Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368

WK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ3ODQQLQJDQG,PSOHPHQWDWLRQ0HWKRGRORJLHVIRU'HYHORSLQJ&RXQWULHV
730'&'HFHPEHU0XPEDL,QGLD

5HKDELOLWDWLRQE\LQVLWXFROGUHF\FOLQJWHFKQLTXHXVLQJUHFODLPHG
DVSKDOWSDYHPHQWPDWHULDODQGIRDPELWXPHQDWYDGRGDUDKDOROURDG
SURMHFW6+±DFDVHVWXG\
+DUL%KDYVDUD5DMLY'XEH\D 9LVKZDV.HONDUD 
a
IL&FS Transportation Networks Ltd, Mumbai, India

$EVWUDFW

&ROG5HF\FOLQJ7HFKQRORJ\&57RIZRUQRXWELWXPLQRXVSDYHPHQWLVDUHODWLYHO\QHZWHFKQRORJ\ZKLFKKDV
LPSRUWDQWDSSOLFDWLRQLQWKHURDGVXUIDFHWUHDWPHQWDQGSDYLQJWRZDUGVJUHHQKLJKZD\'XHWRHFRQRPLFDQG
HQYLURQPHQWDOFRQVWUDLQWVOLNHUHGXFWLRQLQFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWSUHVHUYDWLRQRIDJJUHJDWHDQGELQGHUHWFPRUH
DWWHQWLRQLVWXUQLQJWRZDUGVUHF\FOLQJRIELWXPLQRXVVXUIDFHDVDQDOWHUQDWLYHWRFRQYHQWLRQDOSDYHPHQW
UHKDELOLWDWLRQ7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVSDSHULVWRDQDO\]HIOH[LEOHSDYHPHQWZLWKLQVLWXFROGUHF\FOLQJWHFKQLTXHXVLQJ
5HFODLPHG$VSKDOW3DYHPHQW0DWHULDO5$3DQG)RDP%LWXPHQ$VDFDVHVWXG\SLORWSURMHFWFRQVLVWLQJRI
VHJUHJDWHGVWUHWFKHVKDYLQJPDMRUGLVWUHVVHVDQGWRWDOLQJNPOHQJWKZHUHVHOHFWHGRQ9DGRGDUD+DORO5RDG
3URMHFW6+ZKHUHFROGUHF\FOLQJWHFKQLTXHXVLQJUHFODLPHGPDWHULDODQGIRDPELWXPHQZDVXVHGDVDSDUWRI
UHKDELOLWDWLRQRIIOH[LEOHSDYHPHQWLQVWHDGRIFRQYHQWLRQDORYHUOD\LQRUGHUWRDFKLHYHHFRQRP\DQGH[HFXWLQJ
ZLWKLQOLPLWHGWLPHSHULRG9DULRXVILHOGDVZHOODVODERUDWRU\WHVWVDUHFRQGXFWHGDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHFRUHVZHUH
H[WUDFWHGWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHSDYHPHQWFKDUDFWHULVWLFV7KHUHVXOWVRIWHVWVFRQGXFWHGRQWKHFROGUHF\FOLQJVXUIDFHDUH
YHU\HQFRXUDJLQJDQGDGRSWHG&57LVIRXQGWREHHFRQRPLFDOO\YLDEOHDOVR
© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
6HOHFWLRQDQGSHHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKH'HSDUWPHQWRI&LYLO(QJLQHHULQJ,QGLDQ,QVWLWXWHRI7HFKQRORJ\%RPED\
Peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
Keywords:,QVLWX&ROG5HF\FOLQJ7HFKQLTXH5HFODLPHG0DWHULDO)RDPHG%LWXPHQ,QGLUHFW7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK(FRQRPLF(YDOXDWLRQ 

&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
(PDLODGGUHVVYLVKZDVNHONDU#LOIVLQGLDFRP


2352-1465 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay
doi:10.1016/j.trpro.2016.11.126
360 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368

