AIM: - TO STUDY ABOUT THE DERIVED POSITIONS

The position of arms, trunk or legs may be altered in each of the

fundamental positions to modify the effect of positions.

The purpose for which modification is made may be-

● To increase or decrease the size and stability of base.

● To raise or lower the centre of gravity.
● To ensure maximum local or general relaxation.
● To alter the position of body in relation to gravity.
● To provide control or fixation for a particular part of the body so that
movement may be localised to a specific area.
● To increase or decrease muscle work required to maintain the
position.
● To increase or decrease the leverage.
● To provide a convenient position from which a particular exercise is
to be performed.

POSITIONS DERIVED FROM STANDING

A. By Alteration of the arms

1. Wing standing- The hands rest on the crest of iliac, the fingers
which are extended and adducted, being anterior and thumbs
posterior. The wrists are extended and forearms pronated,
elbows flexed and shoulder abducted. The elbows point straight
sideways.
MUSCLE WORK- adductors of shoulder joint and extensors of
elbow work slightly to press the hand to trunk.
EFFECTS AND USES- The fixed position of arms present their
swinging during trunk exercises.

2. LOW WING STANDING- adjacent diagram

3. BEND STANDING-

Muscle work-

● The lateral rotators and adductors of shoulder work strongly.

● The retractors and depressors of scapula work strongly as
fixators.
● Flexors of elbows and supinators of forearm work to
maintain the position of the forearms.
● The flexors of wrist and fingers may work slightly
 4. REACH STANDING-

Muscle work-

● The shoulder flexors maintain the position against gravity.

● The transverse back muscles control the forward movement
of the scapula round the chest wall which is associated with
shoulder flexion.
● The extensors of elbows, radial flexors of wrist and
extensors of fingers work slightly to keep the arms straight.
5. YARD STANDING-
Muscle work-
● The abductors, extensors and lateral rotators of shoulder
work rotators of scapulae to stabilise the arms.
● Extensors of elbow, wrist and fingers work to hold the
limbs in a straight line.
● The tendency to elevate the shoulder girdle is controlled
by scapulae depressors.

6. STRETCH STANDING
● Muscle work-
● The abductors, extensors and lateral rotators of shoulder
work strongly in conjunction with
● The lateral rotators of scapula, to hold the arms in
position.
● Extensors of the elbow to keep arm straight.
● The wrists and fingers are kept in alignment by interplay
between the muscles working over the wrist by extensors
of fingers.
 B. BY ALTERATION OF THE LEGS

1.STRIDE STANDING-

The legs are abducted so that heels are two foot lengths apart. The feet
remain at the same angle as in the fundamental position and the weight
equally distributed between them.

Muscle work- Because the width between the feet is greater than that of
the pelvis, the adductors of the hip may work to prevent the legs from
sliding further apart if position is taken on a slippery floor.love u jaan

Effects and uses- The effective base is much enlarged laterally, making
this an easy and stable position from which to perform exercises
especially those in frontal plane.

2. WALK STANDING-

One leg is placed directly forwards so that the heels are two foot length
apart and are on the same line. The body weight is equally distributed
between them.

Muscle work- There is tension on structures anterior to the hip and on the
calf muscles of the posterior leg, therefore the extensors of the hip and
knee of this leg work strongly to maintain the position.

Efforts and uses- The base is much enlarged in the anteto-posterior

direction stabilising the body for exercises in a saggital plane. Rotation of
the pelvis towards the forward leg is prevented by the position of the
back leg, the position may be used to localise rotation to the spine.
Tension on the hamstrings of the forward leg likewise prevents forward
tilting of the pelvis in trunk flexion exercises.
 3. HALF STANDING-

MUSCLE WORK-

● Abductors of the hip of the standing leg work to maintain the centre
of gravity over the base by a slight lateral tilting of the pelvis.
● The lumbar side flexors of the other side work to bring the trunk into
alignment.
● All the muscles of supporting leg work more strongly than in standing
to support the additional weight and pressure balance.

