IMPLEMENTATION OF R.A.

7277
(MAGNA CARTA FOR DISABLED PERSONS) IN BAYAMBANG

A THESIS PROPOSAL
Presented to the
Faculty of Public Administration Department
College of Arts, Science and Technology
Bayambang, Campus
Bayambang, Pangasinan

In Partial fulfillment
of the Requirements of the Degree
Bachelor in Public Administration

Jayrald D. Barte
Kevin B. Carreon
Rica Mae A. Calimlim
Mariella R. Manuel

MAY 2018
 CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM

Background of the Study

In civilized societies, persons with disability (PWDs) are able to live as

close to normal lives as possible, with affirmative action in terms of employment

and provisions for them in the form of ramps for wheelchairs, dedicated parking

slots, allocated seats in public transport, specific toilets, etc. These provisions are

rarely found in this neck of the woods, and even if available, are quickly

appropriated with no compunction by the able-bodied—a sad indictment of many

Filipinos as having no compelling idea of the realities confronting the PWDs

among them. It will take a while for Philippine society to fully recognize PWDs as

having not only the same rights and privileges as others but also special needs

that should not give rise to their being treated with condescension, contempt and

downright cruelty.

This is ironic considering that according to the 2010 Census of Population

and Housing (CPH 2010), there are 1.443 million disabled persons in the

Philippines, representing 1.57 percent of the total number of households

nationwide. This number is up from the 2000 figure of 935,551 PWDs, or 1.23

percent. Not only are PWDs an integral part of the nation, they also represent a

growing voice in our society—though that voice is often muffled, if heard at all.
 Discrimination is a fundamental factor in the exclusion of PWDs from the

mainstream. This, despite a law enacted in 1992: Republic Act No. 7277, also

known as the Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, which states that “the State

shall adopt policies ensuring the rehabilitation, self-development and self-reliance

of disabled persons. PWDs develop their skills and potentials to enable them to

compete favorably for available opportunities,” and that “disabled persons have

the same rights as other people to take their proper place in society.” RA 7277

was amended in 2007 by RA No. 9442, which bolsters the Magna Carta with

other privileges for PWDs.

Both the private and public sectors have been trying to carry out the ideals

of these laws. Local government units have offered incentives and programs for

PWDs, though these differ from city to city. The National Council on Disability

Affairs (NCDA), provided government lawyers exclusively for PWDs in danger of

being marginalized by the justice system in 2012. Additionally, the NCDA has

been training frontline government officials in dealing with the disabled. Private

industry has endeavored to provide PWDs with proper employment, and

nongovernment organizations like Tahanang Walang Hagdanan Inc. have

championed PWD-friendly projects such as the e-wheelchair and its own training

center for the disabled. Padaca and other NGOs such as Fully Abled Nation have

worked to make sure that PWDs can vote properly during elections.

Individually and collectively, certain Filipinos, PWDs among them, have

fought to overcome the stigma and stereotypes attached to the disabled. But

their vigorous efforts are clearly not enough to prevent PWDs from being
isolated, discriminated against, disenfranchised, or made the subjects of scorn

and crass humor.

The Philippines has certainly fallen behind much of the world when it

comes to giving the disabled the respect that they deserve. It is not even widely

known that December 3 of every year is the International Day of PWDs. In a

statement acknowledging that there are more than one billion PWDs on the

planet, United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon reminds us that, “We

must remove all barriers that affect the inclusion and participation of PWDs in

society through changing attitudes that fuel stigma and institutionalize

discrimination.”

Ignorance and bigotry being the way they are, a change in attitude toward

the disabled will not occur overnight. But we must pull together to begin to

achieve it.

Since the United Nations' Convention on the rights for disabled people

approved in 2006, the understanding of disability and supports for people with

disabilities worldwide have been changed and progressed sustainably. That

includes the changes in theoretical debates and welfare policy on disability to

encourage society to understand and treat people with disability as other citizens.

However, people with disabilities in Philippines still experienced the difficulties

and need further supports. This study looks the welfare initiatives and

implementations of the certain Act on supporting the people with disabilities in

order to articulate some of implicit values of welfare practices for people with

disabilities in these contexts and to make the experiences to each other.

 Recently disabled people are the most vulnerable and poor people in the

society compare to non-disabled persons. They experience discrimination,

disadvantages in their daily life due to bad attitude/beliefs toward them. People

with disability (PWD) have poorer health, lower education achievements, fewer

economic opportunities and higher rates of poverty than people without

disabilities (WHO 2011). Unlike in the past, nowadays in many countries, PWD

have specifically insurance policy systems such as health, education,

employment, etc. established by the government for the purpose of improving

their living standard.

