HIGH RISE

BUILDINGS
BUILDING MATERIALS

SUBMITTED BY-
 INTRODUCTION
● Tall buildings cannot be defined in specific terms
related to height or number of floors.
● A structure is considered tall when its structural
analyses and design gets affected by the lateral loads
more than the vertical loads, that increase with
increase in height of the building.
● Such loads have been overcome by the supporting
technologies which have been the primary governing
factor in the fast growing number of tall buildings.
● To understand the developments of high rises with
an increasing pace the structure systems and
technological advances made need to be taken an
account of.
● Hence new technologies were pursued that improved upon
the conventional load-bearing masonry walls .
● The result was the iron/steel frame structure which
minimized the depth and width of the structural members
at building perimeters.
● Consequently, the larger openings were filled with
transparent glasses, while the iron/steel structures were

●
clad externally.
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Different from traditional load-bearing masonry walls,
these claddings did not carry any loads from buildings
except their own weights and the lateral wind pressure.
● A new cladding concept – curtain walls – was developed
with the emergence of the new structural systems.
 Thereby a skyscraper
height race began,
starting from the Park
Row Building in New
York, which had already
reached 30 stories in
1899.
This height race
culminated with the
completion of the 102-
story tall Empire State
Building in 1931.
Building Materials
• The vast majority of the High rise buildings are built of
Reinforced concrete.
• Some very early buildings used Brick and concrete
combinations and the most modern buildings have a
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higher proportion of Steelwork, but concrete remain the
standard material.
• Other elements may include Brick/Block work,
Metalwork, Glass, Plastics, External cladding,
constructional skin cladding, Glass/3M fiber and Wood.
 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
• The construction of multi-storeyed buildings is dependent on
available materials
• Materials used for high rise buildings are: concrete, steel, glass,
cladding material, high alumina cement used for roofs & floors.
It contains bauxite instead of clay, cement,portland cement of
lime stone ,silica,aluminous.
 FOUNDATION FOR HIGH RISE
BUILDING
• The three common types of foundation system that are adopted
for High-Rise buildings are-
– Raft Foundation
– Pile Foundation
– Combined Pile-Raft-Foundation (CPRF)
• With increasing height of building respectively increasing loads
the depicted raft foundation is not suitable to transfer the loads
properly into the ground. Therefore a pile foundation is often
used.
• . The main function of a pile foundation is to transfer all loads

with piles to lower levels of the ground which are capable of

sustaining the load with an adequate factor of safety
• The innovative combined pile-raft-foundation (CPRF) is
nowadays often used to transfer the loads into the ground. In
comparison to a pile foundation, the combined pile-raft
foundation both the piles and the raft transfer the loads into
ground
FACTORS:-
• The factors that may influence the type of foundation
selected to support a tall building include the following:
• Location and type of structure.
• Magnitude and distribution of loadings.
• Ground conditions.
• Access for construction equipment.
• Durability requirements.
• Effects of installation on adjacent foundations,
structures,
• Relative costs.
• Local construction practices.
pile-raft foundation.

Main Tower –
Frankfurt,
Germany

La Azteca building
Mexico
CONCRETE

•Concrete is an
incredibly strong man
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made mixture of
aggregate (sand and
gravel), cement and
➢ Advantages are:
• Plasticity
• Easily availability
• Easy in casting
• Non corrosive
• Can be cast in situ

➢ Disadvantages are:
• Cost of form
• Dead weight
• Difficulty in pouring
 IMPERIAL BUILDING, MUMBAI

BURRJ KHALIFA, DUBAI

Equitable life building

• The facade is made of precast

concrete that was sandblasted
to expose the beige Texas
limestone aggregate.
Ingalls Building
Cincinnati, Ohio

The First Reinforced Concrete

High Rise Building, 1902
 432 Park Avenue
New York City (US)

Al Hamra Tower
CHICAGO(US)
 GLASS
• Glass is a hard, brittle substance, usually transparent, made by fusing silicates under high
temperatures with soda, lime, etc.
• It is brittle and does not stand high impact but its tensile strength can be 5x that of the best
steel. This high strength and the development of modern glass construction techniques

means that many new high rise buildings use large quantities of glass as walling (usually
supports by steel framework).
• This technique is seldom used in residential accommodation, but all windows will be glass
held in by a variety of framing materials
• Its melting point is normally 1400 °C to 1600 °C (in some glass this can be as low as 500C)
but exposure to high temperatures will cause it to soften and loose strength rapidly. Most un-
annealed glass actually contains microscopic stresses (and stress fractures). Sudden exposure
to any extreme temperature change, such as Fire or application of cold water jet to hot glass,
will cause cracking or complete failure.
• Falling glass, either from cracked or broken panes or actual molten glass is a particular
hazard to all personnel below the incident. Pieces of glass can ‘plane’ as they fall and travel
considerable distances away from the building.
 Ease in installation
When it comes to installation, following are the advantages of a glass façade over a concrete
one:

•Quicker fabrication & installation of glass façade

•In a single day of installation, a glass façade can cover 150 m2 in comparison with brick wall
70 m2.

