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Purpose:
Insulation resistance (IR) measurement is the simplest and most widely used test to check
the soundness of transformer insulation. This test reveals the condition of insulation (i.e.
degree of dryness of paper insulation), presence of any foreign contaminants in oil and also
any gross defect inside the transformer (like failure to remove the temporary transportation
bracket on the live portion of tap-changer part).
Test Equipment:
Insulation resistance is measured by means of Meggers which are available in 500 V, 1000
V, 2500 V and 5000 V ratings.For transformer windings with voltage rating 430V,500V megger
,430V and above 1000V megger,11 kV and above, 2.5 kV megger shall be used. IR value
measurements of EHV transformers shall preferably be done with 5 kV
motorized / digital megger.
Testing Procedures:
IR measurements shall be taken between the windings collectively (i.e. with all the windings
being connected together) and the earthed tank (earth) and between each winding and the
tank, the rest of the windings being earthed. Before taking measurements the neutral should
be disconnected from earth. Following table gives combinations of IR measurements for
auto-transformer, three -winding transformer & Shunt Reactor.
HV to LV HV+IV to LV HV+IV to LV
Where HV- High voltage, IV-Intermediate voltage, LV-Low voltage/Tertiary voltage windings,
E- Earth
Minimum Requirement :
ii) Minimum 400 M ohms between 6.6KV &11KV class for 1 min
TO TO TO
FRAME TANK TANK
INSULATION VALUE
FOR 60 SEC
Connection Diagram:
Measurement table : Temp = ˚C
60 sec/15 sec
HV to Earth
HV to LV
LV to Earth
PRECAUTIONS:
9. After testing with high voltage, test terminals must be grounded before being touch by
any personnel.
Purpose
Turns Ratio: The Turns Ratio of a transformer is the ratio of the number of turns in a
higher voltage winding to that in a lower voltage winding.
Test Equipment:
Transformer turns ratio (TTR) meter available in convenient portable form. They have a hand
crank power supply, with the voltages commonly used being very low, such as 12-120 V and 50-
60 Hz, so that the test may be performed on a transformer even when the oil is removed. Two
windings on one phase of a transformer are connected to the instrument, and the internal bridge
elements are varied to produce a null indication on the detector, with exciting current also being
measured in most cases.
Testing Procedures
1. Keep the tap position in the lowest position and IV and LV terminals open.
2. Apply 3 phase 415 V or single phase 230 V supply according to transformer type on HV
terminals.
5. Repeat the steps 1 to 4 after interchanging the voltmeters of HV and IV windings and
then average the readings for final calculation of ratio.
HV Side LV Side
connections H1 H2 X1 X2
Acceptance Critera/
H1C
H1 X1 H1P
X1
Tx
X2
X2 H2P H2C
H2
Measurement table :
Etc.,
PRECAUTIONS:
Purpose:
Test Equipment:
Voltmeters
Testing Procedures:
1. The test shall be conducted with three phase supply (415V, 3 phase supply) on HV
Side
3. Tthe measured voltage data it should ensure that the desired conditions of vector
group and polarity are fulfilled
Precautions:
1. This testing shall be carried out during Shut down period and all testing shall be done
under SFT (Sanction For Test).
2. Ensure the isolation of Transformer for High Voltage &Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/disconnectors.
3. In case tertiary is also connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to
commencement of testing
MAGNETIC BALANCE TEST
Purpose
This test is conducted only in three phase transformers to check the imbalance in the
magnetic circuit
Test Equipment:
Testing Procedures
3. Apply single phase 230 V across one phase of Highest Voltage (HV) winding terminal
and neutral (call it v1) then measure voltage in other two HV terminals across neutral
(call them v2 and v3 respectively). Repeat the test for each of the three phases.
4. Repeat the above test for Intermediate Voltage (IV) winding also
HV SIDE
VOLTAGE MEASURED
APPLIED U-N V-N W-N CURRENT
Note :
VOLTAGE MEASURED
APPLIED U-V V-W W-U CURRENT
Precautions
2. Zero voltage or very negligible voltage induced in other two windings should be
investigated.
MAGNETIZING CURRENT TEST
Purpose
Exciting/ Magnetising current: is the current required to force a given flux through the
core.