Philippine Magna Carta for Persons with Disability (PWDs) provides that it

is the duty of the State to give full support to the improvement of the total

wellbeing of PWDs. The Philippine government recognizes disabilities as

deserving attention. This law, also known as the Magna Carta for Disabled

Persons and later renamed as the Magna Carta for Persons with Disability

(PWD) under RA 9442, is the landmark law for the rehabilitation of PWDs in the

Philippines. Though composed of a small sector in society, the law recognized

the problem that PWDs are regarded as unproductive, a liability, a source of

discomfort and a potential health hazard to other people. Given this, it is the duty

of the state to protect the rights and promote the welfare of PWDs in order to

make them productive and useful members of the society. Study describes the

implementation practices of the different government agencies in the Philippines

on the Magna Carta and how the stakeholders describe its benefits.
 We choose to conduct this study because of the reason of result of

disability the patient finds it increasingly difficult to carry on his day-to-day

activities including that of daily living. The activities of daily living refer to practical

skills needed to care for one’s basic survival needs and to function in the society.

There are several studies conducted to highlight this aspect with regard to the

chronically disabled in general and locomotor disability patients in particular.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine the implementation of R.A. 7277 also known

as Magna Carta for Person with Disability in the municipality of Bayambang.

Specifically, the study answered the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the PWD respondents in terms of the following?

1.1 age,

1.2 sex,

1.3 civil status,

1.4 highest educational attainment,

1.5 type of disability,

1.6 seminars and training attended,

1.7 monthly income, and

1.8 other sources of income?

2. What is the extent of implementation of Republic Act 7277 (Magna Carta for

Disabled Persons)?

3. What are the problems encountered by the PWD’s based on the type of

disability.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

This study will focus on determining the problems encountered by the

PWD’s as provided by the Republic Act 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled

Persons) based on the type of disability. An act providing for the rehabilitation,

self-development and self-reliance of disabled person and their integration.

This study includes the following rights and privileges of disabled persons

on the equal opportunity in employment, education, health, auxiliary social

services, telecommunications, and accessibility, political and civil rights.

The researchers will also look into the profile of these PWD in terms of age,

sex, civil status, highest educational attainment, type of disability, seminars and

trainings attended, religion, monthly income, and other sources of income.

Moreover, the study will also seek to determine the extent of implementation of

R.A. 7277 (Magna Carta for Disabled Persons) in the Municipality of Bayambang

Province of Pangasinan and the problems encountered by the PWD’s based on

the type of disability. The respondents of this study are the Registered PWDs

ages 14 and above, the number of the PWDs are provided by the DSWD of LGU

of Bayambang.
Significance of the Study

This study aims to determine the problems encountered in the operation of the

PWD’s will be perceived by the researchers to be beneficial not only to the

respondents but also to the following entities.

The Community. The findings of this study will also benefit the process to

those who come and go in the municipality and its various offices for their needs.

With problems identified offices, in the benefit from an improved system

accorded to them.

The Local Government Unit. The municipality can use the findings of this

study as a guide in uplifting its system especially those aspects found to be weak

and to improve those which need further improvement specially for the Act that is

tackle in this study.

The PWD’s Personnel. This study will be beneficial PWD’s to personnel

because it will provide them awareness of the different techniques and processes

for effective and efficient for the implementation of the said study.

Definition of Terms

For purposes of this Act, these terms are defined as follows:

Chronic Illness. A group of health conditions that last a long time. It may get

slowly worse over time or may become permanent or it may lead to death. It may

cause permanent change to the body and it will certainly affect the person’s

quality of life.

Communication Disability. An impairment in the process of speech, language

or hearing, further broken down into two types:

Disability. In this study Disability means (1) a physical or mental impairment that

substantially limits one or more psychological, physiological or anatomical

function of an individual or activities of such individual; (2) a record of such an

impairment; or (3) being regarded as having such an impairment;

Disabled Persons. In this study disabled person are those suffering from

restriction of different abilities, as a result of a mental, physical or sensory

impairment, to perform an activity in the manner or within the range considered

normal for a human being.

Handicap. In this study handicap refers to a disadvantage for a given individual

resulting from an impairment or a disability, that limits or prevents the functions or

activity, that is considered normal given the age and sex of the individual;

Impairment. In this study Impairment defines as the diminution or aberration of

psychological, physiological, or anatomical structure of function.

Learning Disability. Any disorder in one or more of the basic psychological

processes (perception, comprehension, thinking, etc.) involved in understanding

or in using spoken or written language.

Mental Disability. This type of disability resulting from organic brain syndrome

(i.e., mental retardation, acquired lesions of the central nervous system, or

dementia) and/or mental illness (psychotic or non-psychotic disorder).

Orthopedic Disability. Any disability in the normal functioning of the joints,

muscles or limbs.

Psychosocial Disability. Any acquired behavioral, cognitive, emotional, social

impairment that limits one or more activities necessary for effective interpersonal

transactions and other civilizing process or activities for daily living, such as but

not limited to deviancy or anti-social behavior.

Seven Types of Disabilities mentioned in RA No. 7277 (defined in Department

of Health A.O. No.2009-0011)

Visual Disability. This type of disability is an impairment of visual functioning

even after treatment and/or standard refractive correction, with visual acuity in

the better eye of less than 6/18 for low vision and 3/60 for blind, or a visual field

of less than 10 degrees from the point of fixation. A certain level of visual

impairment is defined as legal blindness. One is legally blind when the best

corrected central visual acuity in the better eye is 6/60 or worse or side vision of

20 degrees or less in the better eye.

