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Problem 1: Write down the formula for radius of curvature in terms of parametric
coordinates system.
4
3/ 2
4 4
3/ 2 1
2
1/ 2
4
a
Problem 3: Find the envelope of the curve y mx where m is a parameter.
m
a
Solution: Given: y mx (1)
m
ym m2 x a
m2 x ym a 0
This is a quadratic in ‘m’
So the envelope is given by B2 4 AC 0
Here A x, B y, C a
B2 4 AC y2 4 xa 0
.
i.e., y2 4 ax
Problem 4: Find the envelope of x cos ysin p where is the parameter.
Differential Calculus 3
i.e., x2 4 y 0
x2 4 y
x
Problem 6: Find the radius of curvature at any point of y c cosh
c
x
Solution: y cosh (1)
c
x 1 x
y1 c sinh sinh
c c c
x 1 1 x
y2 cosh cosh
c c c c
1 y 2 3/ 2
1
y2
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 x 2 x
1 sinh c cosh c
c
1 x cos
x
cosh
c c c
Differential Calculus 4
x
cosh 2
c c c cosh 2 x
x c
cosh
c
y2
c 2 by 1
c
y2
c
c2
At 0, c c
c
Problem 7: Find the radius of curvature of curve y=ex at (0.1)
Solution:
y = ex At(0,1)
y1 = ex e0 = 1
y2 = ex e0 = 1
1 y 2 3/ 2
1
1 1
3/ 2
2 2.
y2 1
e
2
e e 2 e
2
2 e 2
3/ 2
23/ 2 e
3
e e
2 2
2 e 2 e
2 2
e
1
22 2 e 2 r
fx 4 x 5 fy 4 y 2
fxy 0 fxx 4 f yy 4
f fy2
2 3/ 2
x
3/ 2
4 x 5 2 4 y 2 2
4 4 x 5 4 y 2
2 2
1 2 1/ 2
4 x 5 4 y 2
2
4
1 4 4
Curvature at 0, 0
4 x 5 4 y 2
2 2
29
Solution: The locus of the centre of curvature of the given curve is called the evolute of
the curve. The given curve is called the involute of its evolute
Problem 11: Find the envelope of the family 1- x2 + (y - k)2 = 0, where k is a parameter.
x
Problem 12: Find the envelope of the family of lines yt 2 c, t being the parameter.
t
Solution: Given family of lines can be written as
yt 2 2 ct x 0 (1)
The envelope of
At2 Bt C 0 is B2 4 AC 0 (2)
From (1) we get A y, B 2 c, C x
Putting these values in (2) we get
Differential Calculus 6
2c 4 y x 0
2
4c 4 xy 0
2
x
2 2
x y y
cos sin sin cos 1 0
2 2
a b a b
2 2
x y 2 xy
2
cos 2 2 sin 2 cos sin 1
a b ab
x2 y2 2 xy
2 sin 2 2 cos 2 cos sin 1
a b ab
x2 y2
2
cos 2
sin 2
cos 2 sin 2 1
2
a b
2 2
x y
2
2 1 cos 2 sin 2 1
a b
Problem 14: Find the radius of curvature at any point P a cos , b sin on the
x2 y2 1
ellipse 2
2 1 . Show that the eccentricity of the ellipse is , if the centre of
a b 2
curvature at one end of the minor axis lies at the other end.
Solution:
x a cos , y b sin
dx dy
x' a sin y' b cos
d d
d 2x 2
x" a cos y " d y b sin
d 2
d2
3/ 2
x ' 2 y ' 2
x ' y" y' x"
Differential Calculus 7
a sin 2 b 2 cos 2
2 3/ 2
a sin b sin b cos a cos
a sin 2 b 2 cos 2 a sin 2 b 2 cos 2
2 3/ 2 2 3/ 2
ab sin 2 ab cos 2 ab
Given that
2
2
a
2b
b
a 2 2b 2
2a 2 1 e 2 b 2 a 2 1 e 2
1 1
e2 i.e., e
2 2
x y
Problem 15: Find the envelope of 1 where the parameters a and b are related by
a b
ab = c2, c is known.
c2 x ay
Solution: b . Hence the straight line becomes, 2 1
a a c
i.e., c 2 x a 2 y ac 2
i.e., a 2 y ac 2 c 2x 0 which is a quadratic in a.
Hence the envelope is B2 – 4AC = 0.
i.e., c
2 2
4 y( c2 x) 0 i.e., 4xy c2
LONG ANSWER
d2y d
2
2sec 2 2 .
dx dx
1
2sec 2 2 .
3a sin 3 sin
2 sec2 2
.
