त्रिवि नियम२०५० PDF

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
;+u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL lgod

@)%)
-@)&#.#.@^ ;Ddsf] ;+zf]wg ;lxt_
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
;+u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL lgod
@)%)
-@)&#.#.@^ ;Ddsf] ;+zf]wg ;lxt_
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f}+
@)%)
ljifo ;"lr
ljifo k]h
1= k|f/lDes !
2= ;ª\u7g tyf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no *
3= cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;+sfo (

4= cfª\lus SofDk; !(
5= ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk; #@
6= k/LIff;DaGwL lgsfo ##
7= cg';Gwfg s]Gb| $&

8= cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw s]Gb| %#
9= cg';Gwfg ;dGjo tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\ %$
10= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| / ;~rfns ;ldlt %*
11= k':tsfno / k|of]uzfnf;DaGwL lgsfo ^!
12= hgzlQm ljsf; kl/ifb\\ ^^
13= ljBfyL{ sNof0f kl/ifb\\ ^(

14= of]hgf kl/ifb\\ &!
15= pkflw dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ;ldlt &#
ljifo k]h
16= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg &&

17= ;efsf] ;b:otf &(
18= ;efsf] a}7s *!
19= ;efsf] a}7s sfof{jnL ;"rLsf] qmd *&
20= ;efsf], a}7ssf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof / sfo{qmd *(

21= ;efsf] a}7sdf k|:tfj k|:t'lt / 5nkmn;DaGwL Joj:yf (#
22= ;efsf] a}7sdf af]Ng] / pQ/ lbg] Joj:yf (*
23= ;efsf] a}7sdf lgodfklQ;DaGwL Joj:yf !))
24= ;efsf] a}7sdf lg0f{o lng] Joj:yf !)!

25= ;efsf] a}7s :yug / ;dflKt !)#
26= ;efsf] a}7sdf k|:tfj vf/]h jf /2 tyf

k'g?Tyfkg ;DaGwL Joj:yf !)^
27= ;efsf] a}7ssf] clen]v !)&
28= ;efsf] ljz]if ;ldlt jf cfof]u !)*
29= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:odf dgf]gog !!!

ljifo k]h
30= k|fl1s kl/ifb\sf] j}7s !!@

31= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] sfof{jnLsf] ;"rL !!$
32= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf]] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof / sfo{qmd !!^
33= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k]; x'g] k|:tfj !!*
34= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df lg0f{o lng] k|lqmof !@#

35= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k|Zgf]Q/;DaGwL Joj:yf !@^
36= lgodfklQ -k|fl1s kl/ifb\\_ !@(
37= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s :yug / ;dflKt !#)
38= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf !#@

39= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt !#$
40= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ !#&
41= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] u7g !$#
42= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ !$%

43= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt !$(
44= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw !%!
ljifo k]h
45= s'nklt !%#

46= ;xs'nklt !%#
47= pks'nklt !%$
48= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf Pjd\ ;b:o !%&
49= lzIffWoIf !^!

50= /lh:6«f/ !^%
51= 8Lg !^*
52= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs !&^
53= cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs !*)

54= ;xfos 8Lg !*!
55= SofDk; k|d'v !*#
56= k/LIff lgoGqs !*&
57= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| !(@

58= lk|lG;kn -k|frfo{_ !($
59= ;fjlws kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kbLo pQ/bfloTj !((
ljifo k]h
60= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws

kbflwsf/LnfO{ sf/afxL k|lqmof / ;hfo @)!
61= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no @)&
62= k/LIffyL{sf] lsl;d @)(
63= k/LIffsf] lsl;d / tt\;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf @!!

64= k/LIff pQ/k'l:tsfsf] d"Nofª\sg Joj:yf @!%
65= pQ/k'l:tsf tyf k/LIff ;~rfng;DaGwL cGo

clen]vsf] ;'/If0f tyf w'Nofpg] Joj:yf @!&
66= k|ZgJoj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf @!(
67= pQ/k'l:tsf ;+k/LIf0f ;ldlt @@!

68= pQ/k'l:tsf b]vfpg] jf k|ltlnlk lbg]
;DaGwL Joj:yf @@#
69= k/LIffsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfrf/

;+lxtf;DaGwL Joj:yf @@^
70= ljb]zL lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tf]lsPsf] tx kf/ u/L

ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g rfxg]
ljBfyL{;DaGwL Joj:yf @@(
71= s[kf°;DaGwL Joj:yf @#!
ljifo k]h
72= k/LIffkmn k|sfzg tyf :yug;DaGwL Joj:yf @##

73= k|fKtf° ;l~rltsf] Joj:yf @#%
74= 6«fG;lqmK6 hf/L;DaGwL Joj:yf @#^
75= k'gof]{u;DaGwL Joj:yf @#&

76= pkflwsf] >]0fL juL{s/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf @#*
77= k/LIff z'Ns tyf kfl/>lds;DaGwL Joj:yf @#(

78= k|df0fkq @$!
79= dfgfy{ pkflw @$@

80= ljifo ;ldltsf] u7g @$*
81= ljifo ;ldltsf] / cWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ @$(
82= ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldlt @%@
83= ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @%$

84= :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] u7g / p2]Zo @%*
85= :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] ;b:otf, ;fwf/0f ;ef / sfo{;ldlt @%(

ljifo k]h
86= :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rg

tyf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ @^$
87= ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf @^*
88=cfrf/ ;+lxtf;DaGwL sf/afxL / ;hfo @&!
89= k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL Joj:yf @&#

90= ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk; @&$
91= ;DaGwg lbg] k|lqmof @&%
92= ljljw @&(
93= cg';"rLx¿ @*!

lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ª\u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL
lgod, @)%)
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g @)$( sf] bkmf % -h_, bkmf !)-r_ / bkmf #$ n]
lbPsf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;efn] b]xfosf lgodx¿
AfgfPsf] 5 .
kl/R5]b – !
k|f/lDes
!= ;ª\lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ o; lgodsf] gfd ælqe'jg ljZjljBfno

;ª\u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL lgod, @)%)Æ /x]sf] 5 .
-@_ of] lgod t'?Gt nfu" x'g]5 .
@= kl/efiffM -!_ ljifo jf k|;ª\un] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; lgoddfM

π
-s_ æP]gÆ eGgfn] lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)$( ;Demg'k5{ .
♦
-s_ æ;ª\u7gÆ eGgfn] P]g jf o; lgodcGtu{t u7g ePsf
;ª\u7g jf lgsfonfO{ ;Demg'k5{ .
♦
-v_ æcWoIfÆ eGgfn] lq=lj= ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\,
ljBfkl/ifb\ / ljifo ;ldltsf] cWoIfnfO{ ;Demg'k5{ . o; zAbn]
π
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
♦
@)^*=j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
Τ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] j}+7saf6 ;+zf]wg
1
o; lgodadf]lhd a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{ pkfWoIf jf ;b:o
;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
♦
-u_ æ;b:oÆ eGgfn] lq=lj= ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\,
ljBfkl/ifb\\ / ljifo ;ldltsf] ;b:onfO{ ;Demg'k5{ . o; zAbn]
o; lgodadf]lhd pkfWoIf, ;b:o–;lrj / :yfoL ;ldltsf
cWoIf, pkfWoIf, kb]g ;b:o / a}7sdf cfdlGqt
JolQm;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-3_ æ;b:o–;lrjÆ eGgfn] ;ef, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ / ljifo ;ldltsf]

;b:o–;lrj ;Demg'k5{ . o; zAbn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ / ljBf
kl/ifb\\sf] ;lrjnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
Τ
-ª_ æa}7sÆ eGgfn] ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\, ljBfkl/ifb\\ / ljifo
;ldltsf] a}7s ;Demg' kb{5 . o; zAbn] ;efaf6 jf o;
lgodcGtu{t ul7t ;ldltsf] a}7snfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
Τ
-r_ æk|:tfjÆ eGgfn] ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\, / ljBfkl/ifb\\df
hfgsf/L jf 5nkmn jf :jLs[lt jf lgb{]zg jf lg0f{osf nflu
k|:t't x'g] ljifoj:t' / To;df ;+zf]wg ;Demg'k5{ . o; zAbn]
P]gsf] bkmf !$ -em_ cGtu{tsf] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 hf/L e}
;efsf] :jLs[ltsf nflu k|:t''t ul/Psf] cfb]z tyf
ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ª\u7gsf] k|ltj]bg / ;+zf]lwt
k|:tfj;d]t hgfpF5 .
♦
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
2
-5_ æ;+zf]wg k|:tfjÆ eGgfn] s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf a}7sdf k|:t't
ePsf] ;+zf]wg ;Demg'k5{ .
♦
-h_ æ;+of]hsÆ eGgfn] P]g jf lgodcGtu{tsf] sfd–sf/afxL
ug{fsf] nflu lq=lj=af6 ul7t ;ldlt jf cfof]u;d]tsf]
;+of]hsnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-em_ æah]6Æ eGgfn] ;efdf k|:t't x'g] ljZjljBfnosf] / dftxtsf

lgsfox¿sf] ;d]t jflif{s jf cGo cfoJoo ljj/0f ;Demg'k5{ .
o; zAbn] cfoJoo;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd / ;+zf]lwt jf k"/s
cfoJoo ljj/0f ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-`_ æjflif{sÆ k|ltj]bg eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg

;Demg'k5{ .
-6_ ælgodÆ eGgfn] P]gcGtu{t ag]sf lgodx¿ ;Demg'k5{ .
-7_ ækbflwsf/LÆ eGgfn] P]g lgodcGtu{tsf kbflwsf/L

;Demg'k5{ .
•
t/æ;fjlws kbflwsf/LÆ eGgfn] s'nkltaf6 lgo'Qm
ljZjljBfnosf] k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ pks'nklt, ljZjljBfno
;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf, lzIffWoIf, /lh:6«f/ / ljZjljBfno ;]jf
cfof]usf] k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ ;b:o tyf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f
lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ljZjljBfnosf] k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ 8Lg,
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, k/LIff lgoGqs, ;xfos 8Lg, SofDk; k|d'v
lk|lG;kn -k|frfo{_ / o; lsl;dsf cGo tf]lsPsf ;fjlws
kbflwsf/L ;Demg'k5{ .
♣
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 vf/]h
•
@)%& ;fn >fj0f !! ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
3
♣
-7!_
λ
-7@_ æclVtof/jfnfÆ eGgfn] cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] ePtf
klg kl/R5]b %& sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm
;fjlws kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ ;Demg'k5{ . o;
zAbn] pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf, /lhi6«f/af6 lgo'Qm jf lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno ljs]Gb|Ls/0f lgod, @)%% adf]lhd lgo'Qm
;fjlws kbflwsf/Lsf] xsdf To:tf] lgo'lQm ug{ kfpg] ;fjlws
kbflwsf/L jf lgsfo ;d]tnfO{ hgfpF5 .
-8_ æk/LIff lgoGqsÆ eGgfn] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] k|d'v

;Demg'k5{ .
Τ
-9_ æljifo ;ldltÆ eGgfn] cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfocGt{utsf
z}lIfs tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf nflu ul7t ljifo ;ldltnfO{
;Demg'k5{ .
-0f_ æ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;ÆeGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] ;DaGwgk|fKt

SofDk; ;Demg'k5{ .
-t_ æSofDk; k|d'vÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] cfª\lus SofDk;sf

k|d'v ;Demg'k5{ / o; zAbn] lk|lG;knnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
-y_ æ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf k|d'vÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf]

;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf SofDk; k|d'v jf lk|lG;kn
;Demg'k5{ .
Τ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
4
-b_ æk/LIffyL{Æ eGgfn] tf]lsPsf] ;t{ k'/f u/L ljZjljBfnoåf/f
Joj:yf / ;~rfng ul/g] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g of]Uo 7xl/Psf
cfª\lus / ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk; nufotsf ljBfyL{ tyf
k|fOe]6 ljBfyL{x¿;d]t ;Demg'k5{ .
-w_ æk/LIff ;ldltÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfno s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns

;ldltsf] lgb{]zgdf /xL cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo jf cfª\lus
SofDk; txdf ;~rfng x'g] k/LIffsf] ;DaGwdf tf]lsPadf]lhd
sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ul7t k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt;d]t
;Demg'k5{ .
-g_ æpRr lzIffÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo,

ljefu, cfª\lus SofDk; jf s'g} z}lIfs lgsfo jf ;DaGwg
k|fKt SofDk;df ;~rflnt ljleGg txsf ljleGg z}lIfs
sfo{qmd ;Demg'k5{ .
-k_ æk/LIffÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnoaf6 pRr lzIff;DaGwL lnOg] jf

lnOPsf] lnlvt jf k|of]ufTds jf df}lvs jf cGo tl/sfsf
k/LIffdWo] Ps jf s]xL jf ;a} k/LIff ;Demg'k5{ .
σ
-km_
π
-km!_ æs]Gb|Lo sfof{noÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no
;Demg'k5{ . o; zAbn] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nocGtu{tsf ;a}
Joj:yfkg jf ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf, dxfzfvf jf cGo
PsfOnfO{ ;d]t hgfpF5 .
σ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 vf/]h
π
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
5
-a_ æk|df0fkqÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf ;a} z}lIfs tyf cGo
;t{x¿ k'/f u/L k/LIff ♦pQL0f{ u/L pRrlzIff xfl;n u/]sf
ljBfyL{, k|lzIffyL{ jf cg';Gwfgstf{nfO{ lbOg] jf lbOPsf]
k|df0fkq ;Demg'k5{ .
-e_ ædfgfy{ pkflwÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnoaf6 o; lgodadf]lhd

ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ k|bfg ug{] jf ul/Psf ljleGg k|sf/sf]
dfgfy{ pkflw ;Demg'k5{ .
-d_ ædfgfy{ pkflw k|n]vÆ eGgfn] dfgfy{ pkflwsf] k|fdfl0fs lnvt

jf kq ;Demg'k5{ .
-o_ æljZjljBfnosf] xftfÆ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,

cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo 5fqfjf;, k':tsfno k|of]uzfnf,
hnkfgu[x, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, cfª\lus SofDk; jf s'g} ;ª\u7g
jf lgsfo cjl:yt /x]sf] ejg, hldg, v]ns'b d}bfg, k|fË0f jf
xftf jf If]q;d]t ;Demg'k5{ . o; zAbn] ljZjljBfnosf]
:jfldTj jf cwLg:y s'g} rn crn ;DklQ jf ;fdfg;d]t
hgfpF5 .
♦
-/_ æljBfyL{Æ eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} cfª\lus SofDk; jf
To;sf] s]Gb|Lo ljefu jf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| jf s'g} ;ª\u7g jf
lgsfodf s'g} z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ljBfyL{ ;Demg'k5{ . o;
zAbn] ljZjljBfnosf] ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf ljBfyL{nfO{
;d]t hgfpF5 .
♦
@)^* j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
6
Τ
t/ kl/R5]b *! / *@ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu SofDk;df lgoldt
¿kdf cWoog ug{] u/L btf{ eO/x]sf ljBfyL{x¿ dfq
;Demg'k5{ .
Τ
-n_ ækl/ifb\\Æ eGgfn] o; lgodcGtu{t u7g ePsf kl/ifb\\x¿
;Demg'k5{ .
Τ
-j_ ætf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhdÆ eGgfn] P]g tyf o; lgod
cGtu{t ag]sf] ljlgoddf tf]lsPsf] jf tf]lsPadf]lhd
;Demg'k5{ .
-@_ P]gdf k|o'Qm zAb / jfSof+zx¿ o; lgoddf k|o'Qm ePsf]df

k|;Ëjz csf{] cy{ gnfu]df tL zAb / jfSof+zx¿sf] JofVof P]gs}
cg'¿k ul/g]5 .
Τ

@)&# c;f/ @^ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
7
kl/R5]b – @
;ª\u7g tyf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no

#= ljZjljBfnosf ;ª\u7g :j¿ksf cGo lgsfox¿ M -!_ P]gsf] bkmf ^
-s_ b]lv ^ -`_ df plNnlvt ;ª\u7gx¿sf cltl/Qm P]gsf bkmf ^ sf]
v08 -6_ cGtu{t lgod jf ljlgoddf tf]lsPsf cGo lgsfox¿,
-@_ pklgod -!_ df plNnlvt ;ª\u7g / lgsfosf] u7g, sfd

st{Jo / clwsf/ Pjd\ ;DalGwt ;ª\u7g / lgsfosf k|d'vx¿sf]
lgo'lQm, kbfjlw, ;]jf–;t{ / ;'ljwf tyf sfd st{Jo / clwsf/
o; lgoddf n]lvPsf]df ;f]xLadf]lhd / gn]lvPsf]df
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
$= ljZjljBfnosf ;ª\u7gsf] Joj:yfkg ;+/rgf M ljZjljBfnosf] ;Dk"0f{

;ª\u7gsf] Joj:yfkg ;+/rgf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .

8
kl/R5]b – #
cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfo
%= cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfosf] u7g / ;~rfng M -!_ ljZjljBfnodf

pRr lzIff;DaGwL ljleGg txsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿, cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{
;]jf tyf cGo k|fl1s sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ u/fpgsf nflu b]xfosf
ljifox¿df b]xfosf cWoog ;+:yfgx¿ / ;ª\sfox¿ /xg]5g\ M
s= ljifo cWoog ;+:yfgx¿
-!_ s[lif / kz'lj1fg s[lif / kz'lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg (Institute of

Agriculture and Animal science)
-@_ jglj1fg jglj1fg cWoog ;+:yfg

(Institute of Forestry)
-#_ OlGhlgol/ª OlGhlgol/ª cWoog

;+:yfg (Institute of Engineering)
-$_ lrlsT;fzf:q, lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog

hg:jf:Yo ;+:yfg (♦Institute of Medicine)
-%_ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog

;+:yfg (Institute of Science and technology)
♦
9
v= ljifo ;ª\sfox¿
!= lzIffzf:q lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo (Faculty of Education)
@= dfgljsL tyf dfgljsL / ;fdflhs zf:q

;fdflhszf:q / ;ª\sfo(Faculty of Humanities and
nlnt snf Social Science)
#= Jofkf/ k|zf;g, jfl0fHo, Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo

Joj:ffozf:q, hgk|zf;g (Faculty of Management)
tyf Joj:yfkg
$= sfg'g sfg'g ;ª\sfo (Faculty of Law)
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;efn] pklgod -!_ df plNnlvt

cWoog ;+:yfgx¿ / ;ª\sfox¿sf] gfd, ;ª\Vof tyf cGo
s'/fx¿df x]/km]/ jf yk36 jf cGo Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
^= cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M cWoog ;+:yfg

tyf ;ª\sfosf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt ljifout If]qdf pRrlzIff k|bfg ug{ ljleGg txsf

z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s sfo{qmdx¿, cg';Gwfg tyf k/fdZf{ ;]jf
cfª\lus SofDk;, s]Gb|Lo ljefu tyf ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;dfk{mt
;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' / tT;DaGwL k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
-v_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdcGtu{tsf] k|fWofkg, lzIf0f Pjd\ cg';GwfgnfO{

:t/o'Qm tyf u'0ffTds clej[l4 ub{} n}hfgsf nflu pko{'Qm
Joj:yfkg ug'{ u/fpg' .
10
-u_ z}lIfs sfo{qmd / cg';Gwfg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] nflu rflxg]
cfjZos ef}lts ;+/rgf, k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno, k|n]vfno,
;/;fdfg, ;fdu|L tyf cGo cfjZostfx¿sf] aGbf]a:tsf nflu
ljQLo, k|zf;lgs tyf cGo Joj:yfkg ug'{ u/fpg' .
-3_ z}lIfs sfo{qmd / cg';Gwfg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] k|fljlws,

k|zf;lgs, ljQLo tyf cGo Joj:yfkg kIfsf] lg/LIf0f tyf
d"Nofª\sg ug'{ u/fpg' .
-ª_ lzIfsx¿sf] JolQmTj ljsf; ug{ / :t/nfO{ u'0ffTds agfpg

j[lQ ljsf; tyf cGo ;fGble{s sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
-r_ vf; u/L /fli6«o ♦/ cGt//fli6«o kl/k|]Iodf ;fdflhs tyf

/f]huf/bftfsf] cfjZostf cg's"n kf7\qmdnfO{ cfw'lgs, ljsl;t
/ ultzLn agfpb} n}hfg pko'Qm Pjd\ ;d;fdlos sbdx¿
lng' / lng nufpg'
-5_ k/LIff / To;sf] d"NofÍg ljlwdf pko'Qm ;'wf/sf nflu cfjZos

sbdx¿ lng' / lng nufpg' .
-h_ ljBfyL{x¿ / lzIfsx¿sf nflu kbs, k'/:sf/ tyf cGo

k|f]T;fxgd"ns Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' .
-em_ z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s sfo{qmd cg';Gwfg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL

ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno tyf
z}lIfs / cGo ;+:Yffx¿;Fu ;DaGw :yflkt / ljsl;t ug'{
u/fpg' .
-`_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, ljBfkl/ifb\, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb|,

k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no, cfª\lus SofDk; tyf ;DaGwgk|fKt
♦
11
SofDk;, s]Gb|Lo sfof{no / ljZjljBfnosf cGo lgsfox¿;Fu
k|efjsf/L e"ldsf–;DaGw lgjf{x ug'{ / k|j4{g ug'{ u/fpg' .
-6_ ;dfh / cGo :jb]zL ;ª\3–;+:yfx¿;Fu ;DaGw / ;Dks{ a9fO{

;+:yfut ;~rfng / ljsf;sf nflu cfjZos kg{] ljQLo tyf
cGo ;fwgsf] kl/rfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
-7_ P]g, ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\, ljBfkl/ifb\, lgod /

sfo{k|0ffnLaf6 tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿ tf]lsPsf tl/sfdf
;Dkfbg ug'{ u/fpg' .
&= ;ª\sfo jf cWoog ;+:yfgsf nflu Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\ u7g
x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf M -!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPsf] cWoog ;+:yfg jf
;ª\sfodf k|d'v sfo{sfl/0fL lgsfosf] ¿kdf Ps Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf;
kl/ifb\\ /xg]5 .
-@_ cWoog ;+:yfg ♦/ ;ª\sfosf nflu Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf]
u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-s_ 8Lg cWoIf
-v_ pks'nkltaf6 dgf]gLt jl/i7
lzIfs Ps hgf ;b:o
-u_ 8Lgaf6 dgf]gLt ;xfos 8Lg jf
jl/i7 lzIfs Ps hgf ;b:o
-3_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 lzIff

;lrjaf6 dgf]gLt jl/i7 /fhkqflÍt
clws[t Ps hgf ;b:o
-ª_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo;Fu ;DalGwt

♦
12
g]kfn ;/sf/sf] dGqfnosf]
;lrjaf6 dgf]gLt jl/i7 /fhkqflÍt
clws[t Ps hgf ;b:o
-r_ pBf]u, jfl0fHo, Jofkf/, ;]jf Joj;fo,

k|ljlw, lj1fg tyf cGo If]qsf nufgL
stf{, pBdL jf Joj:yfksx¿dWo]af6
8Lgaf6 dgf]gLt ljlzi6 JolQm
b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-5_ ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf z}lIfs, k|fl1s

tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ljåfgx¿dWo] jf
;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf SofDk;
k|d'vx¿dWo] 8Lgaf6 dgf]gLt ljlzi6
SofDk;sf JolQm jf SofDk; k|d'v
b'O{ hgf ;b:o
t/, plrt / kof{Kt sf/0fsf cfwf/df sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] s'g}

cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf]
dfly plNnlvt u7gsf] k|sf/df x]/km]/ jf yk36 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ P]g, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLsf] cwLgdf /xg] u/L cWoog ;+:yfg jf

;ª\sfosf] Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo, To;sf cfª\lus SofDk;

/ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk; nufotsf ;ª\u7g jf lgsfosf]
;+:yfut ljsf;;DaGwL sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
-v_ ;DalGwt z}lIfs, k|fl1s, cg';Gwfg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL

sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;, :t/ tyf u'0f clej[l4sf nflu pko'Qm
sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
13
-u_ v08 -s_ / -v_ df plNnlvt sfdx¿ nufot cGo sfdx¿sf]
;~rfngsf nflu b]xfosf ;a} jf s'g} pkfo ckgfO{ ljQLo tyf
cGo ;fwg kl/rfng ug'{ .
-u!_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 lgwf{l/t z'Nssf cltl/Qm cGo yk z'Ns jf

b:t'/ jf cGo /sd ljBfyL{x¿af6 p7fpg] .
-u@_ :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ;ª\3–;+:yf jf hg;d'bfoaf6 bfgbftJo /

;xof]u k|fKt ug'{ .
-3_ v08 -u_ adf]lhd kl/rfng ePsf] ljQLo tyf cGo ;fwg
;+:yfut ljsf; / ljsf;d"ns p2]Zo jf sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu
;b'kof]u ug'{ u/fpg' .
-ª_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\,pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf / /lh:6«f/ jf

ljZjljBfnosf] cGo s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfoaf6 k|Tofof]hg eO{
cfpg] clwsf/x¿ k|of]u ug'{ .
-r_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf

;DaGwdf 8LgnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/afx]s z}lIfs, ljBfyL{, ljQLo,
ef}lts, lzIfs–sd{rf/L tyf cGo ;fdfGo Joj:yfkg ljifo
nufotdf tf]lsPsf] cGo clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{ .
-5_ cWoog ;++:yfg jf ;ª\sfonfO{ dfu{b{zg ug'{ .
\-h_ ;ef jf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, ljBfkl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPsf

cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
-$_ Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s / cGo ljifosf] sfo{ljlw ;f] kl/ifb\\

cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
14
t/ ;f] sfo{ljlw nfu" ug'{cl3 sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 :jLs[lt k|fKt
ug'{kg{]5 .
*= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] u7g M Τ-!_ cWoog
ljleGg ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfox¿sf lar ;dGjo :yfkgf ug{ pks'nkltsf]
cWoIftfdf b]xfosf] ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] u7g x'g]5 .
Τ
-@_ cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfo ;dGjo kl/ifb\\df lzIffWoIf, /lh:6«f/ /
;DalGwt 8Lg ;b:o /xg]5g\ . oL kl/ifb\\sf] u7g ljlw, sfd,
st{Jo, / clwsf/ tyf cGo sfo{ljlw tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
(= cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfodf cg';Gwfg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf M !_ k|To]s
cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfodf Ps Ps cg';Gwfg ;ldlt /xg]5 .
-@_ cg';Gwfg ;ldltsf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 .