(a) Hearing Impairment is a total or partial loss of hearing function which impede

the communication process essential to language, educational, social and/or

cultural interaction; and

(b) Speech and Language Impairment means one or more speech/language

disorders of voice, articulation, rhythm and/or the receptive or and expressive

processes of language.

PWDs can further be classified as a Qualified Person with Disability,

which includes an individual with disability who, with reasonable

accommodations, can perform the essential functions of employment position

that such individual holds or desires.

For accreditation purposes, PWDs with non-obvious disabilities such as

psychosocial, learning, mental/intellectual, visual and hearing disabilities should

secure a certification from the Department of Health through its regional

hospitals, medical centers, and specialty hospitals attesting to the individual’s

impairment.

Who are the persons with disability?

The seven types of disabilities mentioned in RA No. 7277 are psychosocial

disability, disability due to chronic illness, learning disability, mental disability,

visual disability, orthopedic disability, and communication disability. They are

defined in Department of Health A.O. No.2009-0011 as follows:

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW FOR RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

REVIEW FOR RELATED LITERATURE

"Disability is a matter of perception. If you can do just one thing well, you're

needed by someone."

- Martina Navratilova

Review of the previous research will yield clues to the techniques of

research. The researcher would hope to gain help in deciding how to do his/her

own project by seeing how others have studied in the area and the success they

have achieved with different research approaches, methods and techniques. The

summary of related literature promotes and understanding of the problem and

avoids unnecessary duplication. It helps the researcher to make a chance to gain

an insight into methods, measures, subjects and approaches employed by other

research work which in turn will lead to significant improvements of his/her own

research design (Fox, 1969).

The Review of related literature is essential for the successful completion

of our research. A careful review of literature is one of the major stages or steps

in this research study. We the researcher must try to become familiar with our

problem by going through the studies. It helps us to lay a sound foundation for

our investigation. Though, it is time consuming, it is a fruitful phase as it helps us

to find out what is already known or hidden.

 Disability literally refers to some kind of restriction or lack of ability to

perform an activity in the manner considered normal for a person in human

society. As a result of disability the patient finds it increasingly difficult to carry on

his day-to-day activities including that of daily living. The activities of daily living

refer to practical skills needed to care for one’s basic survival needs and to

function in the society. There are several studies conducted to highlight this

aspect with regard to the chronically disabled in general and locomotor disability

patients in particular. Some of the studies are discussed below.

In this chapter we the investigator has attempted to note down some

points which are relevant to the study on previous literature and a theoretical

overview of the study.

Local Literatures

Physical environment

The physical environment plays a key role in motivating the PWDs to

participate in the community and in the society in general. The PWDs’ and their

families’ perception of safety 20 for their PWD members relies heavily on the

condition of the surrounding built and natural environment. In the rural localities,

the common problem of PWDs is the difficulty of going through narrow,

inaccessible paths that are muddy and slippery during rainy season. There are
no roads in remote areas, only foot trails. One can only imagine the struggle a

PWD has to go through before he/she can go out to town.

Attanasio (2015), stressed that many developing economies have

experienced fast increases in growth have also experienced increases in human

capital. The same author discussed that many children in developing countries

are at risk of not developing their full potential. These children are particularly

vulnerable because of high incidence and burden of infectious diseases, under

nutrition in the prenatal period and early childhood micronutrient deficiency, lack

of clean water and limited hygiene and other psychological factors. The damage

inflicted is likely to be permanent and delays accumulated in the early years will

be difficult if not impossible to fill. With these challenges faced by many families

and policymakers in developing economies, analysis of determinants of school

participation among children are major concern for policymakers.

Some works have identified issues concerning the disabled within the

context of poverty reduction.ii Using the same dataset as the one used in this

paper, Mori, Reyes and Yamagata (2009) estimated the returns to schooling of

persons with disability in urban Philippines. They found out that returns to

education for women PWDs are significantly lower than those for the men.

One of the most important forms of capital investment in any country is

education. Unfortunately, not all children will have a chance to go to school. The

right to education is one of the most important rights in international human rights

law. Education works as a multiplier since it in turn enables people to exercise

other human rights. It enhances both economic, social, civil, political and cultural

rights. To be educated improves one’s self-esteem and facilitates social mobility.

It is therefore essential for every human being (De Beco, 2014).

Social norms and perception

There are PWDs who are less motivated to go out of their comfort zone

because their families are protective of them. Being protective is a manifestation

of the Filipino culture of close family ties. In this culture of family-centeredness, it

is the duty of every member without disability to take care of their family member

with disability (De Torres, 2002).

Arcadio (1997) who reported that a family with a young member that has

a disability even modifies its lifestyle and prioritizes the needs of that member

A according to Filmer (2008) argued that low educational outcomes have

stronger correlation with having a disability.

The WHO noted that PWD children aged 6-17 are generally less likely to

be in school and, if in school, tend to have lower probability of getting completed

than non-PWD children. Progression rates to higher educational levels were also

found to be lower among PWD children (WHO, 2011, p. 207).