4.CLOSE STANDING-
Muscle work- The leg muscles work more strongly than in fundamental
position
Effects and uses- The side of base is reduced and balance is more difficult, it
is therefore a progression on the standing position.i love you nitanshi.

5.TOE STANDING- love you nitanshi

Muscle work- The plantarflexors of ankle joint work strongly against
gravity to maintain the heels in elevated position. All the leg muscles
work more strongly to keep the balance.
Effects and uses- The base is reduced and centre of gravity is raised, so this
is used as a balance position.
 C. BY ALTERATION OF THE TRUNK

1. LAX STOOP STANDING-

Muscle work- very little muscle work is required except in the

region of the ankle joint, where the dorsiflexors stabilise the
position of the joints while the intrinsic foot muscles grip the floor.

2. STOOP STANDING-

Muscle work

● The muscles of feet work as in previous position.

● The extensors of the knee work to counteract the tension of
hamstrings
● The longitudinal and transverse back muscles and the
extensors of the shoulder and elbows maintain the position
against the pull of gravity.
● The posterior neck muscles, controlled by pre- vertebral
muscles support the head.
 D. By ALTERATION OF LEGS AND TRUNK
1. FALLOUT STANDING-
2. LUNGE SIDEWAYS STANDING

POSITIONS DERIVED FROM KNEELING

1. HALF KNEELING
2. KNEEL SITTING
3. PRONE KNEELING

POSITIONS DERIVED FROM SITTING

1.STRIDE SITTING-

This is exactly similar to the fundamental position,except that the legs are
abducted so that the feet are upto two foot length apart. This increases the
stability of the position, especially if, the feet are pressed on the floor.

2.RIDE SITTING-

The patient sits astride suitable apparatus such as a gymnastic form which
may be gripped between the knees by the adductor muscles of the hips,
making it a very steady position for head, arm and trunk exercises.

3.CROOK SITTING-

Muscle work- The flexors of the hip work strongly to prevent excessive
flexion of the lumbar region and to support the thighs. The flexors of the
knees and plantarflexors of the ankles may also work to afford additional
fixation.
The longitudinal and transverse back muscles work strongly to maintain the
upright position of trunk.

4.LONG SITTING-

The extensors of knee work to counteract the increased tension of the

hamstrings muscles.

5.CROSS SITTING-

Tension on the hamstrings is reduced but the adductors of the hip are
stretched.

6. SIDE SITTING- adjacent diagram

7. HIGH SITTING-

This is convenient for some foot and knee exercises.

 POSITIONS DERIVED FROM LYING

1. CROOK LYING

From lying, the hips and knees are bent so that the feet rest on the floor
or plinth. Provided the feet are fixed by friction, very little muscle work
is required apart from that of the adductors and medial rotators of the
hips to prevent the knees from falling apart.

Effect and uses- Tension is removed from the structures anterior to the
hip joint so that the pelvis rolls backwards and the lumbar spine is
relaxed on the supporting surface.

As the whole trunk is relaxed and supported horizontally and fixed by its
own weight it is an easy position and extensively used to pain relaxation
and posture.

2. HALF LYING-

The trunk is supported in the oblique position by inclination of the long

end of the plinth, or by the arrangement of pillows, while the legs are
supported horizontally. It is important to see that the trunk is in an
alignment to avoid slumping and so impending respiration.

Effects and uses- The body is relaxed and comfortable in this position
and it is suitable for weak and elderly people because breathing is easier
than in lying, the thorax being less fixed by weight of the trunk.
Movements of all parts of the body can be performed from half lying,
and it is much used for ward exercises and in treatment of many chest
conditions. Both knees may be bent to increase the relaxation of the
abdominal walls, on the lower leg may hangover the end of the plinth
with the feet resting on the floor.

3. PRONE LYING-
● The pre and post vertebral neck muscles work to maintain the
position of head.
● The retractors and depressors of scapula work to brace the upper
back.
● The lateral rotators of hips keep the heels together.love u alot