Test Equipment:
Testing Procedures
The test comprises a simple measurement of single-phase current on one side of the
transformer, usually the high-voltage side, with the other side left floating (with the
exception of a grounded neutral)
Etc.,
Note:
Precautions
Purpose
Transformer winding resistance are measured in the field in order to check for any
abnormalities due to loose connections, broken strands and high contact resistance in tap
changers as a pre-commissioning checks and compare the measured values with factory
test values
Test Equipment:
Testing Procedures:
1. For star connected winding with neutral brought out, the resistance shall be measured
between the line and neutral terminal and average of three sets of reading shall be the
tested value. If neutral bushing is not available on Star connected windings, take
measurement between each phase and ground (if the neutral is grounded), or take
readings between pairs of bushings as if it were a Delta connected winding. Repeat in
same fashion so that proper comparison can be made.
4. Take the winding temperature reading while doing the resistance measurement.
R75 = Rt (235+75)/(235+t ),
Acceptance Critera/
HV Side
Note:
Etc.,
Precautions
2. As the transformer resistance is Low resistance, the measurement has to be carried out
with the help of Kelvin Double Bridge / Transformer ohm meter. Normally winding
resistance values 1 ohm or above is measured using Wheatstone Bridge and winding
resistance values less than 1 ohm is measured using micro-ohm meter or Kelvin Bridge.
3. To reduce the high inductive effect it is advisable to use a sufficiently high current to
saturate the core. This will reduce the time required to get a stabilized reading.
6. The winding resistance shall be preferably done when the difference in the top and
bottom temperature of the winding (temperature of oil in steady-state condition) is equal
to or less than 5˚C.
7. The winding resistance should preferable be carried out last after completion of all other
LV tests, as after this test core gets saturated and tests like magnetizing current, magnetic
balance etc. carried out after winding test may be affected and indicate a misleading
results, if the core is not de-magnetized before carrying out these tests.
CAPACITANCE AND TAN DELTA MEASUREMENT OF BUSHINGS
PURPOSE
DEFINITIONS / ABBREVIATIONS
1 Bushing
TEST EQUIPMENT
For getting accurate results of Tan delta and Capacitance without removing the bushing
from the transformer, a suitable test set capable of taking measurement by ungrounded
specimen test (UST) method shall be used. It utilises the test tap of the bushing and a Tan
delta/Capacitance test set. Both Tan delta and Capacitance can be measured using the
same set up.Portable C and Tand Bridge from any reputed manufacturer may be used for field
testing.Portable test set include measuring bridge such as Schering bridge or transformer ratio
arm bridge, power supply and standard capacitor in one enclosure.
TESTING PROCEDURE
· Position the test set at least 6 feet (180 cm) away from the test specimen to be tested.
· To prevent damage to the test set always set the capacitance multiplier dial to the SHORT
position, the capacitance measuring dials to their respective ‘O’ position.
· Connect the ground terminal of the test set to a low impedance earth ground (to Earth mat
of the substation).
· Connect control unit to the high voltage unit using two 5 feet long shielded cables. Screw
the plugs down fully on the receptacles.
Connect the low voltage cable with red boot/sheath to the ‘CxL red terminal’ of the test
set. Make sure the connector locks to the receptacle.
· Connect the external interlock cable to the ‘Interlock terminal of the test set.
· Connect the high voltage cable with Black boot/sheath to the high voltage terminal of the
high voltage unit. Connect the pig-tail for the outer shield to the black binding post
(ground) on the high voltage unit. Screw down the plug shell fully on the receptacle.
· With the main breaker switched OFF, plug the input power cord into the test set power
receptacle and into a 3 wire grounded power receptacle having the appropriate voltage
rating and current capacity.
· For 3-Ph auto-transformer, short together all 400kV, 220kV and Neutral (isolated from
earth) Bushings. Also short all 33kV Bushings and earth the same.
· For measurement of 33kV Bushing Tan Delta, earth HV/IV Bushings (already shorted).
Apply HV lead of the Test kit to shorted 33kV Bushings and connect LV lead of the test
kit to Test tap of the Bushing under test.
· It is to be ensured that Test Tap points are earthed immediately after carrying out the
measurements for that particular Bushing and earthing of test tap to be ensured by
carrying out continuity test.
2 KV 10 KV 2 KV 10 KV 2 KV 10 KV
VOLTAGE(V)
CURRENT(mA)
CAPACITANCE(pf)
DISSIPATION
FACTOR
POWER (mW)
FREQUENCY(HZ)
INTERFERENCE (%)
PRECAUTIONS
* Test voltage to be applied shall not exceed half of the power frequency test voltage or 10
kV, whichever is lower. It is desirable to have the test set or bridge frequency different
but close to operating power frequency; so that stray power frequency currents do not
interfere with the operation of the instrument.
* Connection to over head bus at the bushing need be removed, only if the bus line affect
the readings appreciably.