In the Philippines, women and children with disabilities were found to have

lower literacy and school participation rates, and generally have lower

educational attainment, than male PWDs and non-disabled children, respectively

(Reyes, 2015). * This paper will be part of an upcoming Person with Disability
(PWD) book. 1 Supervising Research Specialist and former Supervising

Research Specialist, Philippine Institute for Development Studies (PIDS). The

usual disclaimer applies.

Draft report as of December 2017 Moreover, a significant proportion of

Filipino children with disabilities were not able to go to school either because of

financial challenges faced by households or lack of access to educational

facilities (i.e., SPED centers and qualified teachers) (Mori et al., 2015).

School buildings, roads and transport system in the Philippines are

generally not PWD-friendly, especially for mobility-impaired (Reyes, 2015).

Meanwhile, legislation and policies have not been considered as bottlenecks in

the Philippine setting.

Laws and policies in the Philippines have already been put in place such

as the Magna Carta for PWDs, RA 10070 (an act that establishes mechanism for

the implementation of various programs and services for PWDs in every

province, city and LGU), Batas Pambansa 344 (an act enhancing mobility of

PWDs), and Plan of Action for the Decade of PWDs for 2003-2012, among

others. The problems usually stem from the implementation of these policies and

lack of awareness among PWDs and their families about various government

support mechanisms such as special education programs for disabled children,

trainings, and employment programs.

 Foreign Literatures

Disability being represented as a disease, regarded as an object, put into

a category and particularized, are some of the fundamental characteristics of the

Biomedical Model, which rely on methods for diagnosing and systematic

grouping employed by the health occupations. Organizations such as the

American Psychiatric Association (2012), and the World Health Organization

(1980, 2001a), as well as several academicians, have expressed their support of

the model. Additionally, when compared with evaluations of other models, the

health occupations’ methods for diagnosing are thought to be the most impartial,

regulated, trustworthy and unbiased from the moral perspective

Even so, two objections have come against the Model. Number one, as

the age of community members increases, so does the number of individuals

with impairments. The adjustment on the part of society that this implies

becomes more difficult. Number two has to do with the conceptualization of the

Model. Committed experts who work in charities and rehabilitation institutions in

particular, find the Model’s ideas not easy to grasp (UNFPA, 2012). However,

such mental outlook calls for a change of attitude on the part of these experts.

Their function shouldn’t be pure cure-or-care-oriented. Their role should rather be

that of assisting individuals with disabilities to take charge of their lives.

 The way in which previous models had affected the lives of people with

impairments was the causal factor for the disabled community to mobilize and to

formulate the Social Model. At the time, the social order was the causal agent of

disability, the Social Model maintains. Neither a particular person with disabilities,

nor the repercussion of his/her limiting condition, which might be unavoidable,

can be attributed to being the basis for disability to exist. Obstacles that are

institutional and physical in nature, and marked by a characteristic behavior, not

only have resulted in discrimination in current society, but have also played a

major role in the emergence of disability. Both the conception and the way to deal

with societal organization need to undergo a transformation, for discrimination to

be eradicated (Corker and Shakespeare, 2002)

Bagilhole (1997), and Chadwick,(1996) are of opinion that the minimal

stance taken by the Government of United Kingdom may encourage the

employers to sideline the aspirations and achievements of women with

disabilities regarding qualifications and employment.

According to Helandar, (1995) in many developing countries, particularly

lower income countries, publicly funded programs, and even those funded largely

by employers, are not an option for those outside the formal labor market.

Disabled people in agrarian societies and urban dwellers in the informal sector

have to rely on themselves, or be financially dependent on their families and

communities. Rehabilitation and other services provided by the state are often

inaccessible. Services provided by volunteer organizations tend to be small

single sector projects, e.g. support to a school for blind children, etc.
 World Bank reported (2007) that in India, disability is associated with lower

socio-economic status. Survey data from villages in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil

Nadu in 2005 showed a clear decline in the proportion of people with disabilities

of all severity as the wealth of households rises and a similar pattern can be seen

where the measure of disability is by community identification of whether or not a

household has a disabled member (World Bank Report 2007).

Sethi (1981) quoted that a physical handicap may in some situations act

as a stimulus and a challenge and call forth all the resources of personalities.

However, it may be compensated for in other less desirable ways. The

dissatisfaction arising from one’s personal defects may be lessened by adopting

various defense mechanisms, such as by disparaging the particular goal one

cannot reach or the activity in which one is inferior or by decrying the merits of

the others and the like.

Tate, Denise Galiuf, and Nancy Hanlan Weston (1982) the evidence of

little importance being attributed to the topic of women with disabilities is

reflected in the lack of available literature, studies, and documentation. Very little

is known about the extent to which rehabilitation literature disability affects

women differently than men, thus leaving open the question as to what different

types of rehabilitation services might be needed. Most medical and vocational

studies focus on men because they are the ones who are expected to return to

“gainful employment.” It is most important co monitor the changes in the types

and frequency of disabilities that may affect women as their roles expand to

include gainful employment for long periods of their lives. In discussing the
problems of equalizing the availability of services to women with and without

disabilities, Noble states that the Social Security System in the United States

allows for legal inequality.