,QWURGXFWLRQ

$FFRUGLQJWR.DPUDQHWDO>@URDGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPLVRQHRIWKHNH\FRPSRQHQWVLQVRFLDODQGHFRQRPLF
GHYHORSPHQWRIDFRXQWU\DQGLWWDNHVDFRQVLGHUDEOHDPRXQWRIQDWLRQDOEXGJHW&RQVWUXFWLRQPDWHULDOVSUHVHUYDWLRQ
HQYLURQPHQW IULHQGO\ FRQVWUXFWLRQ VSHHG\ DQG FRVW HIIHFWLYH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ DOWHUQDWLYHV DUH WKH UHTXLUHPHQWV RI
FXUUHQWDJH0$PDUDQDWKDHWDO>@GHVFULEHGWKDWFRQVHUYDWLRQRIHQHUJ\DQGPDWHULDOVLVLPSRUWDQWSUDFWLFHVIRU
DFKLHYLQJVXVWDLQDELOLW\LQURDGFRQVWUXFWLRQ0DMRUURDGLQIUDVWUXFWXUHDFWLYLWLHVFXUUHQWO\XQGHUWDNHQE\GLIIHUHQW
DJHQFLHV LQ ,QGLD IRU WKH ODVW RQH GHFDGH KDYH VKRZQ JUHDWHU LPSDFW RQ HQHUJ\ FRQVXPSWLRQ DQG GHSOHWLRQ RI
DJJUHJDWHV7KHUH LV DSUREOHP ZLWK QRQDYDLODELOLW\ RIJRRGTXDOLW\ DJJUHJDWHV LQ VRPH VWDWHVRI WKHFRXQWU\ DQG
DJJUHJDWH EHLQJ YHU\ H[SHQVLYH EHFDXVH RI ODUJH OHDG GLVWDQFHV ,W LV DOVR WR EH QRWHG WKDW WKLFNQHVVHV RI H[LVWLQJ
SDYHPHQWV DUH LQFUHDVLQJ GXH WR DGGLWLRQ RI SHULRGLF RYHUOD\V 7KH ULVH RI URDG OHYHOV FDXVHV VHULRXV GUDLQDJH
SUREOHPVLQWKHXUEDQDUHDV
(YHQZHOOGHVLJQHGURDGSDYHPHQWVUHDFKDSKDVHZKHUHWKHJHQHUDOFRQGLWLRQGHPDQGVUHKDELOLWDWLRQIRUWKHLU
VWUXFWXUDO DQG IXQFWLRQDO TXDOLW\ 7KH UHKDELOLWDWLRQ FRXOG EH XQGHUWDNHQ WKURXJK DQ RYHUOD\ FRQVLVWLQJ RI RQH RU
PRUH ELWXPLQRXV OD\HU RU WKURXJK UHXWLOL]DWLRQ RI H[LVWLQJ SDYHPHQW PDWHULDOV HYHQWXDOO\ ZLWK DQ LPSURYHPHQW RI
WKHLUFKDUDFWHULVWLFVGHILQHGDVSDYHPHQWUHF\FOLQJ
'HILQHG LQ KDQGERRN RI :LUWJHQ FROG UHF\FOLQJ WHFKQRORJ\ >@ SDYHPHQW UHF\FOLQJ LV RQH RI WKH WHFKQLTXH E\
ZKLFKRQHFDQDGGUHVVWKHVFDUFLW\RIWKHQDWXUDOPDWHULDO,QSDYHPHQWUHF\FOLQJZHXVHWKHDJJUHJDWHVREWDLQHGE\
FXWWLQJDQGPLOOLQJRIWKHH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQWDQGE\GRLQJWKLVZHQRWRQO\FRQVHUYHWKHYLUJLQDJJUHJDWHVEXWDOVR
DGGUHVV GUDLQDJH SUREOHP DQG VDYH PLOOLRQV RI UXSHHV ,Q VLWX FROG UHF\FOLQJ WHFKQLTXH LV HQYLURQPHQWDO IULHQGO\
XWLOL]HV IHZHUDPRXQWRI IXHO DV ZHOOIDVWHU LQ FRQVWUXFWLRQ 8VHRI 5HFODLPHG $VSKDOW 3DYHPHQW 5$3 REWDLQHG
IURPPLOOLQJRIH[LVWLQJGLVWUHVVHGELWXPLQRXVVXUIDFLQJLQSDYHPHQWFRQVWUXFWLRQDQGUHKDELOLWDWLRQZRUNVLVEHLQJ
URXWLQHO\XVHGLQGHYHORSHGFRXQWULHVIRUFRQVHUYLQJQDWXUDOUHVRXUFHV
7KH REMHFWLYH RI WKLV SDSHU LV WR DQDO\]H IOH[LEOH SDYHPHQW ZLWK LQVLWX FROG UHF\FOLQJ WHFKQLTXH XVLQJ 5$3 
UHFODLPHGPDWHULDODQGIRDPELWXPHQ$VDFDVHVWXG\SLORWSURMHFWFRQVLVWLQJRIVHJUHJDWHGVWUHWFKHVKDYLQJPDMRU
GLVWUHVVHVDQGWRWDOLQJNPOHQJWKZHUHVHOHFWHGRQ9DGRGDUD+DORO5RDG3URMHFW6+ZKHUHFROGUHF\FOLQJ
7HFKQLTXH XVLQJ UHFODLPHG PDWHULDO DQG IRDP ELWXPHQ ZDV XVHG DV D SDUW RI UHKDELOLWDWLRQ RI IOH[LEOH SDYHPHQW
9DGRGDUD+DORO5RDG3URMHFWZDVFRPPLVVLRQHGLQ\HDU7KHSURMHFWURDGLVIRXUODQHGLYLGHGFDUULDJHZD\
2YHU D SHULRG GXH WR FRQYHQWLRQDO RYHUOD\ WKH WKLFNQHVV RI ELWXPLQRXV OD\HU LQFUHDVHG H[FHVVLYHO\ (YHQ DIWHU
UHJXODU PDLQWHQDQFH DQG UHKDELOLWDWLRQ YDULRXV GLVWUHVVHV OLNH VHJUHJDWLRQ VHYHUH FUDFNLQJ OLNH DOOLJDWRU FUDFNLQJ
ORQJLWXGLQDOFUDFNLQJHWFXQGXODWLRQDQGUXWWLQJDWVHJUHJDWHGORFDWLRQVRQWKHSDYHPHQWZHUHREVHUYHG%H\RQGD
SRLQWGLVWUHVVHVLQWKHORZHUELWXPLQRXVOD\HUVFRXOGQRWEHFXUWDLOHGDVWKH\VXUIDFHGDIWHUSO\LQJRIWUDIILF$OVRWKH
SURILOH FRUUHFWLRQ KDG UHDFKHG LWV OLPLWV EHFDXVH RI NHUE KHLJKW 9DULRXV ILHOG DV ZHOO DV ODERUDWRU\ WHVWV ZHUH
FRQGXFWHGDQGUHSUHVHQWDWLYHFRUHVZHUHDOVRH[WUDFWHGRQH[LVWLQJELWXPLQRXVSDYHPHQWWRLQYHVWLJDWHWKHSDYHPHQW
FKDUDFWHULVWLFVDQGFROOHFWLQJGDWDIRUGHVLJQ
2QWKHEDVLVRIUHVXOWVDQGFRQVLGHULQJGHVLJQSHULRGRI\HDUVDQGPVDFRQYHQWLRQDORYHUOD\ZDVGHVLJQHG
DV SHU ,5&  ,Q RUGHU WR DFKLHYH HFRQRP\ DQG H[HFXWLQJ ZLWKLQ OLPLWHG WLPH SHULRG RSWLRQ RI ,QVLWX FROG
UHF\FOLQJWHFKQLTXHZDVDOVRFRQVLGHUHG
)RDPELWXPHQPL[XVLQJ5$3YLUJLQDJJUHJDWHDQGELWXPHQSURSRUWLRQHGZDVSURGXFHGDVSHU&ROG5HF\FOHG
PL[ GHVLJQ ZDV SURGXFHG $ PP WKLFN IRDP ELWXPHQ 5$3 PL[ OD\HU ZDV SUHSDUHG DQG RYHU LW PP WKLFN
ELWXPLQRXV FRQFUHWH OD\HU ZDV ODLG /DERUDWRU\ LQYHVWLJDWLRQ OLNH ,QGLUHFW 7HQVLOH 6WUHQJWK ,76 RQ VSHFLPHQ RI
UHF\FOHGPL[DQGILHOGLQYHVWLJDWLRQOLNH%HQNOHPDQ%HDP'HIOHFWLRQ%%'DQG5RXJKQHVV6XUYH\E\WK:KHHO
%XPS,QWHJUDWRUZDVFRQGXFWHG/DERUDWRU\DQGILHOGWHVWZHUHFRQGXFWHGRQUHKDELOLWDWHGVXUIDFHEHIRUHDQGDIWHU
RQHPRQVRRQVHDVRQ'XHWRODFNRIDYDLODELOLW\RIVWDQGDUGVRQIRDPELWXPHQLQ,QGLD%6*JXLGHOLQH7*
LV DGRSWHG IRU PL[ GHVLJQ $W SUHVHQW WKH SDYHPHQW VXUIDFH VHHPV WR EH LQWDFW ZLWKRXW DQ\ YLVLEOH GLVWUHVV 7KH
UHVXOWVRIWHVWVFRQGXFWHGRQWKHQHZVXUIDFHKDYHVRIDUEHHQYHU\HQFRXUDJLQJ