* Porcelain of the bushings shall be clean and dry before test. Remove any dirt or oil with
clean dry cloth.
* Test shall not be carried out when there is condensation on the porcelain. Preferably,
tests shall not be carried out when the relative humidity is in excess of 75%.
* Terminals of the bushings of each winding shall be shorted together using bare braided
copper jumper. These jumpers shall not be allowed to sag. Transformer windings not
being tested shall be grounded.
* Measure and record the ambient temperature and relative humidity for reference. Record
OTI and WTI during the measurement.
· Do not test a bushing (new or spare) while it is in its wood shipping crate, or while it is
lying on wood. Wood is not as good an insulator as porcelain and will cause the readings to be
inaccurate. Keep the test results as a baseline record to compare with
future tests.
TEST EQUIPMENT
Portable C and Tand Bridge from any reputed manufacturer may be used for field
testing.Portable test set includes measuring bridge such as Schering Bridge or
transformer ratio Arm Bridge, power supply and standard capacitor in one enclosure.
TESTING PROCEDURE
For tan delta capacitance measurement of transformer/reactor winding, the voltage rating
of each winding under test must be considered and the test voltage selected accordingly.
If neutral bushings are involved, their voltage ratings must also be considered in selecting
the test voltage.
i) Measurement should be made between each inter winding combination (or set of three
phase winding in a 3 phased transformers) with all other windings grounded to tank (UST
test mode) or ground the other entire windings guarded (GST L GUARD test mode).
ii) For a two winding transformer, measurement should be made between each winding and
ground with the remaining windings grounded (GST L GND test mode)
iii) For a three winding transformer, measurement should be made between each winding
and ground with one remaining winding guarded and the second remaining winding
grounded (GST L GUARD test mode)
iv) Finally measurement should be made between all windings connected together and the
grounded tank.
The combination for C & tand measurement of winding is same as that of measurement of IR
value. The summery of probable combination is given below:
2 KV 10 KV 2 KV 10 KV 2 KV 10 KV
VOLTAGE(V)
CURRENT(mA)
CAPACITANCE(nf)
DISSIPATION
FACTOR
POWER (mW)
FREQUENCY(HZ)
INTERFERENCE (%)
LV/HV+IV LV/HV-IV+G LV/HV-IV WITH
PARAMETER UST GST GUARD GSTg
2 KV 10 KV 2 KV 10 KV 2 KV 10 KV
VOLTAGE(V)
CURRENT(mA)
CAPACITANCE(nf)
DISSIPATION
FACTOR
POWER (mW)
FREQUENCY(HZ)
INTERFERENCE (%)
· Ensure that test specimen is isolated from other equipments. Removal of Jumpers from
Bushings is Pre-Requisite for C & Tan _ Measurement of Windings.
· Position the test set at least 6 feet (180 cm) away from the test specimen to be tested.
· To prevent damage to the test set always set the capacitance multiplier dial to the SHORT
position, the capacitance measuring dials to their respective ‘O’ position.
· Connect the ground terminal of the test set to a low impedance earth ground (to Earth mat
of the substation).
PRECAUTIONS
The test set is a source of high voltage electrical energy and operator must use all
practical safety precautions to prevent contact with energised parts of the test equipment
and related circuits. Following precautions need to be taken:
· The ground terminal of the input supply card (green lead) must be connected to the
protective ground (earth) terminal of the line power source.
· Keep the high voltage plugs free from moisture, dust during installation and operation.
· Adequate clearances (Min 1 foot i.e. 30 cm) are maintained between energised conductor
and ground to prevent any arc over.
· It should be ensured that test specimen is de-energised and grounded before making any
further connection and no person may come in contact with HV output terminal or any
materiel energised by the output.
Test Equipment
Voltmeter,clamp meter
Testing Procedures
8.1 Keep the tap in nominal tap position
8.2 Disconnect transformer neutral from ground
8.3 Apply 3 phase 415 Volts in High voltage (HV) winding and measure voltage across each
of the IV winding and neutral, then Neutral and ground.
8.4 Apply 3 phase 415 V to the IV winding and measure voltage across each of the tertiary
winding terminal and neutral, then neutral and earth.
Precautions
No winding terminal should be grounded, otherwise results would be erratic and
confusing.
TESTS ON BUSHING CURRENT TRANSFORMER INSTALLED IN TURRET OF
TRANSFORMER/ REACTOR
PURPOSE
These tests are carried out to ascertain the healthiness of bushing current transformer at
the time of erection and in service.
Test Schedule and Frequency: Pre-commissioning tests during initial erection and IR
measurements to be done on SOS basis.
