avail of this tax exemption facility:
(i) The unit should not have been formed by the splitting or re-constitution of an existing unit (ii) The
unit should employ 10 or more workers in a manufacturing process with power or at least 20 workers
without power.
The amount of depreciation is calculated on the diminishing balance method. In case of an asset
acquired before the accounting period, depreciation is calculated on its written down value. For plant &
machinery that are used in manufacturing in double or triple shift, an additional allowance called “Extra
Shift Allowance” is available. The small scale industry should satisfy the following four conditions
before it becomes eligible for deduction in depreciation: (i) The assets must be owned by assesses (ii)
The assets must actually be used for the purpose of the assessee’s business or profession (iii)
Depreciation allowance or deduction is allowed only on fixed assets (iv) All the prescribed particulars
must be furnished to the Income Tax Officer as required under section 34 (1) of the Income Tax Act,
1961.
c) Rehabilitation allowance- It is granted to small scale industries under Section 33-B of the Income Tax
Act, 1961 whose business is discontinued on account of following four reasons: (i) Flood, typhoon,
hurricane, earthquake, or other natural upheavals (ii) Riot or civil disturbance (iii) Accidental fire or
explosion (iv) Action by an enemy or action taken in combating an enemy.
d) Investment allowance- Under Section 31A of the Income Tax Act, 1961, is allowed at the rate of 25%
of the cost of acquisition of a new plant or machinery installed. This allowance can be used for
installation of plant & machinery during current or immediate coming year.
e) Expenditure on scientific research- The following are the three deductions on scientific research: (i)
Any revenue expenditure incurred on scientific research related to the business of the assesses in the
previous year (ii) Any capital expenditure incurred on scientific research related to the business of the
assesses subject to the provision of Section 35(2) of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
f) Amortization of certain preliminary expenses- The Indian Companies and resident persons, under
Section 35D of the Income Tax Act 1961 are allowed to write – off the preliminary and development
expenses incurred by them in connection with the setting-up of a new industrial unit or expansion of an
existing industrial unit. Eg:- Legal charges for drafting agreements.
A small scale industry established in a backward area, under Section 80-HH, is allowed a deduction of
20% on its profits and gains provided the unit satisfies the following four conditions: (i) The unit
began its production after 31st Dec 1970 in any backward area of the country (ii) It is a newly
established unit in a backward area. It is neither split nor re-constituted out of a business already in
existence in any backward area (iii) It has not been formed by the transfer to a new business plant or
machinery which was previously used for any purpose in any backward area (iv) It employs 10 or more
workers in a manufacturing process with power or 20 or more workers without power.
g) Tax concessions to SSI in Rural areas – Under Section 80 – HHA, are entitled to a deduction of 20%
of the profits and gains derived by running small scale industries in rural areas. The deduction is allowed
for a period of 10 years from the year of commencement of manufacturing activity (Except Mining
activity) after 30th September 1977 only after fulfilling the following five conditions: (i) No splitting or re-
construction of business (ii) Not formed by transfer to a new business of machinery or plant previously
used for any purpose (iii) The accounts of the unit are audited by a chartered accountant (iv) It employs 10
or more workers in manufacturing process carried on with the aid of power or 20 or more workers in a
manufacturing process carried on without the aid of power (v) The unit does not claim a simultaneous
deduction under Section 80-HH of the Income Tax Act, 1961.
Financial support provided by Government – Incentives, Grants and Subsidies are the financial aids provided
by various institutions either governmental or non-governmental. It is an effective tool to the entrepreneurship
promotion. They perform functions of promoter for a developing entrepreneur. The following are the support
provided by government:
a) Incentives – It is a motivational force which makes an entrepreneur to take a right decision and act upon
it. Broadly incentives include concessions, subsidies and bounties. The Incentives may be financial
incentives like seed capital, soft loan schemes, National Equity Fund Scheme; Fiscal incentives like
investment allowance, tax holidays, additional depreciation for new plant & machinery; General
incentives include price preference over medium and large scale units in public sector purchases and self-
employment schemes; Special incentives in backward areas like concessional finance scheme, transport
subsidy, income tax incentives; Reservation of items for exclusive manufacture in SSI like scheme with
simplified procedure.