/LWHUDWXUHUHYLHZ

,QVLWX FROG UHF\FOLQJ LV EHLQJ FRQVLGHUHG WR EH DQ HIILFLHQW DQG HIIHFWLYH PHWKRG LQ WKH GHYHORSHG FRXQWULHV IRU
UHKDELOLWDWLQJDVSKDOWURDGVVKRZLQJQRQVWUXFWXUDODJLQJDQGFUDFNLQJRIWKHSDYHPHQWOD\HU
,QUHKDELOLWDWLRQRISDYHPHQWXVLQJIRDPELWXPHQWKHELWXPHQLVKHDWHGLQDFKDPEHUDQGFROGZDWHULVLQMHFWHGLQWR
WKHKRWELWXPHQUHVXOWLQJLQWKHVSRQWDQHRXVIRUPDWLRQRIIRDPZLWKKXJHH[SDQVLRQRIELWXPHQ7KHIRDPELWXPHQ
 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368 361

LVDGGHGWRWKH5HFODLPHG$VSKDOW3DYHPHQW5$3DQGYLUJLQDJJUHJDWHV$VSHU7*>@IRDPHGELWXPHQLVDKRW

ELWXPLQRXV ELQGHU ZKLFK KDV EHHQ WHPSRUDULO\ FRQYHUWHG IURP D OLTXLG VWDWH WR D IRDP VWDWH E\ WKH DGGLWLRQ RI D
VPDOO SHUFHQWDJH RI ZDWHU DQG SUHVVXUL]HG DLU 7KLV LV PDLQO\ D SK\VLFDO UDWKHU WKDQ D FKHPLFDO SURFHVV )RDPHG
ELWXPHQ LV FKDUDFWHUL]HG E\ ([SDQVLRQ 5DWLR (5 DQG +DOIOLIH WLPH IJò 7KH H[SDQVLRQ UDWLR LV GHILQHG DV WKH
PD[LPXP YROXPH RYHU LWV RULJLQDO YROXPH EHIRUH IRDPLQJ DQG KDOIOLIH WLPH LV GHILQHG DV WKH WLPH LW WDNHV LQ
VHFRQGVIRUIRDPWREHFRPHDKDOIRILWVPD[LPXPYROXPH7KHRSWLPXPIRDPLQJZDWHUFRQWHQWLVGHWHUPLQHGE\
WKHDPRXQWWRREWDLQWKHPD[LPXPH[SDQVLRQUDWLRDQGWKHORQJHVWKDOIOLIHWLPHRIIRDPHGELWXPHQ7KHH[SDQVLRQ
RI WKH ELWXPHQ DQG WKH KDOIOLIH WLPH DUH GHSHQGHQW PDLQO\ RQ WKH W\SH DQG WHPSHUDWXUH RI EDVH ELWXPHQ WKH
ZRUNLQJ SUHVVXUH RI ELWXPHQ ZDWHU DQG DLU WKH TXDQWLW\ RI IRDPDQW ZDWHU DGGHG DQG WHPSHUDWXUH RI WKH PL[LQJ
FKDPEHURUYHVVHOLQWRZKLFKWKHIRDPHGELWXPHQLVVSUD\HG
7KLVFROGUHF\FOLQJWHFKQLTXHFDQEHXVHGWRWUHDWERWKPDUJLQDODQGUHF\FOHGPDWHULDOVDQGDSSOLHGDVEDVHDQGVXE
EDVHOD\HUVLQSDYHPHQWV
7KHDGYDQWDJHVRIFROGUHF\FOLQJZLWKIRDPELWXPHQKLJKOLJKWHGE\.DPUDQHWDO>@DQGKDQGERRNRI:LUWJHQFROG
UHF\FOLQJWHFKQRORJ\>@DUHKHUHDIWHU
x ,QFUHDVHLQVWUHQJWKRYHUJUDQXODUSDYHPHQWPDWHULDOGXHWRLPSURYHGFRKHVLRQDQGPRLVWXUHUHVLVWDQFH
x 4XLFNFRQVWUXFWLRQPHWKRGFRPSDULQJZLWKRWKHUKRWPL[WHFKQRORJ\
x /RZHUFRVWWKDQUHFRQVWUXFWLRQE\XWLOL]LQJ5$3PDWHULDO
x %LWXPHQVWDELOL]HGPDWHULDODUHQRWWHPSHUDWXUHVHQVLWLYH
x $VRQO\ELWXPHQLVUHTXLUHGWREHKHDWHGDQGQRWDJJUHJDWHRU5$3PDWHULDOWKLVWHFKQRORJ\LVHQYLURQPHQWDO
IULHQGO\
x $OVRGXHWROHVVIXHOFRQVXPSWLRQWKHUHLVDSSUHFLDWHFRVWVDYLQJ

2.1. Mix design outline.

'HILQHGE\KDQGERRNRI:LUWJHQFROGUHF\FOLQJWHFKQRORJ\>@PL[GHVLJQSURFHGXUHLQYROYHVVHYHUDOVWHSVDQGRQH
RUPRUHOHYHOVGHSHQGLQJRQPDJQLWXGHRIGHVLJQWUDIILF7KHPL[GHVLJQSURFHGXUHVWDUWVZLWKWHVWLQJRIPDWHULDOV
WREHVWDELOL]HGDQGWKHQFRPPHQFLQJPL[GHVLJQ/HYHOWKDWSURYLGHVDQLQGLFDWLRQRIDSSOLFDWLRQUDWHRIELWXPHQ
DQG DFWLYH ILOOHU UHTXLUHG WR DFKLHYH DQ LQGLFDWHG FODVV RI %LWXPHQ 6WDELOL]HG 0DWHULDOV %60  7KHUHDIWHU
GHSHQGLQJRQUHTXLUHPHQWRIGHVLJQWUDIILFDGGLWLRQDOVHULHV/HYHO DUHDGRSWHGWRUHILQHDSSOLFDWLRQUDWHDQG
JDLQFRQILGHQFHLQSHUIRUPDQFHSRWHQWLDORIWUHDWHGPDWHULDO,QWKLVSDSHU/HYHOPL[GHVLJQSURFHGXUHLVDGRSWHG