-s_ 8Lg cWoIf
Τ
-v_ s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'v, ljefuLo k|d'v jf
ljifo ;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 8Lgn]
dgf]gLt u/]sf @ hgf ;b:o
Τ
-u_ ljZjljBfnosf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿df
sfo{/t k|fWofks jf ;x–k|fWofksdWo]
8Lgaf6 dgf]gLt Ps hgf ;b:o
-3_ ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf cg'';Gwfg;DaGwL

lgsfox¿df sfo{/t cg';Gwfgstf{x¿dWo]
Τ
15
8Lgsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIffWoIfaf6 dgf]gLt
Ps hgf ;b:o
Τ
-ª_ ljBfjfl/lw sfo{qmd ePsf cWoog
;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf ljBfjfl/lw z}lIfs
sfo{qmddf lgb{]zs jf ;Nnfxsf/sf ¿kdf
;+nUg lzIfsx¿dWo] b'O{hgf / ;xfos
8Lgx¿dWo] Pshgf;d]t 8Lgaf6
dgf]gLt # hgf ;b:o
Τ
-r_ cfª\lus SofDk;sf lzIfsx¿dWo]af6
8Lgaf6 dgf]gLt Pshgf lzIfs ;b:o
-#_ Τcg';Gwfg ;ldltdf /x]sf ;xfos 8Lgn] ;ldltsf] ;lrjsf] sfd

ug{]5 .
-$_ pklgod -@_ cGtu{t dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw ltg jif{sf]

x'g]5 .
-%_ cg';Gwfg ;ldltsf] a}7s / cGo sfo{ljlw cg';Gwfg ;ldltn]

lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g5
] .
-^_ P]g, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnL tyf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] lgb{]zgsf]
kl/lwleq /xg] u/L cg';Gwfg ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
-s_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 lgwf{l/t cg';Gwfg gLltcGtu{t cWoog
;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf nflu cg';Gwfg sfo{gLlt sfo{qmd /
kl/of]hgf th'{df u/L nfu' ug'{ u/fpg' .
Τ
16
-v_ cg';Gwfgsf] ljifodf / cg';Gwfg;DaGwL z}lIfs
sfo{qmdsf] ;DaGwdf ljBfkl/ifb\\ jf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df
k|:tfj k7fpg' / /fo Pjd\ ;Nnfx lbg' .
-u_ cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo, ljefu, cfª\lus SofDk; tyf
;DjGwgk|fKt SofDk;af6 ;~rflnt cg';Gwfg
kl/of]hgfx¿sf] nut / cGo hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L ltgsf]
;dLIff ug'{ .
-3_ ljifout pko'Qmtf / pkfb]otfsf cfwf/df cg';Gwfgsf
j:t'l:ylt tyf glthfx¿nfO{ k|fWofkg tyf lzIf0fdf
lzIfsx¿åf/f k|of]u u/fpg' .
-ª_ s]Gb|Lo ljefu, cfª\lus SofDk; tyf ;DaGwgk|fKt
SofDk;df cg';Gwfg ;~rfngsf nflu k|f]T;flxt ug'{ /
lzIfsx¿nfO{ cg';Gwfg sfo{df ;+nUg ug'{ u/fpg' .
-r_ Τ dxfljBfjfl/lw, ljBfjfl/lw jf pkflwd"ns

cg';Gwfg;DaGwL z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf nflu cfjZos
Joj:yf ldnfpg', lgb]{]zs / ;Nnfxsf/x¿ lgo'Qm ug'{ /
pgLx¿sf nflu kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug{
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
-5_ dxfljBfjfl/lw, ljBfjfl/lw jf pkflwd"ns

cg';Gwfg;DaGwL z}lIfs sfo{qmdf egf{ x'g] rflxg] of]Uotf
/ egf{ x'g cfwf/ ljBfkl/ifb\\dfkm{t k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6
lgwf{/0f u/fpg' / o; ;DaGwdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 ePsf
lg0f{oadf]lhd ug{' u/fpg' .
Τ
17
-h_Τ dxfljBfjfl/lw, ljBfjfl/lw jf pkflwd"ns
cg';Gwfg;GaGwL z}lIfs sfo{qmdf egf{ ePsf jf ;+nUg
ePsf ljBfyL{ jf zf]wstf{ jf cg';Gwfgstf{n] kfngf
ug'{kg{] z}lIfs ;t{x¿ / cfrf/ ;+lxtf tf]Sg ljBfkl/ifb\\df
l;kmfl/; k7fpg'' .
-em_ ljBfjfl/lw,tyf pkflwd"ns cg';Gwfg;DaGwL z}lIfs

sfo{qmdsf] k/LIff jf cGtjf{tf{sf] sfo{ljlw tf]Sg', k/LIfs
lgo'lQm ug'{, ;~rfng ug'{ / To;sf] glthf k|sfzg ug{
nufpg' / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf
k7fpg' .
-`_ :gftsf]Q/ zf]wsfo{ -y]l;;_ sf ljifosf ;DaGwdf

cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{ / To:tf zf]wsfo{df lgb{]zs x'g]
lzIfs jf ljz]if1nfO{ kfl/>lds / cGo ;'ljwfsf
;DaGwdf l;kmfl/; ug{' .
-6_ cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfsf lgldQ k|fKt x'g] /sd 5'§} ljQLo

sf]if :yfkgf u/L To;sf] ;~rfng / lgoGq0f ug'{
u/fpg' .
-7_ cg';Gwfg ljlw jf zf]wljlw;DaGwL sfo{zfnf, uf]i7L tyf

tflnd ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
-8_ :gftsf]Q/ txdf x'g] zf]wsfo{ nufotsf cg';Gwfgsf

;DaGwdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, ljBfkl/ifb\\ tyf lzIffWoIfaf6
k|fKt lgb{]zg kfng ug'{ .
-9_ lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfd ug'{

u/fpg' .
Τ
18
kl/R5]b – $
cfª\lus SofDk;
!)= cfª\lus SofDk;sf] u7g,juL{s/0f / ;~rfng M -!_ of] lgod nfu' x'Fbf
;~rfngdf /x]sf ;a} cfª\lus SofDk;x¿ oxL lgodadf]lhd u7g
ePsf dflgg]5g\ . tL cfª\lus SofDk;x¿df /x]sf z}lIfs tyf cGo
sfo{qmdx¿ klg oxL lgodadf]lhd ;~rfng ePsf] dflgg]5g\ .
t/ cfª\lus SofDk; vf]Ng], juL{s/0f ug{], PsLs/0f ug{] jf ufEg],

:yfgfGt/0f ug{] / lj36g ug{], ltgsf] gfd jf sfo{qmddf x]/km]/ jf
yk36 ug{] tyf tT;DaGwL cGo sfdx¿ tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
!!= cfª\lus SofDk;sf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ M cfª\lus SofDk;sf] sfd,

st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf ljleGg txsf ljleGg

z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ljZjljBfnaf6 :jLs[t kl/lwleq /xL :jLs[t
tl/sfdf ;~rfng ug{' .
-v_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 :jLs[t kf7\qmd sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
-u_ z}lIfs, k|fl1s tyf cGo If]qdf cg';Gwfg / k/fdz{ ;]jf

;~rfng ug{' .
-3_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdcGtu{tsf] k|fWofkg / lzIf0f Pjd\ cg';Gwfg tyf

k/fdz{ ;]jfnfO{ :t/o'Qm tyf u'0ffTds ¿kdf clej[l4 ub{} n}hfg
pko'Qm Joj:yfkg ug'{ .
-ª_ z}lIfs sfo{qmd / cg';Gwfg tyf k/fdz{ ;]jfsf nflu rflxg]

cfjZos ef}lts ;+/rgf, k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno, k|n]vfno,
;/;fdfg, ;fdu|L tyf cGo cfjZostfx¿sf] aGbf]a:t ug'{ .
19
-r_ z}lIfs sfo{qmddf egf{ x'g rflxg] of]Uotf k'u]sf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
SofDk;df egf{ ug{] cfwf/x¿ tf]Sg' / tL cfwf/x¿df ljBfyL{x¿
egf{ ug{' .
-5_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] tx / k|s[ltcg';f/ ljBfyL{x¿n] k'/f ug'{kg{]

z}lIfs tyf cGo ;t{x¿ k'/f u/fpgsf nflu cfjZos Joj:yf
ug{' .
Τ
-h_ cg'zf;g / cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfd ug{] ljBfyL{x¿nfO{
cg'zf;g / cfrf/;+lxtf;DaGwL sf/afxL ug{', SofDk;af6
lg:sf;g ug'{ jf cGo ;hfo ug{' .
-em_ SofDk; txsf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ .
-`_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no jf cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo af6

tf]lsPsf] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{' .
-6_ ljleGg v]ns'b sfo{qmdsf] Joj:yf / ;~rfng ug{' .
-7_ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{' .
-8_ ljBfyL{ ;]jfsf] Joj:yf ug{' .
-9_ ljBfyL{x¿;DaGwL ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{' .
-0f_ SofDk;sf] ;+/If0f / ;'/Iff ug{' .
-t_ SofDk;df :jR5 z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s jftfj/0f sfod ug{' .
Τ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
20
-y_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 tf]lsPsf] z'Nssf] cltl/St cGo z'Ns / b:t'/
cflb nufpg' .
-b_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] ;~rfng k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/, ljBfyL{–lzIfs

sd{rf/Lsf] sNof0f / ;+:yfut ljsf; / lj:tf/ cflbsf nflu
ljQLo tyf cGo ;fwg kl/rfng ug{' / To:tf ;fwgsf] ;b'kof]u
ug{' .
-w_ ;+:yfutljsf;sf nflu hg;xof]u,hg;xeflutf tyf ;fdflhs

;DaGw lj:tf/, k|j4{g tyf ;Dj4{g ug{' .
-g_ ;ef,k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ ljBfkl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, cWoog ;+:yfg

jf ;ª\sfo, jf lgod jf Joj:yfkg sfo{k|0ffnLaf6 tf]lsPsf
cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ .
!@= cfª\lus SofDk;sf nflu Joj:yfkg ;ldlt u7g x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf M -
!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPsf] cfª\lus SofDk;df Ps Joj:yfkg
;ldlt /xg]5 .
-s_ SofDk; k|d'v cWoIf
-v_ lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 SofDk; k|d'vsf]

8Lgaf6 l;kmfl/;df dgf]gLt
b'O{hgf lzIfs ;b:o
-u_ rGbfbftf tyf lzIffk|]dLx¿dWo]af6

cWoIfaf6 dgf]gLt b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-3_ SofDk;sf e"tk"j{ ljBfyL{x¿dWo]af6

cWoIfaf6 dgf]gLt Ps hgf ;b:o
-ª_ ljefuLo k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 cWoIfaf6

21
dgf]gLt b'O{hgf ;b:o
Τ
-r_ :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] cWoIf ;b:o
-5_ ;DalGwt uf=lj=;=sf= cWoIf jf

gu/kflnsfsf] d]o/ jf gu/kflnsfsf]
k|ltlglw Ps hgf ;b:o
-h_ SofDk;df sfo{/t sd{rf/L Ps hgf ;b:o
cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] s'g} Ps ;b:on] ;b:o–;lrj eO{ sfd ug{]5 .
-@_ P]g, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLsf] cwLgdf /xg] u/L cfª\lus SofDk;sf]

Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd x'g]5
M
-s_ cfª\lus SofDk;sf] ;+:yfut ljsf;DaGwL sfd ug'{

u/fpg' .
-v_ ;DalGwt k/fdz{ ;]jf;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] ljsf;, :t/ tyf

u'0f clwj[l4sf nflu pko'Qm sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
-u_ v08 -s_ / -v_ df plNnlvt sfdx¿ nufot cGo

sfdx¿sf] ;~rfngsf] nflu b]xfosf ;a} jf s'g} pkfo
ckgfO{ ljQLo tyf cGo ;fwg kl/rfng ug'{ u/fpg' M
-u!_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 lgwf{l/t z'Nssf cltl/Qm cGo yk z'Ns

jf b:t''/ jf cGo /sd ljBfyL{x¿af6 p7fpg] .
Τ
22
-u@_ :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ;ª\3;+:yf jf JolQm jf hg;d'bfoaf6
cg'bfg, bfgbftJo / ;xof]u k|fKt ug{] .
-3_ v08 -u_ adf]lhd kl/rfng ePsf] ljQLo tyf cGo ;fwg
;+:yfut ljsf; / ljsf;d"ns p2]Zo jf sfo{ ;~rfngsf
nflu ;b'kof]u ug'{ u/fpg' .
-ª_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf, /lh:6«f/ / 8Lg jf

cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo jf ljZjljBfnosf] cGo s'g}
;ª\u7g jf lgsfoaf6 k|Tofof]hg eO{ cfpg] clwsf/x¿
k|of]u ug'{ .
-r_ cfª\lus sofDk;sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf ;DaGwdf

SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ k|fKt clwsf/ afx]s z}lIfs, ljBfyL{,
ljQLo, ef}lts, lzIfs–sd{rf/L tyf cGo ;fdfGo
Joj:yfkg ljifo nufotdf tf]lsPsf] cGo clwsf/ k|of]u
ug'{ .
-5_ cfª\lus SofDk; k|d'vnfO{ dfu{bz{g tyf lgb{]zg lbg' .
-h_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ jf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, ljBfkl/ifb\\, cWoog