3a 2 cos 2 sin
1
3a cos 2 sin
3
3
dy 2 2 d 2 y
Radius of curvature 1 / 2
dx dx
3
1 tan 2 2 2 3a cos3 2 sin sec3 2 .3a cos 3 2 sin
3a sin
1 1
2 2
a
4
4
y2 a a
,
4 4
a
The radius of curvature is
3
3
1 y a a 1 1
2 2
2 2
at ,
1
y2 4 4 4
a
a
2 2
4
a 2
2
X x
y1
y2
1 y12
a a 3a
X 2
4 4 4
Y y 1 y1
1 2
y2
a
4 4
1
a 2a
1 1 ..... 2
2
4 4
a
3a
Y
4
2 2
Circle of curvature is x X y Y 2
2 2
3a 3a a 2
i.e., x
y
4 4 2
x y
Problem 18: In the curve 1 , show that the radius of curvature at the point
a b
3
x, y varies as ax by 2
1 1
x 2 y 2
Solution: Given 1
a b
x y
i.e. 1
a b
b x a y ab (1)
Differential Calculus 10
by 2
1
1 3
dx
ax
ax by 2 2x a x
.
2
3
d y
b
ax 2
b
2x a x
2
dx
3
2 ax by 2 3
i.e. k. ax by 2
ab
Hence proved
Problem 19: Show that the radius of curvature at any point of the curve
x ae sin cos , y ae sin cos is twice the perpendicular distance of the
tangent at the point from the origin.
1 y
2 2
1
1 cot
2 2
y2 cos ec 3
2ae
3
cos ec 2 2
cos ec 3
2ae
cos ec 3
2ae
cos ec
3
2ae
Problem 20: Find the centre of curvature and circle of curvature of the curve
x = a (cos t + t sin t), y = a (sin t – t cos t) at any point‘t’.
Solution:
dx
= a (-sin t +sin t + t cos t) = at cos t
dt
dy
= a (cos t + t sin t – cos t) = at sin t
dt
dy at sin t
y1 = tan t
dx at cos t
d2y dt 1 1
y2 = sec 2 t. sec 2 t.
dx 2
dx at cost at cos 3 t
(1 y12 ) 3/2
ρ
y2
(1 tan 2 t) 3/2 .at cos 3 t
(sec 2 t) 3/2 .at cos 3 t
sec 3 t.at.cos 3 t
at
If (X, Y) is the centre of curvature
y1 (1 y12 )
Xx
y2
= a (cos t + t sin t) - tan t (1 tan 2 t) at cos 3 t
= a cos t + at sin t – at tan t. sec2t cos3t
= a cos t + at sin t –at sin t
= a cos t
(1 y12
Y y
y2
= a (sin t – t cos t) + (1 + tan2t) (at cos3 t)
= a sin t – at cos t + sec2t. at.cos3 t
= a sin t – at cos t + at cos t
= a sin t
The centre of curvature is (a cos t, a sin t).
x 2 y2
Problem21: Find the equation of the evolute of the ellipse 1
a 2 b2
Solution:
The parametric equations of the ellipse are x = a cos and y = b sin
dx dy
a sinθ and b cosθ
dθ dθ
dy b cosθ b
y1 cotθ
dx a sinθ a
d2y d b dθ
y2 cotθ
dx 2
dθ a dx
b 1 b
(cosec θ)
2
2 (cosec 3θ)
a asinθ a
Let (x , y) be the coordinates of the centre of curvature.
y1
Then xx (1 y12 )
y2
b
cotθ
a cosθ - . (1 b cot 2 θ)
2
a
b 3 a2
2 cosec θ
a
b 2
= a cos -a cot .sin3 1 2 cot 2 θ
a
b 2
= a cos - a cos .sin2 1 2 cot 2 θ
a
b2
= a cos - a cos .sin2 - cos 3θ
a
b2
= a cos (1 - sin2 ) - cos 3θ
a
b2
= a cos3 - cos3θ
a
a 2 - b2
i.e., x .cos 3 θ (1)
a
(1 y12 )
Now y y
y2
1 b2
b sin θ .1 2 cot 2 θ
-b 3
2 .cosec θ
a
a
a2 b2
b sin θ .sin 3θ. 1 2 cot 2θ
b a
Differential Calculus 14
a2
b sin θ .sin 3θ-b sinθ cos 2θ
b
a2
b sin θ (1 - cos 2 θ) sin 3 θ
b
a2
b sin 3 θ - sin 3θ
b
a 2 - b2 3
i.e y - sin θ (2)
b
Locus of (x , y) is obtained by eliminating θ from (1) and (2)
1/ 3
ax
From (1) cos = 2 2
a b
1/3
by
From (2) sin = 2
a b
2
cos 2 + sin2 =1
2/3
by
2/3
ax
i.e., 2 2
2 2
1
a b a b
Solution:
Given x = a ( - sin ) and y = a ( 1 - cos )
Differentiating w.r.t
dx dy
a (1 - cosθ ) and a sin θ
dθ dθ
dy a sin θ 2.sinθ / 2.cosθ / 2
y1 cot θ / 2
dx a (1-cosθ ) 2 sin 2 / 2
i.e., y1 = cot /2 (1)
d2y d dθ
y2 = 2 (cot θ /2).