2.2. BSM classification.

'HVFULEHGLQKDQGERRNRI:LUWJHQFROGUHF\FOLQJWHFKQRORJ\>@%60DUHFODVVLILHGLQWKUHHFODVVHVGHSHQGLQJRQ
TXDOLW\RISDUHQWPDWHULDODQGGHVLJQWUDIILF7KHWKUHHFODVVHVRI%60DUH%60%60DQG%60,QWKLVSDSHU
0DWHULDO6SHFLILFDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWIRU%60LVDGRSWHG%60PDWHULDOKDVKLJKVKHDUVWUHQJWKDQGLVXVHGDVD
EDVHOD\HUIRUGHVLJQWUDIILF

7DEOH0DWHULDOLQGLFDWRUVIRUELWXPHQVWDELOL]HGPDWHULDO±,ZLWKIRDPHGELWXPHQ
7HVWRU,QGLFDWRU 0DWHULDO 8VHG)RU%60 &RGDO3URYLVLRQ
0DWHULDOSDVVLQJPP &6RU5$3  7*
)LHOG'HQVLW\ $OO ! ,63DUW 
3ODVWLFLW\,QGH[ &6RU5$3  ,63DUW
,76'U\NSD PPGLD0DUVKDOO ! 7*
,766RDNHGNSD 0RXOG ! 7*
,76'U\NSD PPGLD0DUVKDOO ! 7*
,766RDNHGNSD 0RXOG ! 7*
1RWH&6±&UXVKHGVWRQH5$3±5HFODLPHG$VSKDOW3DYHPHQW0DWHULDO

2.3. Gradation

7KH JUDGLQJ RI PDWHULDO UHTXLUHV FDUHIXO FRQVLGHUDWLRQV 7KH JUDGLQJ UHTXLUHPHQW IRU %60)RDP IRU %60
FODVVLILFDWLRQDVSHU7*>@LVDGRSWHGLQWKLVSDSHU
362 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368


7DEOH*UDGDWLRQIRU%60IRDP
,66LHYHPP               
            
WR
,GHDO  WR WR WR 7R WR 7R 7R WR WR WR WR WR WR

3HUFHQW             
3DVVLQJ          
/HVV WR WR
   WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR WR
6XLWDEOH  
         

)RDP ELWXPHQ UHTXLUHV VXIILFLHQW ILQHV SDUWLFOHV WR EH SUHVHQW LQ WKH PDWHULDO WR IDFLOLWDWH WKH GLVSHUVLRQ RI WKH
ELWXPHQ :KHUH WKH PDWHULDO LV GHILFLHQW LQ ILQHV D SRRU PL[ ZLOO UHVXOW )RU WKLV UHDVRQ PLQLPXP UHTXLUHPHQW
VSHFLILHGLVE\PDVVIRUILQHVSDVVLQJPPVLHYH7KHJHQHUDOJUDGLQJUHTXLUHPHQWVIRU%60VDUHLQGLFDWHG
LQWHUPVRI]RQHVRIPRVWVXLWDEOHDJJUHJDWHFRPSRVLWLRQLQ)LJXUH




)LJ*UDGLQJUHTXLUHPHQWLQWHUPVRI]RQHV

2.4. Active filler

$FFRUGLQJWRKDQGERRNRI:LUWJHQFROGUHF\FOLQJWHFKQRORJ\>@ILOOHUVKDOOFRQVLVWRIILQHO\GLYLGHGPLQHUDOPDWWHU
VXFK DV 3RUWODQG FHPHQW K\GUDWHG OLPH RU URFN GXVW DV DSSURYHG E\ (QJLQHHU 7KH ILOOHU VKDOO EH JUDGHG ZLWKLQ
OLPLWVLQGLFDWHGLQ7DEOHRI0257 +VSHFLILFDWLRQDQGVKDOOEHIUHHIURPRUJDQLFLPSXULWLHV,QWKLVSDSHU
IRUFROGPL[EOHQG23&ZDVDGRSWHG

7DEOH$SSOLFDWLRQUDWHIRUFHPHQWRUK\GUDWHGOLPHDVILOOHU
3ODVWLFLW\LQGH[ 3ODVWLFLW\LQGH[ 3ODVWLFLW\LQGH[!
$GG2UGLQDU\3RUWODQG $GG+\GUDWHG/LPH 3UH+HDWZLWK+\GUDWHG
FHPHQW /LPH

2.5. Foaming properties

)RDPHG ELWXPHQ LV D PL[WXUH RI DLU ZDWHU DQG ELWXPHQ DQG WKH SURSRUWLRQ RI  ELWXPHQ  ZDWHU  
IRDPLQJ DJHQW FRPSUHVVHG DLU ZDV DGRSWHG IRU SUHSDULQJ IRDP ELWXPHQ LQ WKLV SDSHU 7KH PLQLPXP IRDPLQJ
SURSHUWLHVWKDWLVDFFHSWDEOHIRUHIIHFWLYHVWDELOL]DWLRQDVSHU7*>@LVDVSHUWDEOHEHORZ

7DEOH)RDPFKDUDFWHULVWLFVOLPLWVPLQLPXPYDOXH
$JJUHJDWH7HPSHUDWXUH &WR& *UHDWHU7KDQ&
([SDQVLRQ5DWLR(57LPHV  
+DOI/LIHò6HFV  

,IWKHVHUHTXLUHPHQWGRHVQRWPHHWWKDQWKHELWXPHQVKRXOGEHUHMHFWHGDVXQVXLWDEOHIRUIRDPLQJ
 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368 363

2.6. Indirect Tensile Strength Test (ITS)

'HILQHGLQ7*>@WKH,76WHVWLVXVHGDVDQLQGLUHFWPHDVXUHRIWKHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKDQGIOH[LELOLW\RIWKH%60WR
UHIOHFW WKH IOH[XUDO FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI WKH PDWHULDO ,W LV WKH PRVW HFRQRPLFDO PHWKRG IRU LQYHVWLJDWLQJ WKH
HIIHFWLYHQHVVRIWKHELWXPHQ7KH,76WHVWLVXVHGWRWHVWWKHVSHFLPHQXQGHUGLIIHUHQWPRLVWXUHFRQGLWLRQOLNHGU\
VRDNHG DQG HTXLOLEULXP PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW 7KH ,76 LV GHWHUPLQHG E\ PHDVXULQJ WKH XOWLPDWH ORDG WR IDLOXUH RI D
VSHFLPHQWKDWLVVXEMHFWHGWRDFRQVWDQWGHIRUPDWLRQUDWHRIPPPLQXWHRQLWVGLDPHWULFD[LV