;+:yfg jf 8Lgaf6 tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
!#= cfª\lus SofDk;x¿sf lar ;dGjosf] Joj:yf M 8Lgn] ;DalGwt

cfª\lus SofDk;x¿sf lar ;dGjosf] Joj:yf / ljrf/sf] cfbfgk|bfg
cflb ug{ u/fpg ;DalGwt cfª\lus SofDk;x¿sf SofDk; k|d'vx¿sf]
a}7s jf ;Dd]ng ug'{ u/fpg' kg{]5 .
!#-!_ cfª\lus SofDk; cfa4 ug{] Joj:yf M PseGbf a9L ;ª\sfox¿sf z}lIfs
tyf cGo sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng eO/x]sf] cfª\lus SofDk;nfO{
Joj:yfkg tyf cGo b[li6sf]0faf6 tf]lsPsf] 8Lg dftxt jf tf]lsPsf]
cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 cfa4 ug{ ;lsg]5 .
23
!$= s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] Joj:yf M-!_ b]xfosf cfª\lus SofDk;x¿df z}lIfs
ljifox¿sf cfwf/df s]Gb|Lo ljefu /xg]5 M
-s_ ljZjljBfno SofDk;, sLlt{k'/ jf
-v_ :gftsf]Q/ jf ;f]eGbf dflysf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf]

jf x'g] cfª\lus SofDk;, jf
-u_ :gftsf]Q/ ;~rfng x'g] jf cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;f]cGtu{tsf

cfª\lus SofDk;
-3_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPsf cGo cfª\lus SofDk;
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf cfª\lus SofDk;x¿df /xg] s]Gb|Lo

ljefusf] ;ª\Vof / ;f]sf ljefux¿ cGtu{t kg{] z}lIfs
ljifox¿sf] lgwf{/0f;DalGwt 8Lgsf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\n] ug{]5 .
σ
t/
-#_ pklgod -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg s]Gb|Lo

ljefusf] ;Vof / sfo{If]qdf x]/km]/ jf yk36 ug{] ;DaGwdf
;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\nfO{ k/fdz{ lbg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] k/fdz{ sfo{Gjog
u/fpg' sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
!%= s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M Τs]Gb|Lo ljefusf] sfd,

st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
σ
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 vf/]h
Τ
24
-s_ ;DalGwt z}lIfs, cg';Gwfg tyf cGo tf]lsPsf sfo{qmdx¿,
ljefuLo jflif{s sfo{tflnsf / cGo jflif{s sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug{] .
-v_ ;DalGwt z}lIfs, ljifox¿sf] k|fWofkg tyf lzIf0fsf nflu

cfjZos lzIfsx¿sf] b/aGbL l;kmfl/; ug{] / lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/Lsf] sfo{ljefhg ug{] .
-u_ ;DalGwt z}lIfs ljifox¿sf] :t/o'Qm tyf u'0ffTds k|fWofkg

tyf lzIf0fsf] pko'Qm kf7\o;fdu|L / lzIf0fljlw ljsf; ug{
nufpg] / ckgfpg nufpg] .
-3_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] kf7\ok':ts, kf7\o;fdu|L, kqklqsf cflbsf

ljefuLo k':tsfno jf cGo k':tsfnodf Joj:yf ug{] u/fpg] .
-ª_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] nflu cfjZos ejg, sf]7f / cGo ef}lts

;+/rgfsf] Joj:yf tyf :ofxf/;+ef/ ug{ nufpg] / ljefusf
lgldQ cfjZos ;/;fdfgx¿ / ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug]{ jf
ug{ nufpg] .
-r_ s]Gb|Lo ljefudf ljBfyL{ egf{ / ljefuLo k/LIff;DaGwL Joj:yf

ug{] .
-5_ cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ z}lIfs zt{x¿, cg'zf;g / cfrf/

;+lxtf kfng ug{ nufpg] .
-h_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 lgwf{l/t z'Nssf cltl/Qm s]Gb|Lo ljefusf]

k|of]hgsf lgldQ cltl/Qm z'Ns jf b:t'/ nufpg] .
-em_ ;DalGwt z}lIfs ljifox¿ / cGo pko'Qm ljifox¿df ;+alGwt

cg';Gwfg ;ldlt;Fu k/fdz{ lnO{ cg';Gwfg ug{] u/fpg] /
cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf / k/fdz{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug{] u/fpg] .
25
-`_ ;DalGwt ljifout cfwf/df lzIf0f tyf cg';Gwfg ljlwsf]
sfof{zfnf, tflnd / ;Dd]ngsf] cfof]hgf ug{] u/fpg] .
-6_ lzIfsx¿nfO{ j[lQ ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ k|bfg ug{] u/fpg]

;DaGwdf cfjZos sf/afxL ug{] .
-7_ cg';Gwfg ;ldltsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd dxfljBfjfl/lwsf]

jf♦ljBfjfl/lwsf] jf pkflwsf nflu cg';Gwfg ug{] ljBfyL{x¿sf]
gfd btf{ ug{] / lgh ljBfyL{x¿sf] cg';Gwfg;DaGwL z}lIfs
sfo{qmdsf nflu lgb{]zsx¿, ljz]if1x¿ jf ;Nnfxsf/x¿sf]
lgo'lQmsf nflu Joj:yf ldnfpg], cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] d"NofÍg tyf
♦cg';Gwfg ;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ .
-8_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] sfd sf/afxL ;'Joj:yf tyf ;';~rfngsf

lgldQ cfjZos sfd sf/afxL ug{] u/fpg] .
-9_ cGo tf]lsPsf] sfd ug]{ u/fpg] .
!^= s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] k|d'vM -!_Τ k|To]s s]Gb|Lo ljefudf Ps k|d'vsf] lgo''lQm
x'g]5 .
Τ
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu kbut jl/i7
lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 ;DalGwt 8Lgsf] /fo lnO{ lzIffWoIfn] # -ltg_
hgf lzIfsx¿sf] gfd k]; ug{]5 / sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] s'g} Ps
lzIfsnfO{ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] k|d'v lgo'Qm ug{]5 .
♦
Τ
26
Τ
-#_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] k|d'vsf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
t/ s'g} klg lzIfsnfO{ ;fwf/0ftM nuftf/ @ k6seGbf a9L

s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] k|d'vdf sfo{/t u/fOg]5}g .
-$_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vnfO{ lghsf] kbfjlw x'Fb} plrt / kof{Kt

sf/0f ljgf kbd'Qm ul/g] 5}g . kbd'Qm ug'{ k/]df ;kmfOsf] df}sf
lbO{ lzIfs–sd{rf/Lsf ;]jf ;t{sf ;fdfGo l;4fGtx¿ jf
k|fjwfgx¿ ckgfOg]5 .

-%_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vnfO{ lbOg] eQf / cGo ;'ljwfx¿
-^_ k|To]s s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] k|d'vsf] cWoIftfdf Ps ljefuLo ;ldlt

/xg] 5 h;df ljefudf sfo{/t ;a} lzIfsx¿ ;b:osf ¿kdf
/xg]5g\ . ljefuLo ;ldltsf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
-&_ s]Gb|Lo ljefudf ;DalGwt 8Lgaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd ljefu /xg]

5g\ .
!&= s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_Τ P]g, lgod /
sfo{k|0ffnLsf] cwLgdf /xg] u/L s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g5] M

27
-s_ Τlgod !% df plNnlvt s]Gb|Lo ljefusf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/sf]
;Dkfbg tyf k|of]u s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] k|d'vsf] x}l;otdf ug'{ .
-v_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] ef}lts, ljQLo, lzIfs–sd{rf/L tyf ;fdfGo
Joj:yfkg ug'{ .
-u_ cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ef}lts, ljQLo tyf ;fdfGo

Joj:yfkgsf ;DaGwdf ePsf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug'{ .
-3_ 8Lgaf6 k|Tofof]lht clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug{' .
-ª_ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|f]T;fxgsf nflu l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
-r_ ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu 5fqj[lQ / cGo z'Ns dfkmL cflbsf] ;DaGwdf

Joj:yf ug'{ .
-5_ ljifo ;ldlt, ljBfkl/ifb\\, cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo jf

ljZjljBfnosf cGo lgsfox¿;Fu ;DaGw / ;Dks{ /fvL s]Gb|Lo
ljefuLo sfdx¿ ;Dkfbg ug'{ u/fpg' .
-h_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg' .
-em_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf ljefuLo ;ldlt / ljefusf lar ;dGjo tyf

lgoGq0f :yflkt ug'{ u/fpg' / tL ;ldltx¿sf] d"NofÍg;DaGwL
cfjZos sfd ug{' .
-`_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, ljBf kl/ifb\\af6 tyf 8Lgdfkm{t

k|fKt lgb{]zg kfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
-6_ tf]lsPsf cGo sfd ug'{ u/fpg' .
Τ
28
!*= s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vx¿sf] kl/ifb\\ -!_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf
:t/df ;a} s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vx¿sf] Ps kl/ifb\\ u7g x'g]5 .
-@_ Τ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vx¿sf] kl/ifb\\sf

cWoIfdf 8Lg / ;b:ox¿df ;a} ljefusf k|d'vx¿ /xg]5g\ .
-#_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vx¿sf] kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s k|To]s cfly{s jif{df

sDtLdf @ -b'O{_ k6s a:g]5 . ;f] a}7ssf] sfo{ljlw 8Lgn]
tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vx¿sf] kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/

-s_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf z}lIfs, cg';Gwfg tyf cGo sfo{qmdsf]

l;+xfjnf]sg tyf d"NofÍg ug{] .
-v_ s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿sf lar ;dGjo, ;xof]usf] :yfkgf, k|j4{g /

;Dj4{g ug{] .
-u_ s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿sf lar ;dGjo / ;xof]usf] :yfkgf, k|j4{g /

;Dj4{g ug]{ .
-3_ tf]lsPsf cGo sfd ug{] u/fpg] .
!(= ljefusf] Joj:yfM -!_ k|To]s cfª\lus SofDk;df ;DalGwt 8Lgn]

ljifout cfwf/df cfjZostfg';f/ tf]s]sf] ljefudf SofDk; k|d'vn]
ljefuLo k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm ug{]5 .
Τ
29
t/ % -kfFr_ hgfeGbf sd ljifout lzIfsx¿ sfo{/t /x]sf ljifox¿sf
lgldQ 8Lgaf6 cGoyf lg0f{o ePdf afx]s a]Un} ljefu /xg] 5}g /
To:tf ljifox¿ s'g} Ps ljefudf ;dfj]z ul/g]5g\ .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ljefusf] cWoIfdf cfª\lus SofDk; jf

ljefusf ljifo;DaGwL ;DejtM jl/i7 lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgfnfO{
cWoIfdf / ;DalGwt ljifo k9fpg] ;a} lzIfsx¿ ;b:o x'g]5g\ .
-#_ ljefusf] cWoIfsf] kbfjlw # -ltg_jif{sf] x'g]5 .
t/ s'g} klg lzIfsnfO{ ;fwf/0ftM nuftf/ # -ltg_ k6seGbf a9L

ljefusf] cWoIfdf sfo{/t u/fOg] 5}g .
-$_ ljefusf] cWoIfnfO{ lghsf] kbfjlw 5Fb} plrt / kof{Kt sf/0fljgf

kbd'Qm ul/g] 5}g / kbd'Qm ubf{ lzIfs–sd{rf/L ;]jf ;t{sf ;fdfGo
l;4fGtx¿ jf k|fjwfgx¿ ckgfOg]5 .
-%_ ljefusf] cWoIfnfO{ dfl;s eQf lbOg]5 . ljefusf cWooIfnufotsf

;b:ox¿nfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;'ljwf lbOg]5 .
-^_ ljefusf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5g\ M
-s_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] k|fWofkg / lzIf0fsf nflu sfo{tflnsf /

cGo sfo{qmdx¿ th'{df u/L SofDk; k|d'v jf ljefuLo k|d'vsf]
:jLs[lt lnO{ nfu" ug{] .
-v_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] k|fWofkg / lzIf0fsf nflu cfjZos

kf7\o;fdu|L, kf7\ok':ts / cGo ;/;fdfg tyf ;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf
ug{] u/fpg] .
-u_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] :t/Lo / u'0ffTds k|fWofkg tyf lzIf0fsf]

nflu lzIf0fljlw lgwf{/0f ug{] .
30
-3_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] k|fWofkg / lzIf0fsf] l;+xfjnf]sg jf
d"NofÍg ug{] .
-ª_ ljifo ;ldltx¿, SofDk; k|d'v, s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vx¿nfO{

z}lIfs,cg';Gwfg tyf cGo ;DalGwt ljifox¿df /fo–k/fdz{
lbg] .
-r_ SofDk; k|d'v, k|frfo{ jf s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vaf6 lgb{]zg

lbPsf jf tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿ ug{] .
31
kl/R5]b – %
;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;
@)= ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf] ;~rfngM -!_ of] lgod nfu" x'Fbf
ljZjljBfnoaf6 :yfoL ;DaGwgk|fKt ;a} SofDk;x¿n] oxL
lgodadf]lhd ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 . tL
;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;x¿df /x]sf z}lIfs tyf cGo sfo{qmdx¿ klg oxL
lgodadf]lhd ;~rfngdf /xg]5g\ .
Τ
t/ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;x¿sf] ;DaGwg jf To;cGtu{t ;~rflnt
s'g} z}lIfs sfo{qmdnfO{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 :ylut ug{] / vf/]h ug{] tyf
tT;DaGwL cGo sfdx¿ tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
@!= ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M ;DaGwgk|fKt

SofDk;sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5g\ M
-s_ ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf ljleGg txsf ljleGg

z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ / cGo sfo{qmdx¿ ljZjljBfnoaf6 :jLs[t
kl/lwleq /xL :jLs[t tl/sfdf ;~rfng ug'{ .
-v_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 tf]lsPsf ;t{x¿ k'/f ug'{ / s]Gb|Lo sfof{no,

cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo tyf ljZjljBfnosf] cGo ;ª\u7gsf]
lgb{]zg kfng ug'{ .