Isolation required:
Ensure the isolation of Transformer from High Voltage & Low voltage side with physical
inspection of open condition of the concerned isolators/disconnectors. In case tertiary is
also connected, ensure the isolation of the same prior to commencement of testing. The
secondary circuits of the CTs may be disconnected in the Relay panels in control room.
Testing Instruments:
Transformer turns ratio meter
High resistance measuring Ohm meter with required accessories & Cables
5 kV motorised Meg ohm meter (megger) with associated accessories & cables
TESTING PROCEDURE:
1. POLARITY CHECK
The lead polarity of any transformer CT/PT) is a designation of the relative
instantaneous direction of currents in its leads. Primary and secondary leads are said
to have the same polarity when at a given instant the current enters the primary lead
in question and leaves the secondary lead in question in the same direction as though
two leads formed a continuous circuit.
The polarity check can be done by inductive kick with direct current method.
In this test, a 6-10 V battery pack is connected momentarily to the primary P1-P2 of
bushing CT under test and the momentarily deflection of pointer of voltmeter (Zero
centre) or analog multimeter in dc m.Amp selection is connected to secondary is
noted. If the connections are made as shown in the diagram then the deflection will be
upscale when the battery is connected and downscale when the battery is
disconnected, if the polarity is in accordance with the terminal marking. This test is
also valid with the battery applied to secondary and the meter connected to primary.
Use of mA or mV meter may be made.
Precautions:
i. If a bushing CT installed in a power transformer is being tested by connecting the
battery to the power transformer terminals, the other windings on the same phase
of the power transformer may have to sort0 circuited in order to obtain a stable
reading.
ii. It is advisable to demagnetise any CT that is tested by impressing DC voltage
across a winding.
iii. A dangerous voltage may be generated while disconnecting the battery from the
transformer winding. Therefore, a knife switch is not used, a hot stick or rubber
gloves must be used for connecting and disconnecting the battery.
2. RATIO TEST:
A suitable voltage, below saturation, is applied to the secondary (full winding) and the
primary voltage is read with a high impedance (20 000 R/V or greater) low range
voltmeter as shown in the diagram below:
The turns ratio is approx. equal to the voltage ratio. Saturation level is usually about 1 V
per turn in most low- and medium- ratio bushing CTs.
At the same time, the overall ratio is being determined, the tap section ratio may be
checked with a voltmeter by comparing tap section voltage with the impressed voltage
across the full winding. An ammeter is included in the recommended test method as a
means of detecting excessive excitation current.
3. EXCITATION TESTS:
These tests are carried out during pre-commissioning stage to check if any turns of
CT are short-circuited and to establish CT characteristics as well as capability of CT.
Excitation tests is made on CTs for comparison with factory test results or previously
measured data to determine if deviations are present.
To perform the test, an AC test voltage is applied to the secondary winding with the
primary open circuited as shown in the diagram:
The test voltage applied to the secondary of the current transformer is varied, and the
current drawn by the winding at each selected value of voltage is recorded. Readings
near the knee of the excitation curve are especially important in plotting a comparison
curve. For current transformers with taps, the secondary tap should be selected to
assure that the current transformer can be saturated with the test equipment available.
The highest tap which can accommodate that requirement should be used.
The selection of instruments is especially important for this test. The ammeter should
be an rms instrument. The voltmeter should be an average reading voltmeter. It
should be calibrated to give the same numerical indication as an rms voltmeter on
sine wave voltage.
Any substantial deviation of the excitation curve for the current transformer under
test from curves of similar transformers or manufacturer’s data should be
investigated. Deviation from expected results may indicate a turn-to-turn short circuit,
distortion of test supply voltage waveform, or the presence of a completed conducting
path around the current transformer core.
INSULATION RESISTANCE TESTS:
Insulation resistance between CT secondary and ground is usually checked by the use
of conventional test instruments. The neutral ground must be removed and the CT
preferably isolated from its burden for this test. Actually, the neutral can be used to
test all three phases simultaneously.
Meggering core by core (to ground) keeping other cores temporarily grounded. It
should be done by 500 V megger for 1 min.
The IR value should be compared with those of similar devices or circuits. Readings
lower than those known to be good should be carefully investigated. The generally
accepted min. IR value is 1 M_. One of the most common reasons for low readings is
the presence of moisture. Drying out the equipment and retesting should be
considered before it is dismantled.
Precaution:
If relays are left connected to the CT during test, the relay manufacturer should be
consulted before test values above 500 V are used. Many solid-state relay designs
have surge-suppression capacitors connected from input terminals to ground which
may be damaged by use of a higher voltage.