,QGLUHFW7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK,76 [3›[K[G[ ZKHUH
3 0D[LPXPDSSOLHGORDG + $YHUDJHKHLJKWRIVSHFLPHQ ' GLDPHWHURIVSHFLPHQ

3ODFHWKHVSHFLPHQXQGHUZDWHUDW&IRUKRXUV5HPRYHWKHVSHFLPHQIURPZDWHUVXUIDFHGU\DQGUHSHDWWKH
SURFHGXUHWRGHWHUPLQHWKH,76RIVRDNHGVSHFLPHQ7KHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKUDWLRLVWKHUHODWLRQVKLSEHWZHHQWKHVRDNHG
DQGXQVRDNHG,76IRUDVSHFLILFEDWFKRIVSHFLPHQH[SUHVVHGDVDSHUFHQWDJHXVLQJHTXDWLRQ

7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK5DWLR765 6RDNHG,768QVRDNHG,76[
7KH765LVXVHIXOWRLGHQWLI\SUREOHPPDWHULDOV:KHUHDPDWHULDOKDVD765OHVVWKDQDQGWKH,76GU\H[FHHGV
N3DWKHPDWHULDOLVOLNHO\WRFRQWDLQFOD\VDQGWKHELWXPHQLVLQHIIHFWLYH

2.7. Determination of optimum binder content

7KH  PP GLD 0DUVKDOO 6SHFLPHQ DUH WHVWHG IRU LQGLUHFW WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK XQGHU GU\ DQG VRDNHG FRQGLWLRQV 7KH
UHVXOWV RI WKH GU\ DQG VRDNHG ,76 WHVW DUH SORWWHG DJDLQVW UHVSHFWLYH ELWXPHQ FRQWHQW WKDW ZDV DGGHG 7KH DGGHG
ELWXPHQFRQWHQWWKDWEHVWPHHWVWKHGHVLUHGSURSHUWLHVLVUHJDUGHGDVRSWLPXPELQGHUFRQWHQW

([LVWLQJSDYHPHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQ

7KHVHJUHJDWHGORFDWLRQVZHUHVHOHFWHGDORQJWKHSURMHFWURDGDQGZHUHFRQVLGHUHGIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQE\,QVLWXFROG
UHF\FOLQJ

7DEOH6HOHFWHGVWUHWFKHVIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQ
/HIW )URP       
&DUULDJHZD\ 7R       
        

5LJKW )URP       

&DUULDJHZD\ 7R       

7KHSDYHPHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQRQVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHVRQH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQWZDVFDUULHGRXWIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQ7KH
DFWLYLWLHVOLNH3DYHPHQW&RQGLWLRQ6XUYH\5RXJKQHVVVXUYH\%%'WHVWDQGH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQWELWXPLQRXVOD\HU7N
ZHUHFRQGXFWHGXQGHUSDYHPHQWLQYHVWLJDWLRQ

3.1. Pavement condition survey

7KHSDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQZDVFDUULHGRXWSULRUWRFRPPHQFHPHQWRI%%'WHVW7KHSDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQVXUYH\ZDV
FRQGXFWHG E\ YLVXDO REVHUYDWLRQV DQG FROOHFWLQJ GHWDLOV UHJDUGLQJ WKH GLVWUHVVHV WKDW KDYH FURS XS RQ H[LVWLQJ
SDYHPHQW2QFRQGXFWLQJSDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQVXUYH\LWLVREVHUYHGWKDWYDULRXVGLVWUHVVH[LVWVLQYDU\LQJSHUFHQWDJH
RQHQWLUHURDGSURMHFW7KHGLVWUHVVWKDWZHUHREVHUYHGDUHDOOLJDWRUFUDFNVUHIOHFWLRQFUDFNVVWULSSLQJUDYHOOLQJSRW
KROH XQGXODWLRQV HWF $W YHU\ IHZ ORFDWLRQV PLQRU UXWWLQJ RU VHWWOHPHQW ZHUH REVHUYHG 7KLV LQGLFDWHV WKDW WKH
H[LVWLQJ SDYHPHQW LV VWUXFWXUDOO\ VRXQG IURP EDVH 7KH SKRWRV RI WKH GLVWUHVVHV REVHUYHG DW VHOHFWHG VWUHWFKHV DUH
SUHVHQWHGEHORZ
364 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368

.P/&: .P/&: .P/&: .P5&: .P5&: .P5&:


)LJ3KRWRJUDSKVRIIHZVWUHWFKHVZLWKGLVWUHVVHV

3.2. Roughness survey

7KH SDYHPHQW URXJKQHVV LV GHILQHG DV WKH LUUHJXODULWLHV LQ WKH SDYHPHQW VXUIDFH WKDW DIIHFW WKH ULGH DELOLW\ RI D
YHKLFOH DQG WKXV FDXVHV GLVFRPIRUW WR URDG XVHUV 7KH URXJKQHVV VXUYH\ RQ VHOHFWHG VWUHWFKHV ZDV FDUULHG RXW E\
XVLQJ WK :KHHO %XPS ,QWHJUDWRU $XWRPDWLF 5RDG 8QHYHQQHVV 5HFRUGHU WRZHG E\ 6FRUSLR *DWHZD\ XWLOLW\
YHKLFOH 7KH YHKLFOH DWWDFKHG ZLWK WK :KHHO %XPS ,QGLFDWRU ZDV PRYHG DORQJ WKH ZKHHO SDWKV DW DQ DYHUDJHO\
VSHHGRI.PKURYHUWKHVORZODQH IDVWODQHRIERWKOHIWFDUULDJHZD\ ULJKWFDUULDJHZD\RISURMHFWURDG7KH
URXJKQHVVGDWDZDVPHDVXUHGDWHYHU\PLQWHUYDO7KHURXJKQHVVYDOXHLQPP.PIRUIDVWODQH VORZODQHRI
ULJKWFDUULDJHZD\ OHIWFDUULDJHZD\LVSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOHEHORZ

7DEOH5RXJKQHVVYDOXHLQPP.PRQH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQWDWVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHV
&KDLQDJHLQ.P /HIWFDUULDJHZD\  &KDLQDJHLQ.P 5LJKWFDUULDJHZD\
)URP 7R 6ORZ/DQH )DVW/DQH  )URP 7R 6ORZ/DQH )DVW/DQH
        
        
        
        
        
        
        