-u_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{x¿ ug'{ .
Τ

32
kl/R5]b – ^
k/LIff;DaGwL lgsfo
^=-s_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\

@@= k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\M -!_ ljZjljBfnodf s]Gb|Lo :t/df
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\ u7g x'g]5 .
-s_ lzIffWoIf cWoIf
-v_ /lh:6«f/ pkfWoIf
-u_ ;a} 8Lgx¿ ;b:o
-3_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L

lgb{]zs ;b:o
-ª_ k/LIff lgoGqs ;b:o–;lrj
-@_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf nflu sDtLdf &
-;ft_ hgfsf] pkl:ylt ePdf u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s k|To]s jif{ sDtLdf @
k6s x'g'kg{]5 .
-$_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o ;fdfGotM ax'dtaf6

x'g]5 .
-%_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\df cWoIfsf] k"j{;xdlt lnO{

;b:o–;lrjn] k/LIff;DaGwL s'g} ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f ug{
33
;Sg]5 . To:tf] cfdlGqt JolQmn] a}7s;DaGwL 5nkmn / lg0f{o
jf k/LIff;DaGwL ;a} s'/fx¿ ;Vt uf]Ko /fVg' kg{]5 / dt lbg]
sfdafx]s a}7sdf /fo JoQm ug{, 5nkmndf efu lng jf k/fdz{
lbg ;Sg]5 .
-^_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf efu lng] ;a}}nfO{
tf]lsPadf]lhd a}7s eQf lbOg]5 .
-&_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw

cfkm}n] Joal:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@#= k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M k/LIff
;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ k/LIffsf] gLlt, lsl;d / tl/sf cflbsf ;DaGwdf k|fl1s

kl/ifb\\df k|:tfj k7fpg cfjZos sf/afxL ug'{ .
-v_ k/LIff sfo{qmd / tflnsf / cGo Joj:yf cflbaf/] k/LIff;Fu

;DalGwt cfˆgfcGtu{tsf ;a} lgsfox¿ jf ltgsf] kl/ifb\\,
;ldlt, pk;ldlt tyf cGo ;ª\u7gnfO{ lgb{]zg lbg' .
-u_ ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ / sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 kfl/t k/LIff;DaGwL

lg0f{o, tyf lgb{]zg sfo{Gjog ug'{ u/fpg' .
-3_ k/LIff;DaGwL sfo{k|0ffnL / cGo Joj:yf :jLs[t u/L nfu" ug'{

u/fpg' .
-ª_ k/LIff;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug'{ u/fpg' .
34
Τ
-r_ k/LIffafkt k/LIffyL{af6 lnOg] z'Ns, b:t'/ / hl/jfgf jf cGo
/sd tyf k/LIffdf ;+nUg x'g] k|flZgs, k/LIfs, ljz]if1 cflbnfO{
lbOg] a}7s eQf, kfl/>lds tyf ;'ljwf lgwf{/0f ug{sf nflu
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
-5_ k/LIffsf ;DaGwdf ;ldlt, pk;ldlt / sfo{bn u7g ug'{
-h_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfd ug'{ u/fpg' .
^=-v_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt

@$= s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7gM -!_ ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIff
;~rfng ug{ / cGo Joj:yf ug{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf nflu
b]xfoadf]lhdsf] s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 M
-s_ /lh:6«f/ cWoIf
-v_ ;ª\sfosf 8Lgx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-u_ cfª\lus SofDk;x¿sf SofDk; k|d'vx¿

dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-3_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;x¿sf SofDk;

k|d'vx¿ dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-ª_ lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-r_ k/LIff lgoGqs ;b:o ;lrj
Τ
35
Τ
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_, -u_, -3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox¿sf]
dgf]gog /lh:6«f/sf] l;kmfl/;df lzIffWoIfn] ug{]5 .
-#_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw @ -b'O{ _ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx¿ csf{] Ps

k6s;Ddsf nflu ;b:odf k'gM dgf]gog x'g u|fx\o x'g]5g\ .
-$_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf nflu sDtLdf $ -

rf/_ hgfsf] pkl:ylt ePdf u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof k'u]sf] dflgg]5 .
Τ
-%_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
a}7sdf k|:t't x'g] ljifoj:t';Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if1 jf JolQmnfO{
cWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5 . cfdlGqt ;b:on]
lg0f{odf dt lbg eg] kfpg]5}g .
-^_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sdf efu lng] ;a}nfO{

tf]lsPadf]lhd a}7s eQf lbOg]5 .
-&_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw cfkm}n]

Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@%= s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ M s]Gb|Lo k/LIff

;~rfns ;ldltsf] sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
Τ
36
Τ
-s_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfo{fnosf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ¿kdf Joj:yfkg
tyf lgoGq0fkIf nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfd ug'{ u/fpg' .
Τ
-v_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfon] k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] ;+/Ifssf]
¿kdf sfd ug'{ .
-u_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k/LIffsf] sfo{tflnsf

jf sfo{qmd k|sflzt ug'{, To:tf] sfo{tflnsf jf sfo{qmd :ylut
ug'{ / lnOPsf] k/LIff sf/0f k/]df /2 jf vf/]h ug'{ .
Τ
-3_ ljifo ;ldltsf cWoIfn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ;"rLdWo]af6 k|Zgkq
;+zf]wg ;ldlt / pQ/k'l:tsf ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] tyf k|Zgkq
;+zf]wg ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df k|flZgsx¿ / pQ/k'l:tsf
;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df k/LIfsx¿sf ;fy} cGo
ljz]if1x¿ JolQmut jf ;d"xut jf cGo ¿kdf lgo'lQm ug'{ /
To:tf] lgo'lQm lgnDag ug'{ jf x6fpg' .
t/ ljifo ;ldltsf cWoIf s'g} sf/0fjz k/LIff;DaGwL sfo{df

;+nUg x'g g;Sg] cj:yf ePdf jf cfjZos ljz]if1x¿sf] ;"rL
;dod} pknJw gePdf lq=lj=sf] k/LIff;DaGwL ;a} sfo{x¿
;dod} ;'rf? ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldlt cfkm}n] cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ Joj:yf ug]{5 .
Τ
37
-ª_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 lnOg] k/LIffsf] ;~rfngsf] nflu
cfjZos hgzlQm h'6fpg', ;'/Iff tyf cGo Joj:yf ug'{ .
Τ
-r_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo jf cfª\lus SofDk;sf] k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ ljZjljBfnosf] tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
clGtd k/LIffsf] Joj:yf / ;~rfng ug{] cleef/f tf]Sg', ltgsf]
sfd sf/afxLdf ;fdfGo /]vb]v / d"NofÍg ug'{ tyf lgb{]zg lbg' .
-5_ k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ug'{ / tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ug{' .
-h_ k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ k/LIff btf{ jf k|j]zkq, nAwfª\s, cGo :yfoL jf

c:yfoL k|n]v lbg', lvRg' / vf/]h ug{' .
-em_ k/LIffsf] k|df0fkq tyf pkflw tyf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOg]

dfgfy{ pkflwsf] ljt/0f / cGo Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' .
-`_ bLIffGt ;df/f]xsf nflu Joj:yf ug'{ .

Τ
-6_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k7fpg' kg{] k/LIff;DaGwL k|:tfj k/LIff ;'wf/
tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\dfkm{t k7fpg' .
Τ
-7_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\df k/LIff;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{
ultljlwsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{ .
Τ
-8_ lgod @)@n] tf]s]sf] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/afx]s cGo pQ/bfloTj tf]Sg', lgb]{zg lbg' /
cfjZostfg';f/ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug'{ .
Τ
38
Τ
-9_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] lgb{]zg kfng ug'{ .

-9!_ lgod ljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{ k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ lgodsf] k|s[of k'/f u/L
sf/jfxL ug'{

-0f_ tf]lsP adf]lhdsf cGo sfo{ ug'{
-t_ ;ldltdf /x]sf] k/LIff;DaGwL clwsf/ cGo cWoog ;+:yfg,

;ª\sfo, SofDk; jf lgsfonfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\s
\ f] :jLs[lt lnO{
k|Tofof]hg ug'{ .
@^= s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] pQ/bfloTj M s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns

;ldlt k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\ / ;f] kl/ifb\\dfkm{t sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\k|lt k"0f{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
^=-u_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt

@&= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7gM
-!_ k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfgdf / tf]lsPsf] ;ª\sfodf a]Unfa]Un} k/LIff

;~rfns ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 . ;f] ;ldlt ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf
;ª\sfosf] gfd;lxtaf6 k|rlnt x'g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns

;ldltsf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
Τ

@)&# c;f/ @^ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk

39
-s_ ;DalGwt 8Lg cWoIf
-v_ k/LIff;DaGwL ljz]if1x¿dWo]af6 s]Gb|Lo

k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 dgf]gLt
b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-u_ ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf

lzIfsx¿dWo] ;DalGwt 8Lgsf] l;kmfl/;df
pks'nkltaf6 dgf]gLt ltg hgf ;b:o
-3_ ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf

k/LIff;DaGwL ;xfos 8Lg jf lgh g/x]df
8Lgaf6 tf]lsPsf] cGo clwsf/L ;b:o–;lrj
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd tf]lsPsf clwsf/Lx¿ ♦jf dgf]gLtx¿sf] sf]

kbfjlw @-b'O{_ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx¿ csf{] Ps k6s;Ddsf nflu
;b:odf k'gM dgf]gog x'g u|fx\o x'g]5g\ .
-$_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf nflu

sDtLdf $ -rf/_ hgf pkl:yt ePdf u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof k'u]sf]
dflgg]5 .
-%_ ΤcWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;fdfGo

ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 . a}7sdf k|:t't x'g] ljifoa:t';Fu ;DalGwt ljz]if1
jf JolQmnfO{ cWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg]5 .
t/ cfdlGqt ;b:on] lg0f{odf dt lbg kfpg]5}g .
♦
Τ
40
-^_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sdf efu
lng] ;a}nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd a}7s eQf lbOg]5 .
-&_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL

cGo sfo{ljlw s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .

-*_ pklgod -@_ -v_ adf]lhd k/LIff ;DaGwL ljz]if1x¿sf]
dgf]gog ubf{ ljZjljBfnosf] ;fjlws kbdf sfo{/t /x]sf JolQmeGbf
cGo k/LIff;DaGwL ljz]if1 lzIfsx¿af6 dgf]gog ug'{kg]{5 .
@*= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo /

clwsf/M cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
sfd,st{Jo, / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfoaf6 ;~rfng x'g] ;a} k|sf/sf

k/LIffsf] Joj:yfkg, sfd sf/afxL tyf lgoGq0fsf] ;DaGwdf
;~rfns ;ldltsf] ¿kdf sfd ug{' .
-v_ cfkm"nfO{ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 cleef/f tf]lsPsf]
z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] clGtd k/LIff ;~rfng ug{' u/fpg' /
tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' .
-u_ v08 -v_ adf]lhd ;~rfng x'g] k/LIffsf] sfo{tflnsf jf

sfo{qmd k|sflzt ug'{, To:tf sfo{tflnsf jf sfo{qmd :ylut ug'{
/ lnOPsf] k/LIff sf/0f k/]df /2 jf vf/]h ug'{ .
Τ
-3_ k/LIffsf nflu ljifo ;ldltsf cWoIfn] k7fPsf] ;"rL leqaf6
k|flZgsx¿, k|Zg ;+zf]wg ;ldlt, k/LIfsx¿ pQ/ k'l:tsf
;Dk/LIf0f ;ldlt / cGo ljz]if1x¿ JolQmut jf ;d"xut jf

Τ
41
cGo ¿kdf lgo'lQm ug'{ / lgo'Qm JolQm jf ;d"xnfO{ lgnDag ug'{
jf x6fpg' .
-ª_ k/LIff ;~rfngsf nflu cfjZos hgzlQm h'6fpg', ;'/Iff tyf

cGo Joj:yf ug{' .
-r_ k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ug'{ / tT;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf ug'{ .
-5_ k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ k/LIff btf{ jf k|j]zkq, nAwfª\s, cGo :yfoL jf

c:yfoL k|n]v lbg', lvRg' / vf/]h ug{' .
-h_ k/LIffsf] k|df0fkq tyf pkflw tyf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ lbOg]

dfgfy{ pkflw ;DaGwL ljt/0f / cGo Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' .
-em_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ jf k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\df k7fpg' kg{]
k/LIff;DaGwL k|:tfj s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltdfkm{t
k7fpg' .
Τ
-`_ k/LIff;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltdf k7fpg' .
-6_ 8Lg jf k/LIff;DaGwL ;xfos 8Lg jf tf]lsPsf] clwsf/LnfO{

cfjZos clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug'{ / lgb{z
] g lbg' .
-7_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lgb{]zg kfng ug'{ .


7! lgod ljkl/t sfo{ ug]{ k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ lgodsf] k|s[of k'¥ofO{
sf/jfxL ug'{ .