•Dry construction while using glass, which implies a cleaner project site.

• Glass is 8 times lighter than a Brick wall façade.

Structural glazing for high rise building:
•Aesthetics
•Signature designs
•Flexibility
•Robustness

Glass has a multitude of benefits :

Visual appeal
•Lightness
•Installation
•Customization
➢ GLASS:-float glass with double glass
is used in tall buildings .
• Tempered glass is used in tall buildings
Instead of plain glass that will shattered
at that height.
• REINFORCED GLASS is a block which can withstand
explosions, even (to some extent) nuclear explosions.
• It is created by combining 7 Glass with 2 Advanced Alloy.
• Reinforced Glass is used in the creation of Irradiant Glass
Panes for Advanced Solar Panels.

• TEMPERED GLASS is used in tall buildings instead of plain

glass, as that would shatter at such height.
• It is designed to be impact resistant.
• Tempering the glass causes the stress and balance in the glass
plate.
TEMPERED OR TOUGHENED GLASS
• Exact sizes are first determined because that cannot be
ground , chipped , drilled or prefabricated.
• Heating annealed glass produces this and then chilling
rapidly it can withstand temperature up to 260degree
centigrade and is fire retarder.
Properties
• Tempered Glass is four to five times stronger than normal glass
of equivalent thickness.
• It is mainly used for safety & strength.

• Tempered Glass is difficult to break and when on breakage it

will break into small, relatively harmless fragments.
• Tempered Glass provides greater thermal strength.
LAMINATED GLASS
• Laminated glass is composed of two or more layers of glass with one or more
layers of a transparent/ pigmented and specially treated plastic Polyvinyl Butyral
[PVB]sandwiched between the glass layers.
• Laminated glass offers the potential for a vast range of options in regard to the
energy performance and aesthetics of building glazing, while also furnishing
enhanced safety, structural integrity, security and sound attenuation .

Properties
• It absorbs impact, resists penetration.
• Laminated glass is an excellent barrier to noise.
• the heavy winds of tornados and hurricanes easily shatter conventional glass,
causing injuries from flying debris and damage to interiors exposed to the
devastating weather outside.
REFLECTIVE GLASS
• A metallic coating is applied to one side of the glass in order to
significantly increase the amount of reflection by the glass of both
the visible and infra-red (light and heat) range of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
Properties
• Increased aesthetic appeal.
• Gives enormous flexibility in designing the exterior due to
availability of number of colours / shades
• Facilitates energy savings through reduction in interior solar heat

gain and cost reduction in the cost of heating and cooling systems.
• Improves occupants comfort as interior temperature variations are
less and easier to control.
• Varying degrees of light transmittance and varying reflectance.
• Reduces the air-conditioning load of the buildings.
• Density : 2.4 – 2.5 g/cm3
FLOAT GLASS
• This type of glass is prepared by passing the molten
glass from the furnace through a molten tin bath.
• Monolithic and highly transparent
• Uniform thickness and flatness.
• Excellent optical quality
• Available in 2 main varieties.-Clear and tinted
• Available thickness- 2 to 19mm
• The glass is free from bubbles, knots and scratches
etc.
• It is either clear or tinted and comes in large sizes and
thickness.
• The glass is of uniform thickness without any waves
The Gherkin

30 St Mary's Axe, London; also called

"The Gherkin" A fully glass clad
building (2003)
STEEL
• Steel is extensively used in all forms of construction and
is present in nearly every form of reinforced concrete.
• Steel is a metal alloy whose major component is iron.
Carbon is added and this acts as a hardener. Different
mixes of steel will possess different characteristics from
varying hardness and malleability to Corrosion resistance
and weight.

• Its melting point is high at 1300C but it suffers from 3

key failings under fire conditions
• Loss of strength - at 600C a steel beam may lose two
thirds of its strength
• It is a good thermal conductor - Meaning it can transfer
its heat to involve other materials not directly exposed to
• Because of its limitations in fire, if used
in a structural context, steel is usually
given additional fire protection, in the
form of a sacrificial cladding or a
barrier.