3.3. Benkelman Beam Deflection (BBD) test

%%'WHVWZDVXQGHUWDNHQRQFDUULDJHZD\WRGHWHUPLQHWKHUHVLGXDOVWUHQJWKRIWKHH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQW7KHWHVWZDV
FDUULHG LQ DFFRUGDQFH ZLWK ,5&  ³*XLGHOLQHV IRU 6WUHQJWKHQLQJ RI )OH[LEOH 5RDG 3DYHPHQW XVLQJ
%HQNHOPDQ %HDP 'HIOHFWLRQ 7HFKQLTXH´ 7KH UHDGLQJV WDNHQ GXULQJ WKH WHVW DUH XVHG IRU DUULYLQJ FKDUDFWHULVWLF
GHIOHFWLRQ 7KH SDYHPHQW WHPSHUDWXUH DQG VXEVRLO PRLVWXUH FRUUHFWLRQ IDFWRU ZDV DOVR FRQVLGHUHG 7KH DFKLHYHG
FKDUDFWHULVWLFGHIOHFWLRQLVSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOHEHORZ

7DEOH&KDUDFWHULVWLFGHIOHFWLRQLQPPRQH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQWDWVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHV
/HIWKDQGVLGHFDUULDJHZD\  5LJKWKDQGVLGHFDUULDJHZD\
&KDLQDJHLQ.P &KDUDFWHULVWLF  &KDLQDJHLQ.P &KDUDFWHULVWLF
GHIOHFWLRQ  GHIOHFWLRQ
)URP 7R )URP 7R
LQPP LQPP
      
      
      
      
      
      
      
 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368 365

3.4. Existing pavement bituminous layer thickness

'XHWRRYHUOD\DQGSDWFKZRUNWKHELWXPLQRXVOD\HUWKLFNQHVVKDVEHHQLQFUHDVHGH[FHVVLYHO\UHVXOWLQJLQNHUEKHLJKW
UHDFKLQJWKHOLPLW,QRUGHUWRYHULI\WKHVDPHFRUHVZHUHH[WUDFWHGDWGLIIHUHQWORFDWLRQVRIVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHVDQG
WKHWKLFNQHVVRIELWXPLQRXVOD\HULVSURYLGHGLQWDEOHEHORZ

7DEOH([LVWLQJSDYHPHQWELWXPLQRXVOD\HU7NLQPPDW6HOHFWHG6WUHWFKHV
/HIW+DQG6LGH /RFDWLRQ      
&DUULDJHZD\ %77NLQPP      
5LJKW+DQG6LGH /RFDWLRQ      
&DUULDJHZD\ %77NLQPP      

3URSRVDOIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQ

2Q WKH EDVLV RI SDYHPHQW LQYHVWLJDWLRQ FROODERUDWLQJ URXJKQHVV VXUYH\ DQG %%' WHVW UHVXOWV SURSRVDO IRU
UHKDELOLWDWLRQE\FRQYHQWLRQDORYHUOD\DQGFROGUHF\FOLQJZDVHYDOXDWHGDQGFRPSDUHG2QWKHEDVLVRIWUDIILFGDWD
FROOHFWHGDQGDQDO\VHGWKHUHKDELOLWDWLRQZDVGHVLJQHGFRQVLGHULQJGHVLJQSHULRGRI\HDUVDQGPVD

4.1. Conventional overlay

7KHRYHUOD\ELWXPLQRXVWKLFNQHVVLVGHULYHGEDVHGRQFKDUDFWHULVWLFGHIOHFWLRQDQGSURMHFWHGPVDDVSHUGHVLJQFKDUW
JLYHQ LQ ,5&  7KH RYHUOD\ WKLFNQHVV LQ WHUPV RI %LWXPLQRXV 0DFDGDP %0 OD\HU HVWDEOLVKHG DV SHU
GHVLJQFKDUWLVDFFRUGLQJO\FRQYHUWHGLQWR'%0'HQVH%LWXPLQRXV0DFDGDP %&%LWXPLQRXV&RQFUHWH7KH
SURSRVHGELWXPLQRXVRYHUOD\IRUVWUHQJWKHQLQJWKHH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQWLVSUHVHQWHGLQWDEOHEHORZ

7DEOH3URSRVHGELWXPLQRXVRYHUOD\DVSHUFRQYHQWLRQDOPHWKRG
/HIWFDUULDJHZD\ 5LJKWFDUULDJHZD\
&KDLQDJHLQ.P &KDUDFWHU &KDLQDJHLQ.P &KDUDFWHUL
%0LQ 2YHUOD\ %0LQ 2YHUOD\
LVWLF VWLF
)URP 7R PP SURSRVDO )URP 7R PP SURSRVDO
GHIOHFWLR GHIOHFWLRQ
PP%& PP%&
       
PP'%0 PP'%0
PP%& PP%&
       
PP'%0 PP'%0
PP%& PP%&
       
PP'%0 PP'%0
PP%& PP%&
       
PP'%0 PP'%0
PP%& PP%&
       
PP'%0 PP'%0
PP%& PP%&
       
PP'%0 PP'%0
PP%& PP%&
       
PP'%0 PP'%0

4.2. Cold recycling

,WZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHELWXPLQRXVOD\HUWKLFNQHVVRIH[LVWLQJSDYHPHQWDWVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHVWKDWZHUHGLVWUHVVHG
H[FHVVLYHO\ ZDV DYHUDJHO\  PP ,W ZDV GHFLGHG WR UHSODFH PP WKLFNQHVV RI ELWXPLQRXV OD\HU RI H[LVWLQJ
SDYHPHQWE\PPRIFROGLQVLWXUHF\FOHOD\HUPPIUHVKELWXPLQRXVFRQFUHWHOD\HUDVZHDULQJFRXUVH$IWHU
FRQGXFWLQJ QXPEHU RI WULDO ZLWK YDU\LQJ EOHQGLQJ SURSRUWLRQV RI 5$3 PP YLUJLQ DJJUHJDWH  &HPHQW WKH
EOHQGLQJDVVKRZQEHORZIDOOVZLWKLQWKHVSHFLILHGOLPLWVDQGZDVDGRSWHG





366 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368

7DEOH&ROGPL[PDWHULDOEOHQGLQJ
,6VLHYHPP           
5$3           
3DVVLQJ PP           
&HPHQW           
%OHQGLQJ
5$3PP           
23&
0LGOLPLW           
/RZHUOLPLW           
8SSHUOLPLW           