There are other incentives provided by the Government to the entrepreneurs, exclusively for the Non-
Resident Indians to set-up new industries in their respective states and Women entrepreneurs include
special incentives, like 50% subsidy for building and machinery, rent subsidy, managerial grant, training
programs for women entrepreneurs having more than 80% women 11abours.
b) Subsidy – It denotes a single lump-sum which is given by a Government to an entrepreneur to cover the
cost. The term ‘Bounty’ denotes a bonus or financial aid given to an industry to help it to compete with
other units in country or in a foreign market. The objective of incentives is to motivate an entrepreneur to
set-up a new venture in the larger interest of the nation and the society. State Capital Subsidy, Interest
Subsidy, State Transport Subsidy, Subsidy for Technical Know-how, State capital investment subsidy and
sales tax concessions.
c) Grants – They are a kind of financial assistance in the form of money by the federal government to
eligible guarantee with no expectation that the funds will be paid back. It may be sanctioned against
specific programs, schemes, projects etc. For the entrepreneurial development.
The Government of India has undertaken several initiatives and instituted policy measures to foster a culture of
innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. Job creation is a foremost challenge facing India. With a
significant and unique demographic advantage, India, however, has immense potential to innovate, raise
entrepreneurs and create jobs for the benefit of the nation and the world.
In the recent years, a wide spectrum of new programmes and opportunities to nurture innovation have been
created by the Government of India across a number of sectors. From engaging with academia, industry,
investors, small and big entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations to the most underserved sections of
society.
Recognising the importance of women entrepreneurship and economic participation in enabling the country’s
growth and prosperity, Government of India has ensured that all policy initiatives are geared towards enabling
equal opportunity for women. The government seeks to bring women to the forefront of India’s entrepreneurial
ecosystem by providing access to loans, networks, markets and trainings.
Startup India: Through the Startup India initiative, Government of India promotes entrepreneurship by
mentoring, nurturing and facilitating startups throughout their life cycle. Since its launch in January 2016, the
initiative has successfully given a head start to numerous aspiring entrepreneurs. With a 360 degree approach to
enable startups, the initiative provides a comprehensive four-week free online learning program, has set up
research parks, incubators and startup centres across the country by creating a strong network of academia and
industry bodies. More importantly, a ‘Fund of Funds’ has been created to help startups gain access to funding.
At the core of the initiative is the effort to build an ecosystem in which startups can innovate and excel without
any barriers, through such mechanisms as online recognition of startups, Startup India Learning Programme,
Facilitated Patent filing, Easy Compliance Norms, Relaxed Procurement Norms, incubator support, innovation
focused programmes for students, funding support, tax benefits and addressing of regulatory issues.
Make in India: Designed to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub, the Make in India
initiative was launched in September 2014. It came as a powerful call to India’s citizens and business leaders,
and an invitation to potential partners and investors around the world to overhaul out-dated processes and
Atal Innovation Mission (AIM): AIM is the Government of India’s endeavour to promote a culture of
innovation and entrepreneurship, and it serves as a platform for promotion of world-class Innovation Hubs,
Grand Challenges, start-up businesses and other self-employment activities, particularly in technology driven
areas. In order to foster curiosity, creativity and imagination right at the school, AIM recently launched Atal
Tinkering Labs (ATL) across India. ATLs are workspaces where students can work with tools and equipment to
gain hands-on training in the concepts of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Math). Atal Incubation
Centres (AICs) are another programme of AIM created to build innovative start-up businesses as scalable and
sustainable enterprises. AICs provide world class incubation facilities with appropriate physical infrastructure
in terms of capital equipment and operating facilities. These incubation centres, with a presence across India,
provide access to sectoral experts, business planning support, seed capital, industry partners and trainings to
encourage innovative start-ups.
Support to Training and Employment Programme for Women (STEP): STEP was launched by the
Government of India’s Ministry of Women and Child Development to train women with no access to formal
skill training facilities, especially in rural India. The Ministry of Skill Development & Entrepreneurship and
NITI Aayog recently redrafted the Guidelines of the 30-year-old initiative to adapt to present-day needs. The
initiative reaches out to all Indian women above 16 years of age. The programme imparts skills in several
sectors such as agriculture, horticulture, food processing, handlooms, traditional crafts like embroidery, travel
and tourism, hospitality, computer and IT services.
Jan Dhan- Aadhaar- Mobile (JAM): JAM, for the first time, is a technological intervention that enables direct
transfer of subsidies to intended beneficiaries and, therefore, eliminates all intermediaries and leakages in the
system, which has a protential impact on the lives of millions of Indian citizens. Besides serving as a vital
check on corruption, JAM provides for accounts to all underserved regions, in order to make banking services
accessible down to the last mile.