42
-8_ tf]lsPsf] cGo sfd ug'{ .
@(= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] pQ/bfloTj M

cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltk|lt k"0f{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
^=-3_k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no / cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff lgoGq0f

dxfzfvf tyf cfª\lus SofDk; k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt
#)= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfo{nosf] :yfkgf / ;~rfng M
-!_ ljZjljBfnodf Ps k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no :yfkgf / ;~rfng
x'g]5 / of] lgod k|f/De x'Fbf sfod /x]sf] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
o;} lgodadf]lhd :yfkgf / ;~rfng ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] sfd,st{Jo / ;ª\u7gTds ;+/rgf Pjd\

pQ/bfloTj s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-#_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfo{nodf sfo{sf/L k|d'vsf] ¿kdf Ps k/LIff

lgoGqs /xg]5 h;n] s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] dftxt /
lgb{]zgdf o; lgoddf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;f]xL
;ldltaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd sfd ug{], st{Jo kfng ug{] /
pQ/bfloTj axg ug{]5 .
#!= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff lgoGq0f dxfzfvf M -!_

ljZjljBfnosf] tf]lsPsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] clGtd k/LIff lng]
cleef/fk|fKt k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf a]Unfa]Un} k/LIff
lgoGq0f dxfzfvf :yfkgf / ;~rfng x'g]5g\ .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] k/LIff lgoGq0f dxfzfvfsf] sfd, st{Jo

/ ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf pQ/bfloTj cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo
k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd xg]5 .
43
-#_ k/LIff lgoGq0f dxfzfvfdf tf]lsPsf] ;xfos 8Lg jf clwsf/L
k|d'vsf] ¿kdf /xg]5 h;n] ;DalGwt 8Lgsf] k|ToIf dftxt /
lgb{]zgdf o; lgoddf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s lgh
8Lgaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd sfd ug{]5 / st{Jo kfng ug{] /
pQ/bfloTj jxg ug{]5 .
-$_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt /x]sf cWoog

;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf 8Lgn] cGoyf Joj:yf ePdf afx]s k/LIff
lgoGqssf] clwsf/ k|of]u ug{ kfpg]5 .
#@= cfª\lus SofDk; k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt M
-!_ k/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L

kl/ifb\\sf] k"j{:jLs[t ePdf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn]
tf]lsPsf] cfª\lus SofDk;nfO{ jf ;f] If]qsf tf]lsPsf cGo
SofDk;x¿;d]t ;dflji6 x'g] u/L s'g} z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] clGtd
k/LIff ;~rfng ug{] cleef/f lbPdf To:tf cfª\lus SofDk;df
k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 . cfª\lus SofDk; k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g pklgod -@_ adf]lhd x'g]5 .
π
-@_ cfª\lus SofDk; k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g]5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt SofDk;sf SofDk; k|d'v cWoIf
-v_ k/LIff;DaGwL ljz]if1x¿ dfWo]af6

s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltaf6
dgf]gLt @ hgf ;b:o
π
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk
44
-u_ ;DalGwt SofDk;sf lzIfsx¿dWo]
;DalGwt 8Lgsf] l;kmfl/;df
pks'nkltaf6 dgf]gLt # hgf ;b:o
-3_ ;DalGwt SofDk;sf] k/LIffsf] sfd

;DxfnL cfPsf ;xfos SofDk; k|d'v
jf To:tf] Joj:yf gePdf SofDk;
k|d'vn] tf]s]sf] Pshgf clwsf/L ;b:o–
;lrj
π
-#_ pklgod -@_ sf kb]g ;b:oafx]s dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw
dgf]gLt ePsf] ldltaf6 @ -b'O{_ jif{sf] x'g]5 . lghx¿ csf]{ Ps
kbfjlwsf nflu k'gM dgf]gLt x'g u|fXo x'g]5g\ .
π
-$_ cfª\lus SofDk; k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf nflu $ -rf/_
hgf pkl:yt ePdf u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof k'Ug]5 / ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6}
lg0f{o x'g]5 .
π
-%_ cfª\lus SofDk; k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sdf efu lng] ;a}n]
tf]lsPadf]lhd a}7s eQf kfpg]5g\ .
π
^_ cfª\lus SofDk; k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
-s_ cfª\lus SofDk;af6 ;~rfng x'g] egL tflsPsf ;a} k|sf/sf -

lnlvt, k|of]ufTds, df}lvs jf cGo_ k/LIffsf] Joj:yfkg,
;~rfng tyf lgoGq0f ug'{ u/fpg' .
π
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk
45
-v_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s]sf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf]
clGtd k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' / ;f] ;DaGwL cfjZos
cGo Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg[' .
-u_ cfkm}n] k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ tf]lsPsf k/LIffsf] sfo{tflnsf
k|sflzt ug'{, k|sflzt sfo{tflnsfadf]lhd k/LIff ;~rfng ug'{
/ kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf k|sflzt sfo{tflnsf jf sfo{qmd :ylut
ug'{ / lnO;s]sf] k/LIff;d]t /2 u/L To;sf] hfgsf/L tTsfn}
s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ lbg' .
-3_ k/LIffsf nflu cfjZos k|flZgs, ;+zf]wgstf{, k/LIfs,
;Dk/LIfs / cGo ljz]if1x¿ dgf]gLt ug'{ / dgf]gLt JolQm jf
ljz]if1x¿nfO{ x6fpg' jf lgnDag ug'{ .
-ª_ k/LIffsf] dof{bf / ljZj;gLotfdf cfFr gcfpg] u/L k/LIff
;~rfng ug{ hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf / cfjZos zflGt ;'/Iffsf]
Joj:yf ldnfpg' .
-r_ k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ug{' / nAwfª\skq pknAw u/fpg' .
-5_ k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ :yfoL k|df0fsf] ¿kdf
k|df0f k|n]v s]xL pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ eP k/LIffyL{sf] /]s8{ /
lbg'kg]{ k|df0f jf k|n]vsf] 9fFrf;lxt k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf
l;kmfl/; u/L k7fpg' .
-h_ k/LIff;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlw emlNsg] u/L k|To]s ^÷^ dlxgfdf

k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltdf k7fpg' .
-em_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;do ;dodf lbPsf] gLlt

lgb]{zgsf] kfngf ug'{ .
-`_ tf]lsPsf] cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ .
46
kl/R5]b – &
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|
##= cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] u7g M -!_ ljZjljBfnodf cg';GwfgfTds sfo{

;Dkfbg ug{ u/fpgsf nflu b]xfosf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ /xg]5g\ .
-s_ g]kfn / Pl;ofnL cg';Gwfg s]Gb| (Research centre for Nepal and
Asian studies CNAS)
-v_ Jofjxfl/s lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cg'Gwfg s]Gb| (Research centre

forApplied science and Technology (RECAST)
-u_ cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g cg';Gwfg s]Gb| (Centre for

Economic Development and Administration (CEDA)
-3_ lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| (Research centre for

Economic innovation and Development (CERID)
-@_ of] lgod nfu" x'Fbf ;~rfngdf /x]sf pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿ oxL lgodadf]lhd u7g ePsf dflgg]5g\ .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;efn] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿sf] gfd, ;ª\Vof tyf cGo s'/fx¿df x]/km]/ jf
yk36 jf cGo Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
#$= cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] p2]Zo / k|fyldstf If]qM -!_ g]kfn Pl;ofnL /

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] d'Vo p2]Zo vf; u/L b]xfosf ljifout If]qdf
k|fyldstf lbO{ ljleGg cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd ;Dkfbg ug'{ u/fpg' x'g]5 M
47
-s_ g]kfnd"ns ef}uf]lns, P]ltxfl;s, ;fdflhs, ;f+:s[lts, wfld{s
tyf /fhg}lts kIf / efiff, ;flxTo, snf tGq, ;~rf/ cflb,
-v_ g]kfnsf] k//fi6« gLlt / cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw,
-u_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o JolQmTj, j}lz6\o / cGt/f{li6«o hut\,
-3_ k"jL{o jfª\do,
-ª_ blIf0f Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;ª\u7gsf / cGo Pl;ofnL d'n'ssf

ljleGg kIfx¿ /
-r_ tf]lsPsf] cGo .
-@_ cfly{s ljsf; tyf k|zf;g cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] d'Vo p2]Zo vf; u/L
b]xfosf ljifout If]qdf k|fyldstf lbO{ ljleGg cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd
;Dkfbg ug'{ u/fpg' x'g]5 M
-s_ of]hgf / gLlt,
-v_ /fli6«o, If]qLo tyf u|fdL0f ljsf;,
-u_ cy{Joj:yf, pBf]u, Jofkf/, kf/jxg, ko{6g ,pbf/ cfly{s

ljsf;, lghL If]q, lghLs/0f, ahf/ Joj:yf, a}b]lzs ljlgdo,
/fli6«o tyf :yfgLo /fh:j / s/, j}b]lzs cg'bfg tyf C0f,
cfGtl/s C0f a}lsª / z]o/ ahf/ cflb,
-3_ Joj:yfkg k|zf;g, ;ª\u7g tyf lgoGq0f,
-ª_ hg;ª\Vof, a;fO;/fO tyf kl/jf/ lgof]hg,
-r_ dfgjLo ;fwg / >dzlQm tyf ljsf;,
48
-5_ k|fs[lts ;fwg, ;|f]t, ♣
-h_ /fli6«o ;Dkbf / jftfj/0f /
-em_ sfo{d"ns cg';Gwfg .
-#_ Jofjxfl/s lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] d'Vo p2]Zo vf; u/L
b]xfosf ljifout If]qx¿df k|fyldstf lbO{ ljleGg cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd
;Dkfbg ug'{ u/fpg' x'g]5 M
-s_ :jb]zL k|ljlwsf] vf]htnf;, hu]gf{, ;+/If0f, pkof]u, pkfb]otf

/ ljsf;,
-v_ g]kfndf pko'Qm x'g] ljb]zL k|ljlwx¿sf] vf]htnf; tyf To:tf

k|ljlwx¿sf] x:tfGt/0f;DaGwL k|ljlws kIf /
-u_ cfwf/e"t ;}4flGts tyf k|of]ufTds lj1fg .
-$_ lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] d'Vo p2]Zo vf; u/L b]xfosf
ljifout If]qx¿df k|fyldstf lbO{ ljleGg cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd ;Dkfbg
ug'{ u/fpg' x'g]5M
-s_ pRr tyf cGo lzIff,
-v_ kf7\oqmd, kf7\o;fdu|L / lzIf0f ljlw,
-u_ lzIff gLlt z}lIfs ;ª\u7g, Joj:yfkg, k|zf;g / z}lIfs

d"NofÍg /
-3_ lzIf0f hgzlQm / ljsf; .

♣
@)^* j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 vf/]h
49
#%= cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M -!_Τ g]kfn / Pl;ofnL
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, Jofjxfl/s lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cg';Gwfg s]Gb,| cfly{s
ljsf; tyf k|zf;g cg';Gwfg s]Gb| / lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|sf] -o;kl5 cg';Gwfg s]Gb| elgPsf]_ sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 lgwf{l/t cg';Gwfg gLltcg';f/ cf–cfˆgf]

p2]Zocg'¿k ljleGg ljifout If]qx¿df cg';Gwfg ug{,
-v_ ljZjljBfno jf cGo lgsfox¿sf] ljQLo ;|f]t jf ;xof]uaf6

ljleGg cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf ;~rfng ug{',
-u_ Jofj;flos k/fdz{ ;]jf ;~rfng ug'{,
-3_ z}lIfs k|fl1s tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L, tflnd

cflb ;~rfng ug',{
-ª_ ljleGg cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf / cGo ;DalGwt sfdsf]

;Dkfbgsf nflu cfjZos kg{] lzIfs, sd{rf/L tyf cGo
hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf / ljsf; ug'{,
-r_ cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{ / cGo ;]jfsf nflu Jofj;flos z'Ns /

cGo /sd nufpg' /
-5_ cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{ ;]jf, ;Dd]ng uf]i7L / tflnd cflbsf

;fdu|Lx¿, ljlzi6 ljåfg\x¿sf n]v, k':ts, ;dLIff, tyf cGo
;DalGwt lqmofsnfk;DaGwL s[ltsf] k|sfzg ug'{ u/fpg' / tL
k|sfzgx¿sf] d"No tf]sL ljqmL–ljt/0f ug'{ jf lgMz'Ns ljt/0f
u/fpg' .
Τ
50
-@_ cfˆgf] ;ª\u7gsf nflu lzIfs, sd{rf/L, ;fdfGo ljQLo tyf cGo
cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug'{ .
-#_ σ
-$_ Τ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ cg';Gwfg ;dGjo tyf ljsf;
kl/ifb\\, lgod / Joj:yfkg jf sfo{k|0ffnLaf6 tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿
#^= cg'';Gwfg s]Gb| Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\ M -!_ k|To]s cg';Gwfg
s]Gb|df Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\ /xg]5 h;sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g]5 M
-s_ sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs cWoIf