2Q ILQDOL]LQJ WKH FROG PL[ ZLWK EOHQGLQJ SURSRUWLRQ RI  5$3  PP YLUJLQ DJJUHJDWH   2UGLQDU\
3RUWODQG&HPHQW23&WKHPRGLILHGSURFWRUWHVWZDVFRQGXFWHGDVSHU,63DUWWRGHWHUPLQH0D[LPXP'U\
'HQVLW\ 0'' LQ JPFF DQG 2SWLPXP 0RLVWXUH &RQWHQW 20& LQ SHUFHQWDJH 2Q DFKLHYLQJ 0'' DQG 20&
IRDPHGELWXPHQPL[VDPSOHVZHUHSUHSDUHGE\PL[LQJEOHQGHGPL[ZLWKIRDPELWXPHQ9*ELWXPHQZDVXVHG
IRUSUHSDULQJIRDPELWXPHQZLWKSURSRUWLRQRIELWXPHQZDWHU IRDPLQJDJHQW&RPSUHVVHG$LU7KH
IRDP ELWXPHQ SURSHUWLHV ZHUH YHULILHG SULRU WR FROG PL[ SUHSDUDWLRQ 7RWDO  QXPEHUV RI IRDP ELWXPHQ PL[
VDPSOHV ZHUH SUHSDUHG ZLWK  VDPSOHV IRU HDFK SHUFHQWDJH RI   DQG  RI IRDP ELWXPHQ 7KH )RDP
ELWXPHQPL[VDPSOHRIPPGLDZDVSUHSDUHGDGRSWLQJ0DUVKDOO0HWKRG2XWRIIRDPELWXPHQPL[VDPSOHV
SUHSDUHGVDPSOHVZHUHWHVWHGIRU,76GU\FRQGLWLRQDQGUHPDLQLQJVDPSOHVIRU,76ZHWFRQGLWLRQ7KH,QGLUHFW
7HQVLOH 6WUHQJWK ,76 7HVW LV FRQGXFWHG DV SHU $670 '  ±  WR GHWHUPLQH 2SWLPXP %LWXPHQ &RQWHQW
2%&WREHDGRSWHG7KHREWDLQHGUHVXOWVIRUIRDPELWXPHQDVZHOOPRGLILHGSURFWRUDQG,QGLUHFW7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK
,76RQFROGUHF\FOHPL[DUHSUHVHQWHGEHORZ

7DEOH7HVWUHVXOWVIRU5HFODLPHG$VSKDOW3DYHPHQW5$3PDWHULDODQGYLUJLQPPDJJUHJDWH
5HFODLPHG$VSKDOW3DYHPHQW0DWHULDO5$3  9LUJLQPP$JJUHJDWH
3DUDPHWHUV 5HVXOWV  3DUDPHWHUV 5HVXOWV
8QLWZHLJKWJPFF   %XONVSHFLILFJUDYLW\2YHQGU\ 
2SWLPXPPRLVWXUHFRQWHQW   %XONVSHFLILFJUDYLW\66' 
&DOLIRUQLDEHDULQJUDWLR   :DWHUDEVRUSWLRQ 
$JJUHJDWHLPSDFWYDOXH   $JJUHJDWHLPSDFWYDOXH 
$JJUHJDWHDEUDVLRQYDOXH   $JJUHJDWHDEUDVLRQYDOXH 

7DEOH7HVWUHVXOWVIRUIRDPHGELWXPHQIRUDJJUHJDWHWHPSHUDWXUHRI&
3DUDPHWHUV 5HVXOWV
([SDQVLRQ5DWLR(57LPHV 
+DOI/LIHò6HFV 

7DEOH7HVWUHVXOWVIRUPRGLILHGSURFWRU ,76
0D[LPXPGU\ 2SWLPXPPRLVWXUH 
 
GHQVLW\JFF FRQWHQW
6XPPDU\IRU,QGLUHFW7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK7HVW,76
7HQVLOH
$YHUDJH $YHUDJH
%LWXPHQFRQWHQW 6WUHQJWK5DWLR
,76'U\ ,76:HW
 765
N3D N3D

   

   


   
)LJ *UDSKIRU2%&


 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368 367

)URPWKHDERYHUHVXOWVRI,76DQG765DVZHOOJUDSKSORWWHGIRU,76GU\DQG,76ZHWDJDLQVWIRDPELWXPHQLWZDV
REVHUYHG WKDW WKH DFKLHYHG UHVXOWV VDWLVILHV WKH UHTXLUHG FULWHULD IRU DOO WKUHH SHUFHQWDJH RI IRDP ELWXPHQ (YHQ
WKRXJKUHVXOWVZHUHVDWLVI\LQJDWIRDPELWXPHQEXWORRNLQJWRSHUFHQWDJHRIILQHUPDWHULDOLWZDVGHFLGHGWR
DGRSWIRDPELWXPHQIRUFROGUHF\FOHPL[WREHRQDVDIHUVLGH

&RQVWUXFWLRQPHWKRGRORJ\DGRSWHG

,WZDVGHFLGHGWRUHSODFHPPWKLFNH[LVWLQJELWXPLQRXVSDYHPHQWE\PPRILQVLWXFROGUHF\FOHGOD\HUDQG
PPELWXPLQRXVFRQFUHWHOD\HUDVZHDULQJFRXUVH7KHFROGUHF\FOHPL[FRQVLVWRI5$3PDWHULDOYLUJLQ
PPDJJUHJDWH23&IRDPELWXPHQ7KHWRSPPRIH[LVWLQJELWXPLQRXVSDYHPHQWZDVPLOOHGDQG
GLVFDUGHGWRFRPSHQVDWHPPWKLFNIUHVK%&OD\HUDQGPPWKLFNQHVVWRDFFRPPRGDWHDGGLWLRQDOYLUJLQ
DJJUHJDWH $IWHU PLOOLQJ  PP RI H[LVWLQJ ELWXPLQRXV SDYHPHQW  PP YLUJLQ DJJUHJDWH DQG  23& LQ
SURSRUWLRQZDVVSUHDGRQWKHPLOOHGVXUIDFH7KHUHPDLQLQJPPWKLFNH[LVWLQJELWXPLQRXVSDYHPHQWDORQJZLWK
OD\HU RI  PP YLUJLQ DJJUHJDWH DQG 23& ZDV SXOYHUL]HG ZLWK  IRDP ELWXPHQ DW LQ VLWX E\ :5  7KH
UHF\FOHG FROG PL[ ZDV WKHQ FRPSDFWHG XVLQJ KHDY\ FRPSDFWRU WR DFKLHYH UHTXLUHG GHQVLW\ )LQDOO\  PP %&
ZHDULQJFRXUVHZDVODLGRQWRSRIFROGUHF\FOHGVXUIDFH
   