dx dθ dx
1 1
cosec2 ( /2).
2 a (1- cos )
1 1
cosec 2 ( θ /2).
2a 2sin 2 θ/2
1
cosec 4 ( θ /2) (2)
4a
Differential Calculus 15
a (θ sinθ )
cotθ / 2
1 cot 2 θ / 2
1
cosec θ / 2
4
4a
4a. cot θ / 2
a (θ sin θ) . cos ec 2 θ / 2.
cos ec 4 θ / 2
= a ( - sin ) + 4a. sin /2.cos /2.
= a ( - sin ) + 2a sin
i.e., x a (θ sin θ) (3)
(1 y12 )
yx
y2
1
a (1 - cos θ ) (1 cot 2 θ/2 )
-1
cosec 4 θ/2
4a
= a (1 - cos ) - 4a sin2 /2
= a (1 - cos ) - 2a (1 - cos )
i.e., y a (1 cos θ ) (4)
The evolute of the given cycloid is the locus of (x, y) . Eliminating from (1) and (2) we
get the equation of the evolute. Otherwise, the parametric equations of the locus of
(x, y) are x = a ( + sin ) and y = - a (1 - cos ). These are the parametric equations of
a cycloid. Thus the evolute of a cycloid is again a cycloid.
Problem 23: Prove that the evolute of the tractrix x = a (cos t + log tan (t/2)),
y = a sin t is a catenary.
Solution:
Given x = a (cos t + log tan (t/2))
dx 1
a - sin t sec 2 ( t / 2).(1 / 2)
dt tan (t/2)
1 cos (t/2)
a - sin t .
2 sin ( t/2) cos (t /2)
2
1
a - sin t
2 sin (t/2) cos (t /2)
Differential Calculus 16
1 1 - sin 2 t
a - sin t a
sin t sin t
dx cos 2 t
i.e., a
dt sin t
y = a sin t
dy
a cos t
dt
dy a cos t
y1
dx cos 2 t
a.
sin t
i.e., y1 = tan t (1)
d2y d dt sin t
y 2 2 (tan t). sec 2 t.
dx dt dx a cos 2 t
sin t
i.e., y2 (2)
acos 4 t
If (x, y) is the centre of curvature, then
y1
xx (1 y12 )
y2
tan t
= a (cos t + log tan (t /2)) - ( 1 tan 2 t ) (Using (1) and (2))
sin t
4
a cos t
sin t cos 4 t
= a (cos t + log tan (t /2)) - a. . .sec 2 t
cos t sin t
= a cos t + a log tan (t /2) - a cos t
i.e., x = a log tan (t /2) (3)
(1 y12 )
y y+
y2
1
= a sin t + ( 1 tan 2 t )
sin t
4
a cos t
a cos 4 t
= a sin t + .sec 2 t
sint
a
(sin 2 t cos 2 t)
sin t
a
i.e., y (4)
sin t
From (3) and (4) we get the parametric equation of the evolute as
a
x = a log tan (t /2), y
sin t
Differential Calculus 17
Problem 24: Find the envelope of the family of straight lines y = mx – 2am – am3,
where m is a parameter.
Solution:
Given y = mx – 2am – am3 (1)
Differentiating partially w.r.t m
0 = x – 2a – 3am2 (2)
Eliminate m between (1) and (2)
x 2a
From (2), m 2
3a
From (1), y = m(x – 2a – am2)
x 2a
y = m x 2a
3
2
y m. .(x 2a)
3
3y
m
2(x 2a)
2
3y
Now from (2) 0 = x – 2a – 3a
2(x 2a)
i.e., 4(x - 2a)3 = 27ay2 is the equation of the envelope.
a2 b2
Problem 25: Find the envelope of the family of curves cosθ sinθ c
x y
where is a parameter.