Digital India: The Digital India initiative was launched to modernize the Indian economy to makes all
government services available electronically. The initiative aims to transform India into a digitally-empowered
society and knowledge economy with universal access to goods and services. Given historically poor internet
penetration, this initiative aims to make available high-speed internet down to the grassroots. This program
aims to improve citizen participation in the digital and financial space, make India’s cyberspace safer and more
secure,abd improve ease of doing business. Digital India hopes to achieve equity and efficiency in a country
with immense diversity by making digital resources and services available in all Indian languages.
Stand-Up India: Launched in 2015, Stand-Up India seeks to leverage institutional credit for the benefit of
India’s underprivileged. It aims to enable economic participation of, and share the benefits of India’s growth,
among women entrepreneurs, Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes. Towards this end, at least one women
and one individual from the SC or ST communities are granted loans between Rs.1 million to Rs.10 million to
set up greenfield enterprises in manufacturing, services or the trading sector. The Stand-Up India portal also
acts as a digital platform for small entrepreneurs and provides information on financing and credit guarantee.
Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): A flagship initiative of the Ministry of Skill
Development & Entrepreneurship (MSDE), this is a Skill Certification initiative that aims to train youth in
industry-relevant skills to enhance opportunities for livelihood creation and employability. Individuals with
prior learning experience or skills are also assessed and certified as a Recognition of Prior Learning. Training
and Assessment fees are entirely borne by the Government under this program.
National Skill Development Mission: Launched in July 2015, the mission aims to build synergies across
sectors and States in skilled industries and initiatives. With a vision to build a ‘Skilled India’ it is designed to
expedite decision-making across sectors to provide skills at scale, without compromising on quality or speed.
The seven sub-missions proposed in the initial phase to guide the mission’s skilling efforts across India are: (i)
Institutional Training (ii) Infrastructure (iii) Convergence (iv) Trainers (v) Overseas Employment (vi)
Sustainable Livelihoods (vii) Leveraging Public Infrastructure.
Science for Equity Empowerment and Development (SEED): SEED aims to provide opportunities to
motivated scientists and field level workers to undertake action-oriented, location specific projects for socio-
economic gain, particularly in rural areas. Efforts have been made to associate national labs and other specialist
S&T institutions with innovations at the grassroots to enable access to inputs from experts, quality
infrastructure. SEED emphasizes equity in development, so that the benefits of technological accrue to a vast
section of the population, particularly the disadvantaged.
Industrial policy can be defined as a statement stating the role of government in industrial development, the
position of public and private sectors in industrialization of the country, the comparative role of large and
small industries.
Objectives
It enlists the rules and procedures that will monitor the growth and pattern of industrial activity. The industrial
policy is neither fixed nor flexible. It is constructed; modified and further modification is done according to the
changing situations, requirements and perspectives of developments.
The industrial policy of the Government of India focuses at increasing the level of industrial development. It
explores ways to construct favorable investment environment for the private sector and also for mobilizing
resources for the investment in public sector. In this way, the government roots to promote rapid industrial
growth in the country.
The industrial policy is crafted to correct the prevailing downgraded industrial structure. Say for example, India
had some fairly developed consumer products industries before independence but the capital goods sector was
not at all developed, also basic and heavy industries were by and large absent.
Thus, industrial policy had to be enclosed in such a way that imbalances in the industrial structure are corrected
by laying stress on heavy industries and development of capital goods sector. Industrial policy explores
methods to maintain balance in industrial structure.
The industrial policy explores to facilitate a borderline of rules, regulations and reservation of spheres of
activities for the public and private sectors. This is targeted at minimizing the dominating symptoms and
preventing focus of economic power in the hands of a few big industrial houses.
Industrial policy also targets at correcting differences of region in industrial development. It is a well-known
fact that some regions in our country are quite developed industrially, like Maharashtra and Gujarat, while
others are marked as industrially backward regions, like Bihar and Orissa. It is the job of industrial policy to
amend some programs and policies, which will result in the development of industries or industrial growth.
The first industrial policy statement of the Government of India was formed in 1948 and was modified in 1956
in industrial development policy dominated by the public sector till 1991 with some minor modifications and
amendments in 1977 and 1980.The year 1991 noticed far reaching changes that were made in the 1956
industrial policy. The new Industrial Policy of July 1991 witnessed the border outline for industrial
development at present.