)LJ3KRWRJUDSKRI&ROG5HF\FOH&RQVWUXFWLRQLQ3URJUHVV

,QYHVWLJDWLRQRQUHKDELOLWDWHGFROGUHF\FOHGVWUHWFK

$IWHUFROGUHF\FOLQJDWVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHVDQGDOORZLQJGU\LQJIRURQHGD\ILHOGGHQVLW\WHVWZDVFRQGXFWHGWRYHULI\
WKHFRPSDFWLRQ0RUHRYHUIHZUHSUHVHQWDWLYHFROGUHF\FOHFRUHVZHUHH[WUDFWHGIRU,76WHVWLQJ$OVR%%'WHVWLQJ
DQG URXJKQHVV VXUYH\ZHUH FRQGXFWHG RQ WKH VHOHFWHG VWUHWFKHV $VSODQQHG WKH VHWRI WHVWLQJZHUHFRQGXFWHG RQ
VHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHVEHIRUHPRQVRRQVHDVRQDQGDOVRDIWHUPRQVRRQVHDVRQ

7DEOH7HVWUHVXOWVIRUILHOGGHQVLW\ FRPSDFWLRQDFKLHYHG
/RFDWLRQ        
/&: /&: /&: /&: 5&: 5&: 5&: 5&:
)''JFF        
&RPSDFWLRQ
       
$FKLHYHG

7DEOH,76 765UHVXOWVRQFROGUHF\FOHGFRUHVSHFLPHQDIWHUFROGUHF\FOLQJ
       
/RFDWLRQ
/&: /&: /&: /&: 5&: 5&: 5&: 5&:
$YHUDJH,76'U\N3D        
$YHUDJH,76:HWN3D        
7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK5DWLR        







368 Hari Bhavsar et al. / Transportation Research Procedia 17 (2016) 359 – 368

7DEOH5RXJKQHVVYDOXHLQPP.PRQFROGUHF\FOHGVXUIDFHDWVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHV
&KDLQDJH /HIWFDUULDJHZD\  &KDLQDJH 5LJKWFDUULDJHZD\
LQ.P %HIRUH0RQVRRQ $IWHU0RQVRRQ  LQ.P %HIRUH0RQVRRQ $IWHU0RQVRRQ
6ORZ )DVW 6ORZ )DVW  6ORZ )DVW 6ORZ )DVW
)URP 7R )URP 7R
/DQH /DQH /DQH /DQH /DQH /DQH /DQH /DQH
            
            
            
            
            
            
            

7DEOH&KDUDFWHULVWLFGHIOHFWLRQLQPPRQFROGUHF\FOHGVXUIDFHDWVHOHFWHGVWUHWFKHV
/HIWFDUULDJHZD\  5LJKWFDUULDJHZD\
&KDLQDJH &KDUDFWHULVWLFGHIOHFWLRQ  &KDLQDJH &KDUDFWHULVWLFGHIOHFWLRQ
LQ.P LQPP LQ.P LQPP
%HIRUH $IWHU %HIRUH $IWHU
)URP 7R  )URP 7R
0RQVRRQ 0RQVRRQ 0RQVRRQ 0RQVRRQ
        
        
        
        
        
        
        

&RQFOXVLRQ

%DVHGRQDFKLHYHGWHVWUHVXOWVRIFROGUHF\FOHGZLWKIRDPELWXPHQIROORZLQJFRQFOXVLRQVFDQEHGUDZQ
x 2QDQDO\]LQJWKHURXJKQHVVVXUYH\DQGGHIOHFWLRQYDOXHEHWZHHQH[LVWLQJELWXPLQRXVVXUIDFHDQGFROGUHF\FOHG
VXUIDFHLWZDVREVHUYHGWKDWWKHUHZDVVLJQLILFDQWLPSURYHPHQW
x 0RUHRYHU URXJKQHVV VXUYH\ DQG GHIOHFWLRQ YDOXH RQ FROG UHF\FOHG VXUIDFH EHIRUH DQG DIWHU PRQVRRQ VHDVRQ
UHPDLQVDOPRVWQHDU
x 7KH,QGLUHFW7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK,76 7HQVLOH6WUHQJWK5DWLR765IRUFROGUHF\FOHPL[GXULQJPL[GHVLJQDQG
IRUFROGUHF\FOHFRUHVSHFLPHQDIWHUFROGUHF\FOLQJERWKVDWLVILHVWKHUHTXLUHGFULWHULD
x 7KHILHOGGHQVLW\ FRPSDFWLRQRIFROGUHF\FOHGVXUIDFHLVIRXQGVDWLVIDFWRU\
x )URPWKHODERUDWRU\DVZHOOILHOGHYDOXDWLRQRIUHF\FOHGSDYHPHQWXVLQJIRDPELWXPHQLWDSSHDUVWKDW&57LV
SURPLVLQJDOWHUQDWLYHIRUUHKDELOLWDWLRQRILQVHUYLFHSDYHPHQW
x /RRNLQJWRFRQVWUXFWLRQFRVWDQGWKHSUHVHQWSHUIRUPDQFHRI&57ZHH[SHFWRIVDYLQJDURXQGLQ\HDUV
RIF\FOHFRVW

5HIHUHQFHV

>@)HOLFH*LXOLDQL6LOYLD5DVWHOOL³$Q$QDO\WLFDO$SSURDFKWR(YDOXDWHWKH3HUIRUPDQFHRI&ROG5HF\FOHG$VSKDOW
0L[WXUH´
>@0$PDUDQDWKD5HGG\.6XGKDNDU5HGG\ %%3DQGH\³5HF\FOLQJRIDQ8UEDQ5RDGXVLQJ)RDP%LWXPHQ
$Q,QGLDQ([SHULHQFH´
>@ . .UDQWKL .XPDU 5 5DMDVKHNKDU 0 $PDUDQDWKD 5HGG\  %%3DQGH\ ³5HFODLPHG $VSKDOW 3DYHPHQW LQ
%LWXPLQRXV0L[HV´$SULO,QGLDQ+LJKZD\V
>@ .DPUDQ 0X]DIIDU .KDQ 0XPWD] $KPHG .DPDO )DL]DQ $OL 6KLUD] $KPHG  7DKLU 6XOWDQ 
³3HUIRUPDQFH&RPSDULVRQRI&ROGLQ3ODFH5HF\FOHGDQG&RQYHQWLRQDO+0$0L[HV´,265-0&(33
>@:LUWJHQ&ROG5HF\FOLQJ7HFKQRORJ\:LUWJHQ*PE+7KLUG(GLWLRQ*HUPDQ\
>@7HFKQLFDO*XLGHOLQH7*$VSKDOW$FDGHP\QG(GLWLRQ0D\3UHWRULD6RXWK$IULFD