Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Definitions:
Virtual work is the work done by a real force acting through a virtual displace-
ment or a virtual force acting through a real displacement.
Example:
The stresses and strains at any point in the structure are elements of the vectors
{σ} and {}:
Suppose, that after the structure is subjected to the system of n external forces,
{F }, producing internal stresses {σ}, a system of m virtual forces {F̄ } are
applied, producing additional virtual deformations {D̄}, virtual stresses {σ̄},
and virtual strains {¯}.
Suppose, instead, that before the actual loads {F } and deformations {D} are
introduced, the structure was subjected to a system of m virtual forces, {F̄ },
producing internal stresses {σ̄}.
Note here that the actual deflections {D} are unrelated to the virtual forces
{F̄ }. The internal work done by the application of {F } is now
1Z Z
U= {σ}T {}dV + {σ̄}T {}dV.
2 V V
Equation (8) is used in the unit load method to find redundant forces or reac-
tions, and to find real structural displacements, as will be shown shortly. The
left hand side of this equation, {F̄ }T {D},Z is called the external virtual work,
W̄ . The right hand side of this equation, {σ̄}T {}dV , is called the internal
V
virtual work, Ū . Note that equation (8) is valid for both linear and nonlinear
elastic structures (why?).
Consider a rod subjected to a virtual normal force n, and a real normal force,
N:
Consider a beam subjected to pure virtual and real bending moments about
the z-axis, mz and Mz :
mz y Mz y
Virtual Stress = σ̄xx = − Real Strain = xx = −
Iz EIz
The internal virtual work due to a bending moments is
Z Z ZZ mz Mz y 2 Z m M
z z
Ū = {σ̄}T {}dV = dA dl = dl.
V l A EIz2 l EIz
Recall that Iz = A y 2 dA when the origin of the coordinate system lies on the
RR
Consider a beam subjected to a pure virtual and real shear forces in the y-
direction, vy and Vy :
Virtual Torsion
Consider a circular bar subjected to a virtual and real torsional moments, t and
T:
tr τ Tr
Virtual Stress = τ̄ = Real Strain = γ = = ,
J G GJ
The internal virtual work due to torsional moments is
Z Z ZZ tT r 2 Z tT
Ū = τ̄ γ dV = dA dl = dl,
V l A GJ 2 l GJ
(J = A r2 dA)
RR
where 2
A ZZ Qy (y)
αy = 2 dA
Iz A tz (y)
2
A ZZ Qz (z)
αz = 2 dA
Iy A ty (z)