In April 1956, the Indian Parliament adopted Industrial Policy Resolution of 1956 (IPR 1956). It is marked as
the first comprehensive documented statement on industrial development of India. It systematizes three
different groups of clearly defined industries.
The policy of 1956 regulated to design the basic economic policy for a very long time. The Five-Year Plans of
India confirmed this fact. With respect to this Resolution, the establishment of a socialistic pattern of society
was seen through the objective of the social and economic policy in India. It ensured more powers to the
governmental authorities.
Schedule A − Those companies which were considered as an exclusive responsibility of the state or the
society.
Schedule B − Companies which were marked as progressively state-owned and in which the state
would basically establish new companies, but in which private companies would be anticipated only to
supplement the effort of the state.
Even though there was a category of companies left to the private sector that is those companies that are above
Schedule C. The sector was monitored by the state by a system of licenses. So to set up a new company or to
widen production, obtaining a license from the government was a prerequisite to be fulfilled. Launching of new
companies in economically backward areas was incentivized through easy licensing and subsidization of
important inputs, like electricity and water. This step was taken to encounter regional differences that existed in
the country. In fact, the license to boost the production was issued by convincing the government that the
economy required more of the products and services.
Some other salient behavior of the IPR 1956 was fair and non-biased treatment for the private sector,
motivating the village and small-scale companies, eradicating regional differences, and the requirement for the
provision of amenities for labor, and attitude to foreign capital. This Industrial Policy of 1956 is also referred to
as the Economic Constitution of the country.
Policy Measures
Some of the essential policy measures were declared and procedural simplifications were undertaken to opt for
the above stated objectives. Following are some of the policy measures −
A list of goods demanding compulsory licensing is reviewed on an ongoing regular basis. Currently, only six
industries are monitored under compulsory licensing mainly on account of environmental, safety and strategic
considerations that need to be taken care of. In the same way, there are only three industries reserved
specifically for the public sector. The lists of goods under compulsory licensing and industries reserved for the
public sector are included in Appendix III and IV respectively.
Companies which don’t require compulsory licensing are expected to file an Industrial Entrepreneurs'
Memorandum (IEM) to the Secretariat for Industrial Assistance (SIA). Industrial approval is not needed for
these types of exempted industries. Amendments are also permitted to IEM proposals filed after 1.7.1998.
A crucially reformed locational policy in tune with the liberalized licensing policy is in place. Approval from
industries are not required from the Government for locations not within the range of 25 kms of the periphery
of cities having a population of more than one million apart for those industries, where industrial licensing is
compulsory. Non-polluting enterprises like electronics, computer software and printing can be located within
25 kms of the periphery of cities with more than one million population. Other industries are allowed in such
locations only if they are located in an industrial area so designated prior to 25.7.91. Zoning and follow land use
regulations as well as environmental legislations.
Reservation of goods that are manufactured exclusively for small scale industries ensures effective measure for
protecting this sector. Since 24th December 1999, entrepreneurial undertakings with a maximum investment up
to rupees one crore are within the small scale and ancillary sector.
The general policy and provisions for Foreign Direct Investment as available to foreign investors or company
are completely applicable for NRIs as well. With addition to this, the government has broadened some
concessions mostly for NRIs and overseas corporate bodies having more than 60% stake by the NRIs. These
include investment by NRI/OCB in the real estate and housing sectors, domestic airlines sector up to
100%.They are also permitted to invest up to 100% equity on non-repatriation basis in all activities except for a
small negative list.
For constructing strong electronics company along with a view to modify export, two schemes viz. Electronic
Hardware Technology Park (EHTP) and Software Technology Park (STP) are in function. Under EHTP/STP
scheme, the inputs are permitted to be procured free of duties.
Promotion of FDI forms a vital part of India's economic policies. The role of FDI in boosting economic growth
is by way of infusion of capital, technology and modern management activities. The Department has put in
place a liberal and transparent foreign investment egime where all the practices are opened to foreign
investment on automatic route without any limit on the extent of foreign ownership.
INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS
International business includes commercial transactions such as private, governmental, sales, investments,
logistics, and transportation that occurs between two or more countries apart from their political boundaries.
Generally, such transactions are undertaken by private sector companies to generate profit. The government
sector also undertakes them to earn profit as well as for political reasons.
The term “international business” describes business activities which are engaged in cross-border
transactions of products, services, resources between two or more nations. Transaction of economic
resources comprises of capital, skills, people, etc. For international production of physical products and
services. For example, finance, banking, insurance, construction, etc.
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