Men qualifying for benefits generally have longer tenure in the work force

and higher wages than women. Consequently, men are entitled to higher level of

benefits. Consequently, it takes the taxes on the lower wages of many women to

pay for the generally higher benefits of each man who retires or leaves the work

force prematurely due to ill health or disability. From a strictly economic

viewpoint, it is less costly to hire women for jobs currently offered to men since

women may accept lower wages and are entitled to lower levels of benefits.

There are many approaches that can be taken with respect to providing

women with job opportunities in traditional male areas. Whether these

approaches seriously prevent attempts for equal participation and for upgrading

women’s status in society is a difficult question. From a sociological viewpoint,

efforts to socially integrate any minority group, female or disabled, should

concentrate on developing a better understanding, through documentation, of

these persons. As a more complete and systematic picture of women with

disabilities is yielded, the appropriate economic strategies to respond to both

individual and societal needs can also be determined.

Several barriers were identified throughout this article that preclude

women from equal opportunity in employment, education, health, and

rehabilitation services and 82 benefits. In essence, these barriers relate directly

co each country’s values, cultural patterns, and attitudes toward women and

disability.

The conceptualization of women’s role as one of reproduction and

continuation of the human species is inherent in all societies. Unfortunately, in

the process of enhancing this function, women have been short-changed. Their

status, in most cases, is severely limited and neglected. Furthermore, a women

with a disabling condition is also the object of society’s negative attitudes and

stereotyped values toward disability. Although this dual discriminatory trend is

quite common in most countries, there are differences in how countries continue

to perceive and expand their views of the potential role of women with and

without disabilities in society.

In general, women play a very important role in the prevention and the

treatment of disabling conditions in most societies. The low status of women is

not only detrimental to women themselves, but also to the human community.

Society cannot continue to disregard the role, tasks, and services performed by

women up-n which the well-being of the human community so heavily depends.

REVIEW FOR RELATED STUDY

LOCAL STUDY

In the Philippines, women and children with disabilities were found to have

lower literacy and school participation rates, and generally have lower
educational attainment, than male PWDs and non-disabled children. This paper

is part of the joint project of the Philippine Institute for Development Studies

(PIDS) and the Institute of Developing Economies looked into the school

participation of children with disability in Mandaue City and San Remigio, Cebu,

Philippines. Using survey data (collected involving PWD enumerators) and key

informant interviews with various stakeholders, the study found that school

participation among PWD children is generally low in both study sites. Possible

reasons for low school participation are: type and severity of impairment,

distance of school (especially in rural area, San Remigio), household size and

income. Some recommendations include making sure that assistive devices

given to PWDs children match their needs, possible learning livelihood and basic

health care modules/trainings for parents, explore ways to train more teachers

(including the Alternative Learning System) to handle children with disabilities

and possible LGU partnerships to provide venues for the ALS. Lastly, pushing for

more awareness to make schools not just “child friendly” but also “PWD friendly”.

The study “Rapid assessment of disability in the Philippines:

understanding prevalence, well-being, and access to the community for people

with disabilities to inform the W-DARE project by Background: International

recognition that people with disabilities were excluded from the Millennium

Development Goals has led to better inclusion of people with disabilities in the

recently agreed Global Goals for Sustainable Development (SDGs) 2015–2030.

Given the current global agenda for disability inclusion, it is crucial to increase

the understanding of the situation of people with disabilities in the Philippines.

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of disability and compare

the well-being and access to the community between people with and without

disabilities.

Methods: A population-based survey was undertaken in District 2 of

Quezon City and in Ligao City. 60 clusters of 50 people aged 18 years and older

were selected with probability proportion to size sampling from both locations.

The Rapid Assessment of Disability (RAD) survey was used to identify people

with disabilities based on their responses to activity limitations. The levels of well-

being and access to the community for people with disabilities were compared

with controls matched by age, gender, and cluster. Information on barriers to

accessing the community was also collected. Results: The prevalence of

disability was 6.8 (95 % CI: 5.9, 7.9) and 13.6 % (95 % CI: 11.4, 16.2) in Quezon

City and Ligao City respectively. Psychological distress was the most commonly

reported condition in both locations, although it was often reported with a co-

morbid condition related to sensory, physical, cognitive, and communication

difficulties. The prevalence of disability was associated with age and no

schooling, but not associated with poverty. People with disabilities had

significantly lower well-being scores and reduced access to health services,

work, rehabilitation, education, government social welfare, and disaster

management than people without disability. Having a disability and negative

family attitudes were reported as barriers for people with disabilities participating

in work, community meetings, religious activities, and social activities.