Differential Calculus 18
Solution:
a2 b2
Given cosθ sinθ c (1)
x y
Differentiating w.r.t
a2 b2
(- sin θ) cos θ 0
x y
a2 b2
sin θ cos θ 0 (2)
x y
The equation of the envelope is obtained by eliminating between (1) and (2)
Now squaring and adding (1) and (2)
2 2
a2 b2
(cos θ sin θ)
2 2
(sin 2 θ cos 2 θ ) c 2
x y
a 4 b4
2
2 c2
x y
i.e., a4 y2 + b4 x2 = c2 x2 y2.
Solution:
We have y = mx + a 1 m 2
y – mx = a 1 m 2
Squaring both sides (y – mx )2 = a2 (1 + m2 )
i.e., y2 – 2mxy + m2x2 = a2 (1 + m2 )
(x2 - a2 )m2 – 2xy.m + y2 – a2 = 0
This being a quadratic equation in m, the equation of the envelope is given by
B2 = 4AC, where A = x2 - a2, B = -2xy, C = y2 - a2
i.e., 4x2y2 = 4(x2 - a2) (y2 - a2)
x2y2 = x2y2 – x2a2 – y2a2 + a4
x2 + y2 = a2. The envelope is a circle.
Problem 27: Find the evolute of the parabola y2 = 4ax considering it as the envelope
of its normals.
Solution:
The equation of normal at any point (at2, 2at) on the parabola y2 = 4ax is
y + xt = 2at +at3 (1)
Differentiating partially w.r.t. t, we get,
0 + x = 2a + 3at2 (2)
Differential Calculus 19
To find the envelope of the family of normals, eliminate t between (1) and (2).
1/2
x 2a
From (2), t
3a
Substituting in (1), we get
1/2 1/2 3/2
x 2a x 2a x 2a
y x. 2a. a.
3a 3a 3a
x 2a
1/2
x 2a
3/2
y - (x - 2a). a.
3a 3a
3/2
x 2a
y (3a a)
3a
3
x 2a 2
y
2
4a
3a
(x 2a) 3
y2 3
.4a 2
27a
27ay2 = 4(x – 2a) 3
This is the equation of the evolute of the given parabola.
x 2 y2
Problem 28: Find the evolute of the ellipse 1 , treating it as the envelope of
a 2 b2
its normals.
Solution:
x 2 y2
The normal at any point (a cos , b sin ) on the ellipse 1 is
a 2 b2
ax by
a 2 b2 (1)
cos θ sin θ
Differentiating (1) w.r.t
ax by
.sinθ .cosθ 0
cos θ
2
sin 2 θ
ax by
Dividing by sinθ cosθ, 0 (2)
cos θ sin 3 θ
3
1/3 1/3
ax -by
cos θ and sin θ (3)
k k
cos2 + sin2 =1
2/3 2/3
ax -by
1
k k
k 2/3 (ax) 2/3 (by) 2/3 (4)
Substituting in (1) for sin and cos from (3)
Differential Calculus 20
(ax) 2/3
(by) 2/3 k 1/3 a 2 b 2
(ax) 2/3
k a b
(by) 2/3 2 2/3 2 2 2
(ax) 2/3
(by) a b
2/3 3 2 2 2
(Using (4)))
i.e. , (ax) (by) a b
2/3 2/3 2 2 2/3
x 2 y2
This is the evolute of the ellipse 1
a 2 b2
x y
Problem 29: Find the envelope of the straight lines 1 where the parameters
a b
a and b are connected by the relation a2 + b2 = c2 and c is a constant.
Solution:
x y
Given 1 (1)
a b
Differentiating w.r.t a
x y db
2
2 . 0 (2)
a b da
Given a2 + b2 = c2
Differentiating w.r.t a
db
2a 2b. 0 (3)
da
Eliminate a and b between (1), (2) and (3).
Comparing (1) and (2)
x y
a2 b2
2a 2b
x y 1
i.e., 3 3 3 (say)
a b k
Then a = k.x1/3, b = k.y1/3
Now a2 + b2 = c2
i.e., k2x2/3 + k2y2/3 = c2
c2 c
k 2 k
x 2/3 y 2/3 x 2/3
y 2/3
x y
From (1) 1
kx 1/3 ky1/3
i.e., x2/3 + y2/3 = k
c
i.e., x2/3 + y2/3 =
x 2/3
y 2/3
Cross multiplying and squaring, we get,
(x2/3 + y2/3)3 = c2
Differential Calculus 21
Solution:
x 2 y2 2 2 2
Given 2
2 1 and b = c – a .
a b
x 2
y2
2 2 1
a c a2
i.e., (c2 – a2) x2 + a2y2 = a2(c2 - a2) (1)
Equation (1) is a family of curves with parameter a . Rewriting (1) as a quadratic in a2,
2