• The steel work buried within reinforced

concrete is to a large degree protected
from fire by the concrete covering it.
STEEL
• Mild steel with 0.1-0.25% of carbon content
• medium carbon steel with 0.25-0.6% of carbon content

• high carbon steel with 0.6-1.1% carbon content.

More carbon contents produce more hardness and

resistance.
Advantage
• Steel enables large spans and light weight construction.
• Steel structures can have a variety of structural forms

like braced frames and

moment resistant frames suitable to meet the specific
requirements.
• Steel frames are faster to erect compared with reinforced
concrete frames resulting
➢ In developed countries a very large percentage of multi-storeyed
buildings are built with steel.
➢ The use of steel in multi-storey building construction results in
many advantages for the builder and the user.
• Steel frames are faster to erect compared with reinforced
concrete frames.
• In comparison with concrete construction, steel frames are
significantly lighter. This results in very much reduced loads on
foundations.
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The elements of framework are usually prefabricated in the
factory under effective quality control thus enabling a better
product.
• The use of steel makes possible the creation of large, column-

free internal spaces.

• The material handling capacity required at site in steel
construction is less than prefabricated concrete construction.
 HIGH RISE STEEL FRAMED BLDGS IN
VARIOUS PARTS OF WORLD

Empire State World Trade Petronas Towers Sears Tower

Building Centre (452 m) (443 m)
(381 m) (415 m) (417 m)
Flatiron Building TAIPEI101
 The whole structure of
bank of china is
supported by the five
steel columns at the
corners of the building,
with the triangular
frameworks
transferring the weight
of the structure onto
these five columns. It is
Bank Of China Tower,
Hong Kong
covered with glass
curtain walls.
 Willis Tower, Chicago

Empire State Building,

New York City (US)
CAST IRON
• Cast Iron was widely used in building construction in the
19th Century but its use has been overtaken by Steel.
• Cast Iron has little strength in tension but is very strong in
compression.
• It can still be found in some older High Rise buildings,
usually to provide structural beams and columns.
 ALUMINIU
• M
Aluminium is a relatively soft and light metal with a melting point of 660C.

• Its lightness means it has uses in the construction industry for non-structural
items, such as door and window frames and external cladding.

• Aluminium’s greatest weaknesses is the low temperature at which its

structural stability is affected which can be as low as 100-250c, and its high
thermal expansion (over twice that of steel).

• where aluminium is used as a framing material it is important to note that

exposure to high temperatures will lead to early failure and if these frames
form part of the fire resistance of the building.

• Aluminium as an external cladding can melt if exposed to fire and the falling
molten aluminium possess additional hazards.
 P.V.C. (POLY VINYL CHLORIDE)

•Unplasticised polyvinyl chloride is a lightweight is widely used as a framing and

cladding material.

•t is also extensively used in plumbing as pipe material for waste and rainwater.
•It is very durable but weak and like most plastics has a low decomposition
temperature (of around 220℃) and will liberate a large amount of acrid smoke.

•It has been extensively used in the refurbishment of many UK tower blocks from
the 60’s and 70’s to provide double glazed windows and balcony doors.

• Upvc does not burn freely and has class 1 fire rating but if exposed to fire it will
fail very early at an incident and, importantly to fire crews when used as a framing
material (especially external windows) this can lead to floor to floor compromise.
POLYSTRENE
• Polystyrene is primarily used as an insulation material as
it has a very low thermal transferee rate.
• When used in construction it is usually treated to have a
degree of fire resistance. Once it starts to decompose due
to fire it melts and liberated large quantities of acrid
smoke.
• It can be found in floor slabs and within wall structures. It
is also used as a lagging or insulation material within the
buildings services.
CURTAIN WALLS
• A curtain wall is an exterior wall that carries no floor
loads;
• it usually is made principally of metal, stone, glass, or
precast concrete.
• Prefabricated into panels, the curtain is attached to the
structural frame by clips or anchors to form a continuous
wall.
• Curtain walls may also be made of sandwich panels.
• In this case a metal exterior panel, a layer of insulation,
and a layer of interior finish material are prefabricated
into a single unit by joining the three layers; this unit then
forms both the interior and exterior walls. The joints
between the panels of curtain walls must be sealed to
prevent water seepage.
 CURTAIN WALL

The exterior Curtain wall is made of glass, stainless

Steel, Aluminum, and Granite, and is criss-crossed by
complex Latticework cladding made of aluminum alloy pipes

The latticework cladding, made of aluminum

alloy pipes.