Conclusions: The prevalence of disability among adults in District 2 of Quezon

City and in Ligao City is higher than the estimated national prevalence of

disability derived from the 2010 Philippines census. Disability is also associated

with lower well-being and reduced participation across a number of domains of

community life. Marella et al, (population health metrics 2016)

FOREIGN STUDY

A study conducted by (Emily, et.al 2002) demonstrated culturally

appropriate form independent group living to have a beneficial impact on the

women’s levels of sociability and their confidence to venture out in public or to

social functions. Living among other women with disabilities and in non-

judgmental environment helped in raising self-esteem and in developing social

skills. All of the women who resided in the group house felt accepted, sociable,
and confident to venture. Together, confidence in their abilities was strengthened

and they could carry out their business with mutual support. Thus independent

and group living helps in Social Development (increased sociability, public

confidence and the ability to support) and personal Development (improved self-

image, independence and professional motivation). Within gender, widowhood

represents another disadvantage.

Joy Adamson, Andy Beswick, and Shah Ebrahim (2004) showed that it

is widely stated that stroke is the most common cause of severe disability. They

aimed to examine whether this claim is supported by any evidence. Methods:

they conducted secondary analysis of the Office of the National Statistics 1996

Survey of Disability, United Kingdom. 58 This was a multistage stratified random

sample of 8683 non institutionalized individuals aged between 16 and 101 years,

mean 62 years, response rate 83% (n=8816). The outcome used was the Office

of Population Censuses and Surveys severity scale for disability. Odds ratios and

population-attributable fractions were calculated to examine the associations

between diagnoses and disability. Results: Logistic regression modeling

suggests that, after adjustment for co morbidity and age, those with stroke had

the highest odds of reporting severe overall disability (odds ratio 4.88, 95%

confidence interval [CI] 3.37-6.10). Stroke was also associated with more

individuals domains of disability than any of the other conditions considered.

Adjusted population-attributable fractions were also calculated and indicated that

musculoskeletal disorders had the highest population attributable fraction

(30.3%, 95% CI 26.2-34.1) followed by mental disorders (8.2%, 95% CI 6.9-9.5)

and stroke (4.5%, 95% CI 3.6-5.3). Conclusion: Stroke is not the most common

cause of disability among the non-institutionalized United Kingdom population.

However, stroke is associated with the highest odds of reporting severe disability.

Importantly, stroke is associated with more individual domains of disability

compared with other conditions and might be considered to be the most common

cause of complex disability.

The result of Mattson’s (1994) study on Disabled student’s experience of

dependence and autonomy in integrated/segregated environments revealed that

student with motor handicaps, their choice of upper secondary school and how

they looked upon their educational and social situation in school. The studies

were accomplished by questionnaires and interviews and were made as a

comparison of disabled and control students. The students with disabilities all

expressed disappointment concerning the possibilities of making their own

decisions (being autonomous). The study claimed that the students with

disabilities were subjected to a sort of passivity from the general environment. In

an upper secondary school with special resources, they were taken care of by

professional ‘helpers’ and in the general upper secondary school the school

influence did not differ much from that experienced by the control group.

According to social cognitive theory, “Social problem solving refers to the

cognitive behavioral process by which people identify effective strategies of

coping with problematic situations encountered in daily living (Zurilla, 1986)

 A study conducted by The Social Services Department in Newcastle

(1999) upon Tyne recently made a detailed survey of a sample of chronically sick

and disabled persons living within the city. Arthritis and related rheumatic

conditions were reported by 163 individuals, 39% of the total sample, and in 120

(28%) these disorders were the major cause of disability. A special study is being

made to assess the medical care needs of these persons with disorders of the

bones and organs of movement, and this preliminary report is based on the first

78 individuals seen, 23 of whom were male and 55 female. They were

predominantly elderly (mean age 69) and many lived alone. One in 6 was single

and 1 in 2 widowed (though only 1 in 4 of males were widowed). Almost one third

were unable to attract attention in an emergency. Stairs within or at the entrance

to the home caused difficulty for about half the respondents. The principal limiting

disability was located in the knees in half, and elsewhere in the legs in a further

quarter. In almost three-quarters the main pathology was osteoarthrosis. Other,

non-locomotor, disabilities were present in addition in two-thirds, and multiple

pathology was not uncommon. The outlook for three-fifths was deterioration,

though improvement could be expected in 8%. It was considered that special

treatment in the past, if available, would have been unlikely to have made much

difference to more than half the respondents, but one fifth could have benefited

from surgery. In contrast, present specialist needs were thought to be

considerable, although the biggest call was for out-patient rather than inpatient

treatment. The need for other remedial assistance and for aids, appliances, and

adaptations was even more marked, and the resource implications of these
assessments are challenging. The biggest practical problems in life around the

house were in cutting toenails, doing housework, having a bath or all over wash,

getting out of the house, and coping with stairs, and for the three former of these

at least a fifth of the respondents were dependent on other people. In sampling

the respondent’s attitudes, it was striking that although 70% claimed that nothing

had been done to help them, the majority had not asked their family doctor for

help, even though more than half considered that something could have been

done.

Data from a 1990 survey in the United States showed that the proportion

of families with a member with a disability was 29.2%, when the proportion of

individuals with a disability was 13.7%. Individuals living alone were more likely

to be limited in 62 activity (27% of those living alone) than those living with others

(12.2%) A large part, but not all, of this difference was accounted for by age—the

average age of people living alone was 53 years, compared to 32.5 for those

living with others. Adults living with a partner have the lowest rates of activity

limitation in all age intervals, regardless of the severity of disability.

Welbourn (1991), a study found in “the wealth ranking exercise results did

not suggest that local people consider disabled people to be poorer” and

concluded that, provided that adequate support networks and labor contacts

were important in preventing disability from resulting in poverty.

Bleck (1991) has studied the mobility of disabled persons in seven

villages near the city of Bangalore. The objective of the study was to determine
the influence of medical and environmental factors on muscle-skeletal disabilities

leading to handicaps in mobility. The prevelance of musculo-skeletal disabilities

was 0.4% in villages studied. Fifty one disabled persons below 50 years were

identified. This population was compared with the urban population of Bangalore

and one significant finding was that the disabled people in rural areas had better

mobility compared with their counterparts in urban areas. This was due to the

absence of environmental barriers in rural areas. Moreover, acceptance of the

disabled in the rural community than urban areas provided more employment

opportunities. The author suggests that corrective surgery and use of aids and

appliances can qualitatively improve the functioning of the disabled so that their

activities of daily living may be carried out without much difficulty.

Baquer, (1997), while reviewing the programmes and policy of the

Government of India and State Government in respect of women with disabilities,

has criticized the manner of functioning of the State Government. Many State

Government have not appointed the Commissioner on full time to address the

problems of people with disabilities.

Bruyer, (2000), has strongly advocated that women with disabilities

should take up their rights to approach the appropriate authorities to do the

needful. He emphasizes that independent development and integration of women

with disabilities in the mainstream of development for which they themselves

should come forward to establish their rights.

 Deenadayalan (1990) has examined the impact of regular employment

activities on the building up of morale and self-esteem of orthopedically disabled

persons. The case study was carried out in Titan watches, Tamilnadu, and the

following findings were significant. When a employee with serious physical

disability was compared with the employee who was not disabled, the production

was the same on both cases. The job stability for the handicapped was greater, if

they were placed properly. However, special work arrangements needed to be

extended for disabled persons such as raised markers on doorways, lowered

work benches or wide doorways for facilitating their physical 66 functioning and

these alternatives could not be considered as unreasonable financial

considerations.

Egan and Warrant (1992) has conducted a study of the activities of daily

living of the patients who were in bed after hip fracture. Thirteen men and forty

eight women ranging between the age group of 65 to 92 years were studied.

These patients were subjected to Activities of Daily Living assessments during

three days before discharge. The same was repeated after three weeks of

discharge. The concordance between pre- discharge and post discharge

activities of daily life scores were low, but statistically significant. Thirty one

patients demonstrated greater dependence after discharge and fourteen patients

demonstrated less dependence. The performance of more dependent activities

of daily living (ADL) at home was not related to role loss or depression.

Aronson and Pemuda (1990) conducted a study on the relationship

between orthopedic disability and perceived social support. They tested the way
in which the orthopedic disability affects social support by using path analysis.

Hundred patients with mild orthopedic disability were selected for the study.

Hypotheses were offered concerning the effect of vulnerability, uncertainty,

personality and social resources on perceived social support. Patients were

administered measures of social support, severity of disability, conspicuousness,

sense of impediment, anxiety and social status. Among the patients, an older

patient whose disability was not conspicuous and who suffered high anxiety,

experienced least support while a younger non-anxious patient whose disability

was clearly visible, experienced most support. The patient’s personality was

more important in terms of perceived social support than was the actual disability

and the uncertainty of an encounter between an able-bodied and disabled person

contributed to the perception of less social support by the patient.

Elliot, et.al., (1992) conducted a study on negotiating reality after

physical loss. The utility of different reality negotiation strategies among 57

persons who had traumatically acquired severe physical disabilities was

examined. It was predicted that a sense of goal directed determination would

predict lower depression and psychosocial impairment scores, soon after injury.

To meet the demands of rehabilitation and social integration, however, it was

hypothesized that a sense of ability to final ways to meet 67 goals (pathways)

would predict lower depression and psychosocial impairment among persons

who had been disabled for a longer period. The expected interaction was

significant in the prediction of psychosocial impairment but not of depression.

The sense of pathways was predictive of impairment and depression regardless

of the time since injury. The results suggested that in the reality negotiation

process, the different components of hope had salient effects on perception of

ability to function in social capacities.

Elliot strongly stressed the use of external aids and appliances for the

chronically disabled and its role in carrying out their day-to-day activities

comfortably. Feasibility, simplicity, acceptability, interchangeability, portability,

affordability, durability and serviceability are the essential criteria that must be

kept in mind while fabricating such aids and appliances for the disabled.

According to the author, these aids and appliances should serve specific

purposes including aids for personal care, aids for household work, aids for

transportation, aids for communication, aids for learning and aids for leisure time

activities.

Gathwala G. and Gupta S. (2004) studied on “Family burden in mentally

handicapped children” and concluded that Sixty percent of families were severely

burdened in relation to the item “Effect on the physical health of other family

members” and concluded that physical / psychological illness and members of

the family becoming depressed and weepy. Forty-five percent of families felt

severely burdened regarding family interaction and had almost ceased to interact

with friends and neighbors. Forty percent had family leisure severely affected and

they had stopped normal reaction and had frequently abandoned planned leisure

with the affected child using up most of their holiday and spare time. Thirty-five

percent of cases had their family routine severely affected, leading to neglect of

rest of the family. Only twenty-five percent of families felt were severely burdened
financially. Twenty percent had postponed planned activity due to financial

constraints.

Among the different types of disabilities, the prevalence of locomotor

disability is highest in the country. Quality of life and disability limitation is affected

by the 68 availability and utility of rehabilitative services. Thus knowledge of the

treatment seeking behaviour will help in implementing successful intervention

programmes.

Govindarajan. P.K., Ethirajan. N., and Felix John William (2012) study

on locomotor disability in rural population in Tamil Nadu. The Study found that the

locomotor disability was 129 out of 6550 population in the sub-centre which was

around 1-9 percent. The study showed that the locomotor disability was more as

the age advances. The locomotor disability among male were 22/1000and

female were 16/1000. The causes of locomotor disability were due to acquired

causes (78.3%) and congenital causes (21.7%). Nearly 58% of persons with

locomotor disability were without any occupation and 20% were without any

occupation and 20% were doing unskilled labour.54% reported absence of any

source of income. 53% of the persons were married and nearly 35% of the

persons were widow and widower.

The most of the locomotor disability can be prevented by avoiding trauma

particularly accident.

Ghai and Sen (1987) in a study concluded that the four groups the deaf,

the blind, the orthopedically impaired and normal males; were significantly
different in the context of deprivation, the blind being the most deprived followed

by the deaf, the orthopedically impaired and the normal subjects, in that order.

The four groups also differed significantly in the context of self-esteem, the

disabled group showing relatively more negative selves as compared to the

normal.

Ghai and Lttyerah (1980) did a comparative study of the personality

patterns, life satisfaction and problem patterns of Orthopedically impaired and

normal male adults; and found that the handicapped were less independent, less

well adjusted, but more satisfied than the able-bodied normal. They were also

found to have confronted with significantly higher number of problems in the

domains of home and psychological and social adjustments.

SYNTHESIS OF THE REVIEWED RELATED STUDIES AND THE PRESENT

STUDIES

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
 The profile of the PWD respondents in terms
of the following:
a. age,
b. sex,
c. civil status,
d. highest educational attainment,
e. type of disability,
f. seminars and training attended,
g. monthly income, and
h. other sources of income?

THE RESEARCH PARADIGM

Extent of Implementation of Problems encountered by the

Republic Act 7277, “Magna PWD’s based on the type of
Carta for Disabled Person” disability.
1. Not implemented a. Psychosocial Disability
2. Slightly implemented b. Chronic Illness
3. Somewhat implemented c. Learning Disability
4. Moderately implemented d. Mental Disability
5. Highly implemented e. Visual Disability
f. Orthopedic Disability
g. Communication
Disability
 IMPLEMENTATION OF R.A.7277
“MAGNA CARTA FOR DISABLED PERSONS” IN THE
MUNICIPALITY OF BAYAMBANG

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methods and procedures that were applied in

the gathering and treating data. It describes the research design, the instrument

that was used the respondents and how they were chosen.

Research Design

The researchers used a case study method for the qualitative analysis of

the gathering data that will be needed in the study. It was used by the

researchers for the purpose of having a deeper analysis of the study through

thorough examination of the respondents

Subjects of the Study

 This research which is conducted in vicinity of municipality of Bayambang,

with a total of 896 registered person with disability in the whole Bayambang.s

Data Gathering Instrument

Both the direct and indirect methods in gathering data were used in this

study which includes: (1.) questionnaire (2.) interview (3.) observations

1. Questionnaire

A questionnaire is utilized to determine the profile of registered person with

disability. It is also used to determine the extent of implementation of the

Republic Act 7277. In addition to this questionnaire is also used to know the

problems encountered by the respondents based on the type of disability.

2. Interview

A one-on-one interview with the respondents or representative of the

registered PWD (parents, neighbors, health provider and care giver). A structured

interview is utilized through the use of guide questions. . It is also used to

determine the extent of implementation of the Republic Act 7277. In addition to

this interview is also used to know the problems encountered by the respondents

based on the type of disability.

3. Observation

Observation in this study to identify the problems encountered by respondent

based on the type of disability, extent of implementation of the study which are

not answered in the interview and questionnaire.

Validation of the Instrument

Data Gathering Procedure

Statistical Treatment

In the interpretation and analysis of data, the researchers used frequency

distribution, percentage and ranking.

The formula for percentage is:

P = f x 100
N

Whereas:

P = percentage

f = frequency

N = total number of respondents