-v_ 8Lgx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-u_ cfª\lus SofDk;sf SofDk;
k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-3_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf SofDk;
k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-ª_ ljefusf k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-r_ lghL If]qsf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL lgsfosf
jl/i7 cg';Gwfgstf{x¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-5_ ;/sf/L If]qsf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL lgsfosf
jl/i7 cg';Gwfgstf{x¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-h_ lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 b'O{ hgf ;b:o
σ
Τ
51
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_ df plNnlvt cWoIfafx]s cGo
;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df pks'nkltn] ug{]5 .
-#_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw # -ltg_ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx¿ csf{]
Ps k6s;Ddsf nflu ;b:odf k'gM dgf]gog x'g u|fx\o x'g]5g\ .
-$_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO{ plrt / kof{Kt
sf/0fljgf x6fOg] 5}g .
-%_ cWoIfnufotsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ tf]lsPafdf]lhd a}7s eQf tyf cGo
;'ljwf lbOg]5 .
-^_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg ty ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] sfo{gLlt, sfo{qmd / ah]6 th'{df
ug{ nufO{ l;kmfl/;;fy :jLs[ltsf nflu ;efdf k7fpg',
-v_ cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd / cGo sfo{x¿sf nflu cfGtl/s ;ª\u7g,

cfjZos ;fwg / ;|f]tsf] Joj:yf ug'{,
-u_ ljZjljBfno / cGo afx\o lgsfox¿sf] cg';Gwfg tyf cGo

kl/of]hgf ;~rfngsf nflu :jLs[lt lbg' /
-3_ cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf, k/fdz{ ;]jf / cGo ;DalGwt

sfo{qmdx¿sf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug{' .
52
•
kl/R5]b &s
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw s]Gb|
#^s cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw s]Gb| M-!_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;ª\u7gsf] :j¿kleq Ps

cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw s]Gb| /xg]5 . of] lgod nfu' x'+bf ;~rfngdf /x]sf]
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw s]Gb| oxL lgodadf]lhd ;~rfng ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;DaGw s]Gb|sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/

•
@)^* j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
53
kl/R5]b – *
Τ
cg';Gwfg ;dGjo tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\
#&= cg';Gwfg ;dGjo tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] u7g M
-!_ ljZjljBfnodf Ps s]Gb|:t/Lo ælqe'jg ljZjljBfno cg';Gwfg

;dGjo tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\Æ /xg]5 h;sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-s_ lzIffWoIf cWoIf
-v_ 8Lgx¿ ;b:o
-u_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zsx¿ ;b:o
-3_ s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-ª_ cfª\lus SofDk;sf SofDk; k|d'vx¿dWo]af6

b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-r_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf SofDk;

k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-5_ ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL

lgsfosf k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-h_ lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
Τ
54
-em_ ljlzi6 JolQmx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-`_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x¿df sfo{/t jl/i7

lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 k|To]s cg';Gwfg s]Gb|af6
sDtLdf Ps hgf kg{] u/L rf/ hgf ;b:o
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -s_, -v_ / -u_ adf]lhdsf cWoIf /
;b:ox¿afx]s cGo ;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df
pks'nkltn] ug{]5 .
-#_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw # -ltg _ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx¿ csf{]

Ps k6s;Ddsf nflu ;b:odf k'gM dgf]gog x'g u|fx\o x'g]5g\ .
-$_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO{ plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ljgf
x6fOg] 5}g .
-%_ cWoIf nufotsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhd a}7s eQf tyf cGo

;'ljwf lbOg]5 .
-^_ P]g, lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL cg';Gwfg ;dGjo tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ lgoddf cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s ljZjljBfnosf] cg';Gwfg gLlt

lgwf{/0f ug{], cg';Gwfg cª\usf] k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f ug{], cg';Gwfg
of]hgf / sfo{qmdsf] th'{df / sfof{Gjog, cg';Gwfg sfo{sf nflu
cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] ;[hgf / ljsf; ug{] cflbsf ;DaGwdf
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k|:tfj jf k/fdz{ k7fpg',
-v_ cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, cfª\lus SofDk;, ljefu

tyf ljZjljBfnosf cGo lgsfox¿df ;~rflnt cg';Gwfg
sfo{df ;dGjo / ;fd~h:o jf cGo ljz]if Joj:yf :yfkgf ug'{,
55
-u_ ljZjljBfnodf ;~rflnt cg';Gwfg / k/fdz{ ;]jfsf] cg'udg /
d"NofÍg ug'{,
-3_ /fli6«o tyf cGt/fli6«o ;+:yfx¿ / cg';Gwfgstf{ jf lzIfsx¿;Fu

cg';GwfgfTds ;DaGw / cGt/lqmofsf] ljsf; ug'{,
-ª_ ljZjljBfnosf lgsfox¿sf] cg';Gwfg sfo{qmd / ah]6af/]

l;kmfl/; ug'{,
-r_ ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLaf6

tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿ ;Dkfbg ug{' u/fpg',
-5_ cg';Gwfg / cGo kl/of]hgfsf] nfutsf] kl/lwleq /xL

cg';Gwfgstf{, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu cltl/Qm kfl/>lds,
k|f]T;fxg / ;'ljwf tyf ;x'lnot gLlt lgwf{/0f ug'{,
-h_ ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf nflu ef}lts ;DklQsf] lgdf{0f /

ljsf; ug'{ u/fpg',
-em_ ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] ljQLo sf]ifsf] Joj:yfkg tyf

kl/rfng ;+DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f ug'{,
-`_ ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] nflu cfjZos sfo{k|0ffnL agfO{

sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ nfu" ug'{ u/fpg',
-6_ ;DalGwt cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] sfo{ / st{Jo;DaGwL cGo cg'udg

tyf dfu{lgb{]zg lbg' /
-7_ ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, cg';Gwfg ;dGjo tyf

ljsf; kl/ifb\\, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLaf6 tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿
56
:ki6Ls/0fM o; lgodsf] k|of]hgsf nflu cg';Gwfg eGgfn]
pkflwd"nsafx]ssf] cg';GwfgnfO{ dfq hgfpF5 .
#*= cg';Gwfg ;dGjo tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s / cGo Joj:yf M
-!_ kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s k|To]s cfly{s jif{df sDtLdf b'O{ k6s a:g]5 .
-@_ kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf nflu s"n ;b:ox¿sf] krf; k|ltztsf]

pkfl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s dflgg]5 .
-#_ kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o ax'dtåf/f ul/g]5 .
-$_ kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL cGo s'/fx¿ / cGo sfo{ut If]qx¿sf

;DaGwdf kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]cg';f/ x'g]5 .
57
kl/R5]b – (
kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| / ;~rfns ;ldlt
#(= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] u7g / ;~rfng M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf]

;ª\u7gsf] :j¿kleq Ps kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| /xg]5 . of] lgod
nfu" xF'bf ;~rfngdf /x]sf] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| oxL lgodadf]lhd
u7g / ;~rfng ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo /

clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g5
] M
-s_ cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfosf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿df tf]lsPsf

;femf jf cGo ljifox¿sf] kf7\qmd th'{df ug'{ u/fpg',
-v_ ljBfkl/ifb\\ tyf ljifo ;ldltx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd th'{df / kl/dfh{g

/ kl/is/0f tyf k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu ;DalGwt cWoog
;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfodfkm{t cfjZos k|fljlws ;xof]u / cGo
dfu{bz{g k|bfg ug'{,
-u_ ljb]zL jf :jb]zL ljZjljBfnodf kf7\qmdx¿sf] ljZn]]if0f u/L

ljZjljBnosf] kf7\qmdnfO{ ;d;fdlos tyf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df
9fNg nufpg ;DalGwt ;ª\u7gnfO{ ;'emfa lbg',
-3_ kf7\qmd;DaGwL cg';Gwfg ug'{ u/fpg',
-ª_ kf7\qmdsf] sfo{Gjogsf nflu pko'Qm lzIf0f ljlw, / k"jf{wf/

tyf k"jf{aZostfx¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{ ug{ nufpg',
58
-r_ kf7\oqmdadf]lhdsf kf7\ok':ts,kf7\o;fdu|L tyf cGo z}lIfs
;fdu|Lx¿ n]vfpg', k|sflzt ug'{, u/fpg' / k|sfzgx¿ ljqmL–
ljt/0f ug'{ u/fpg',
-5_ kf7\o;fdu|L;DaGwL lzIf0f, k|lzIf0f, uf]i7L / ;Dd]ng cflb ug'{
u/fpg',
-h_ cfˆgf] ;ª\u7gsf nflu lzIfs–sd{rf/L, ;fdfGo,ljQLo tyf cGo
cfjZos Joj:yfkg ug'{ /
Τ
-em_ -P]g, ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, cg';Gwfg ;dGjo
tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\, lgod / sfo{k|0fnLn] tf]s]sf cGo sfdx¿
$)= ;~rfns ;ldltM -!_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfng ug{ u/fpg
ælqe'jg ljZjljBfno kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfns ;ldltÆ-o;kl5
;~rfns ;ldlt elgPsf]_ b]xfoadf]lhd u7g x'g]5M
-s_ lzIffWoIf cWoIf
-v_ ;ª\sfoaf6 Ps / cWoog ;+:yfgaf6
Ps u/L b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-u_ lzIff ljsf; tyf cg';gwfg s]Gb|sf ljz]if1
Ps hgf ;b:o
-3_ k/LIff lgoGqs ;b:o
-ª_ pRr dfWolds lzIff kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o–;lrj ;b:o
-r_ ljZjljBfnosf kf7\qmd ljz]if1x¿dWo]af6
Ps hgf ;b:o
Τ
59
-5_ ;ª\sfo tyf cWoog ;+:yfgsf] k|ltlglwTj
x'g] u/L ljifo ;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6
kfFr hgf ;b:o
-h_ kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs ;b:o– ;lrj
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -v_ ,-u_, -ª_, -r_ / -5_ df plNnlvt
;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df pks'nkltaf6 x'g]5 .
-#_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw # -ltg_ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ Τ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7ssf nflu s"n ;b:ox¿sf] %) k|ltztsf]

pkl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof dflgg]5 .
-%_ ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfng ug{] u/fpg]

;DaGwdf lzIfs–sd{rf/L, ljQLo tyf ;fdfGo Joj:yfkg / lgoGq0f
ug{] u/fpg];DaGwL sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ x'g]5 / ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
cGo sfd st{Jo / clwsf/, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLn] tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
$!= kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb{]zssf] pQ/bfloTj M kf7\oqmd

ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs ;~rfns ;ldlt / lzIffWoIfk|lt k"0f{
pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
Τ
60
kl/R5]b – !)
k':tsfno / k|of]uzfnf;DaGwL lgsfo
k':tsfnoM
$@= k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldlt M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, cfª\lus SofDk;, ljefu tyf ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf
k':tsfno / k|n]vfnosf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf; ug{ u/fpg / tT;DaGwL
Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L agfpg ljZljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo:t/df lqe'jg
ljZjljBfno k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldlt -o;kl5 k':tsfno ljsf;
;ldlt elgPsf] _ /xg]5 h;nfO{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno k':tsfno
ljsf; ;ldlt elgg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_adf]lhdsf] k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd

x'g]5 M
-s_ lzIffWoIf cWoIf
-v_ 8Lgx¿ ;b:o
-u_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb{]zsx¿ ;b:o
-3_ kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb{]zs ;b:o
-ª_ cfª\lus SofDk;sf SofDk; k|d'x¿dWo]

b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-r_ ljefusf k|d'vx¿dWo] ltg hgf ;b:o
-5_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf SofDk;

k|d'vx¿dWo] Ps hgf ;b:o
61
-h_ ljZjljBfnoleqsf k':tsfnox¿sf
k|d'v k|fljlw1x¿dWo] b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-em_ Τ ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf k':tsfno;DaGwL

ljz]if1x¿dWo] Ps hgf ;b:o
-`_ s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnosf k|d'v ;b:o– ;lrj
-#_ pklgod -@_ sf] v08 -ª_, -r_, -5_, -h_ / -em_ adf]lhdsf
;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df pks'nkltaf6 x'g]5 .
-$_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw # -ltg_ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-%_ k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldltsf] a}7ssf nflu sDtLdf s'n ;b:ox¿sf]

%) -krf;_ k|ltzteGbf a9L ;b:ox¿sf] pkl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s
dflgg]5 .
-^_ k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldltsf] lg0f{o ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
-&_ k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd

x'g]5 M
-s_ ljZjljBfno ;ª\u7gsf k':tsfno;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf, /

sfo{qmd th'{df ug{] u/fpg],
-v_ k':tsfnosf] ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf nflu ljQLo tyf cGo ;fwg

kl/rfng ug{] u/fpg],
Τ
62
Τ
-u_ k':tsfnosf nflu ef}lts ljsf; tyf hgzlQm tof/ ug{]
u/fpg],
-3_ k':tsx¿ tyf k|n]vx¿sf] ;ª\sng, vl/b;DaGwL gLlt /

sfo{qmd th'{df ug{] u/fpg],
-ª_ k':tsfnox¿df lg/LIf0f ug{], u/fpg] / tL lgsfox¿nfO{

lgb{]zg lbg],
-r_ k':tsfno;DaGwL sfo{Joj:yf th'{df ug{ nufO{ nfu" ug{

nufpg] /
-5_ cGo tf]lsPsf] sfd ug{] u/fpg] .
-*_ k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldltn] Ps ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug{]5 h;sf] sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/ sfo{ k|0ffnLdf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 . To:tf]
sfo{k|0ffnL pQm ;ldltn] agfO{ nfu" ug{ ;Sg]5 .
$#= Τ s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g / ;~rfngM -!_ s]Gb|Lo

sfof{no cjl:yt sLlt{k'/sf] xftfleq Ps s]Gb|Lo k':tsfno /xg]5, ;f]
k':tsfnon] k':tsfno ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf sfd
ug]{5 .
Τ
-@_ s]Gb|Lo k':tsfnosf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g, ;ldltsf] u7g, sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/, ;~rfng ljlw tyf cGo Joj:yf tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
$$= k':tsfno;DaGwL ;ldltx¿sf] u7gM k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo,

cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, s]Gb|Lo ljefu, cfª\lus SofDk; tyf cGo lgsfon]
Τ
63
cf–cfˆgf] k':tsfno jf k|n]vfnosf] ;~rfng, Joj:yfkg tyf
ljsf;sf nflu cfkm}åf/f lgb]{lzsf agfO{ k':tsfno Joj:yfkg tyf
ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5, h;sf] u7gsf] k|sf/ sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/ tyf Joj:yf ;f]xL lgb]{lzsfåf/f tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
k|of]uzfnfM
$%= k|of]uzfnf ljsf; ;ldltM -!_ k|of]uzfnfsf] dfWodåf/f k|of]ufTds

z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg'kg]{ cWoog ;+:yfg ;ª\sfo,
cg';Gwfg s]Gb| s]Gb|Lo ljefu, cfª\lus SofDk;x¿df k|of]uzfnfsf]
:yfkgf tyf ljsf; ug{ u/fpg / tT;DaGwL Joj:yfkg k|efjsf/L
agfpg ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo :t/df Ps k|of]uzfnf ljsf; ;ldlt
/xg]5, h;nfO{ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno k|of]uzfnf ljsf; ;ldlt -o;kl5
k|of]uzfnf ljsf; ;ldlt_ elgg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|of]uzfnf lasf; ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo /

clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;ª\u7gsf k|of]uzfnf;DaGwL gLlt, of]hgf /

sfo{qmd th'{df ug]{ u/fpg],
-v_ k|of]uzfnfsf nflu k|fljlws tyf cGo :t/ lgwf{/0f ug]{,
-u_ k|of]uzfnfsf] ;'wf/ / ljsf;sf nflu ljQLo tyf cGo ;fwg

kl/rfng ug]{ u/fpg],
-3_ k|of]uzfnfsf] ef}lts ljsf; / bIf hgzlQm tof/ ug]{

u/fpg],
-ª_ k|of]uzfnf;DaGwL pks/0fx¿ kmlg{r/ tyf ;fdfu|Lx¿sf] :t/

lgwf{/0f;DaGwL gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{] u/fpg],
64
-r_ k|of]uzfnfx¿sf nflu cfjZos /f;folgs kbfy{ tyf cGo
;fdfu|Lx¿sf] vl/b;DaGwL gLlt / sfo{qmd th{'df ug{]
u/fpg],
-5_ k|of]uzfnfx¿df lg/LIf0f ug]{ u/fpg] / tL lgsfox¿nfO{

lgb]{zg lbg],
-h_ k|of]uzfnf;DaGwL sfo{ljlw th'{df ug{ nufO{ nfu" ug{

nufpg] /
-em_ cGo tf]lsPsf] sfd ug]{ u/fpg] .
-#_ ljZjljBfno k|of]uzfnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7gsf] k|sf/, ;~rfng

ljlw / cGo Joj:yf sfo{ljlwdf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
$^= k|of]uzfnf Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g M k|of]uzfnf ePsf jf

x'g] k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, cfª\lus SofDk;,
s]Gb|Lo ljefu / cGo lgsfon] cf–cfˆgf] k|of]uzfnfsf] ;~rfng,
Joj:ykg / ljsf;sf nflu cfkm}+åf/f lgb]{lzsf agfO{ k|of]uzfnf
Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 h;sf] u7gsf] k|sf/,
sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ / cGo Joj:yf ;f]xL lgb]{lzsfdf tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
65
kl/R5]b – !!
hgzlQm ljsf; kl/ifb\\
$&= ljZjljBfno hgzlQm ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] u7g / cGo Joj:yf M -!_

ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf k|zf;sLo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf
clej[l4 / j[lQ ljsf;sf] k|j4{g tyf ;+j4{g ug{ u/fpg s]Gb|Lo :t/df
ælqe'jg ljZjljBfno hgzlQm ljsf; tyf sNof0f kl/ifb\\Æ -o;kl5
kl/ifb\\ elgPsf]_ gfdsf] Ps ;ª\u7g /xg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] kl/ifb\\sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
s_ lzIffWoIf cWoIf
-u_ 8Lgx¿dWo]af6 b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-3_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs

dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:o
-ª_ g]kfn k|fWofks ;ª\3sf] cWoIf jf

lghn] tf]s]sf] k|ltlglw Ps hgf ;b:o
-r_ ljZjljBfno sd{rf/L ;ª\3sf] cWoIf jf

lghn] tf]s]sf] k|ltlglw Ps hgf ;b:o
-5_ lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 b'O{ hgf ;b:o
66
⊕
-h_ ljZjljBfnosf clws[tx¿dWo]af6 cfly{s
k|zf;gsf k|d'v ;b:o
Τ
-em_ cfª\lus SofDk; k|d'v dWo]af6 b'O{ hgf ;b:o
⊕
-`_ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nocGtu{t ;dGjo
dxfzfvfsf k|d'v ;b:o–;lrj
-#_ pklgod -@_ sf] v08 Τ-s_, -v_, -ª_, -r_, -h_ /-`_afx]ssf
;b:ox¿ lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df pks'nkltn] dgf]gog ug]{5 .
-$_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw # -ltg_ jif{sf] x'g]5 . lghx¿ csf{] Ps

k6s;Ddsf nflu k'gM dgf]gog x'g u|fx\o x'g]5g\ .
-%_ kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf nflu %) k|ltzt pkl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s dflgg]5 .
-^_ kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
-&_ kl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ lzIfs / k|zf;sLo tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] z}lIfs of]Uotf tyf

j[lQ ljsf;sf nflu hgzlQm ljsf; gLlt :jLs[t ug{],
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] :jLs[t gLltcGt{ut hgzlQm ljsf; of]hgf

tyf sfo{qmd agfO{ nfu" ug{],
⊕
@)%& ;fn kf}if @* ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
Τ
@)%^ ;fn kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
67
-u_ lzIfs / k|zf;sLo tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ;]jfsfnLg
tyf k"j{;]jfsfnLg k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ug{] u/fpg],
-3_ :jb]z jf ljb]zdf pRr:t/Lo z}lIfs jf cg';Gwfg sfo{qmddf
cGt/f{li6«o ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L a}7s tyf e|d0fdf lzIfs / k|zf;sLo
tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿ k7fpg] Joj:yf ug{] u/fpg],
-ª_ :jb]z jf ljb]zsf ljZjljBfnox¿, z}lIfs k|fl1s tyf
cg';GwfgTds ;+:yfx¿l;t lzIfs cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd ;~rfng
ug{] .
-r_ hgzlQm ljsf; sf]if :yfkgf ug{] / ;~rfng ug{],
-5_ hgzlQm ljsf;;DaGwL ;Dd]ng, uf]i7L tyf cGo sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug{] /
-h_ lzIfs / k|zf;sLo tyf cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu kbs /
k'/:sf/ tyf cGo pTk|]/0ffsf nflu gLlt lgwf{/0f ug{ k/fdz{
lbg] .
-*_ kl/ifb\\sf] Ps sfo{ ;ldlt x'g]5 h;sf] u7gsf] k|sf/, sfd, st{Jo,
clwsf/ / cGo Joj:yf ;f]xL kl/ifb\\ jf sfo{k4ltaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
$*= hgzlQm ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g / cGo Joj:yfM cWoog ;+:yfg,;ª\sfo
cg'';Gwfg s]Gb|, cfª\lus SofDk;, s]Gb|Lo ljefu tyf ljZjljBfnosf
cGo lgsfodf kl/ifb\\af6 hgzlQm ljsf; ;ldlt u7g x'g ;Sg]5 .
h;sf] u7gsf] k|sf/, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf cGo Joj:yf
kl/ifb\\af6 :jLs[t x'g] lgb{]lzsfn] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
68
kl/R5]b – !@
ljBfyL{ sNof0f kl/ifb\\
$(= ljZjljBfnodf ljBfyL{ sNof0f kl/ifb\\ M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf

ljBfyL{x¿sf] lxt / sNof0fsf] Joj:yf ug{ u/fpg s]Gb|Lo :t/df
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ljBfyL{ sNof0f kl/ifb\\ -o;kl5 kl/ifb\\ elgPsf]_
gfdsf] Ps ;ª\u7g /xg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] kl/ifb\\sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-s_ lzIffWoIf cWoIf
-u_ 8Lgx¿dWo]af6 rf/ hgf ;b:o
-3_ cfª\lus SofDk;x¿sf SofDk;

k|d'vx¿dWo] ltg hgf ;b:o
-ª_ cfª\lus SofDk;x¿df ;ª\ul7t :jtGq

ljBfyL{ o'lgogx¿sf cWoIfx¿dWo]
ltg hgf ;b:o
-r_ ♦ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno, ljBfyL{ sNof0f

tyf v]ns'b lgb]{zgfnosf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs ;b:o–;lrj
♦
@)^* a}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
69
-#_ pklgod @ sf] v08 ♦-u_, -3_ / -ª_Æ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox¿sf]
dgf]gog lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df pks'nkltn] ug{]5 .
♦
-$_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw @ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
Τ
-%_ kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf nflu %) k|ltztsf] pkl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof
dflgg]5 .
-^_ kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
-&_ kl/ifb\\sf] Ps sfo{ ;ldlt x'g]5 h;sf] u7gsf] k|sf/, sfd, st{Jo,
clwsf/ / cGo Joj:yf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ jf sfo{k|0ffnLaf6
%)= ljBfyL{ sNof0f ;ldltsf] u7g / cGo Joj:yf M

♦
-!_ ljBfyL{ sNof0f ;ldltsf] u7g lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf cfª\lus
SofDk;x¿df dfq x'g]5, h;sf] u7gsf] k|lqmof, sfd st{Jo /
clwsf/ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t sfo{ k|0ffnLdf tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
-@_ kl/ifb\\n] pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ljBfyL{ sNof0f ;ldltnfO{

lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 / To:tf] lgb{]zgsf] kfng ug'{ u/fpg' ljBfyL{
sNof0f ;ldltsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
♦
Τ
@)%& ;fn kf}if @* ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
70
kl/R5]b – !#
of]hgf kl/ifb\\
%!= ljZjljBfno of]hgf kl/ifb\\M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;jf{ËL0f ljsf;sf nflu

bL3{sfnLg, dWosfnLg tyf jflif{s of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'd { f ug{
u/fpg :jLs[t of]hgf tyf sfo{{qmdsf] sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff ;d]t ug{
u/fpg s]Gb|Lo :t/df ælqe'jg ljZjljBfno of]hgf kl/ifb\\Æ -o;kl5
kl/ifb\\ elgPsf]_ gfdsf] Ps ;ª\u7g /xg]5 .

-!s_ pklgod-!_adf]lhdsf] kl/ifbsf] ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf sfd ug{
Ps of]hgf lgb]{zgfno /xG5 .
Τ
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] kl/ifb\\sf] u7g ljlgoddf
tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 . ;f] kl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf pks'nklt / of]hgf
dxfzfvfsf k|d'v ;b:o;lrj /xg] Joj:yf x'g]5 .
-#_ kl/ifb\\sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ ljlgoddf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o– ;lrj tyf ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw, kfl/>lds, eQf

tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .

%!s of]hgf lgb]{zs -!_pklgod %!-!s_ adf]lhdsf] lgb]{zgfnodf k'/f
;do sfd ug]{u/L Ps lgb]{zs /xg]5 .
-@_ lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQmsf] nflu l;kmfl/; ug{ pks'nkltn] Pshgf

k|fWofks ;+of]hs / ;xk|fWofks /x]sf] ltg ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g

@)&# c;f/ @^ a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk
Τ
71
ug]{5 . To;/L ul7t ;ldltn] ltg hgfsf] gfd l;kmfl/; ug]{5 /
sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm ug]{5 .
-#_ lgb]{zssf] kbfjlw rf/ aif{ x'g]5 .
-$_ lgb]{zssf] sfd, st{Jo, clwsf/ tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ of]hgf lgb]{zgfnodf tf]lsP adf]lhd pk lgb]{zsx¿ /xg]5g\ .
72
kl/R5]b – !$
pkflw dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ;ldlt
%@= pkflw dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ;ldlt M
-!_ ljZjljBfnoafx]s cGo :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno z}lIfs tyf

k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿ tyf ltgsf k|df0fkq jf pkflwx¿nfO{ dfGotf tyf
;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug{ ljZjljBfnodf Ps ;ldlt u7g x'g]5, h;nfO{
æpkflw dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ;ldltÆ elgg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] pkflw, dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf l;kmfl/; tyf
lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ lzIffWoIf cWoIf
-v_ /lh:6«f/ ;b:o
-u_ 8Lgx¿ ;b:o
-3_ lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 ltg hgf ;b:o
-ª_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L

lgb{]zs ;b:o–;lrj
-#_ pklgod @ sf] v08 -3_ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog

lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df pks'nkltn] ug{]5 .
-$_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kbfjlw # -ltg_ jif{sf] x'g]5 / lghx¿ csf{] Ps

k6s;Ddsf nflu ;b:odf k'gM dgf]gog x'g u|fx\o x'g]5g\ .
73
-%_ cfjZos b]lvPdf cWoIfn] o; ;ldltsf] a}7sdf b]xfosf JolQmnfO{
cfdlGqt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-s_ σ,
-v_ ;DalGwt z}lIfs sfo{qmd jf ljifosf ljz]if1x¿ .
-u_ cGo pko'Qm JolQmx¿ t/ cfdlGqt JolQmx¿n] o; ;ldltsf]

a}7sdf dt lbg] sfd afx]s /fo k|s6 ug{ / 5nkmndf efu
lng;d]t kfpg]5g\ .
-^_ dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿nfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf glbO{ plrt / kof{Kt

sf/0fljgf x6fOg] 5}g .
-&_ cWoIf nufotsf ;b:ox¿nfO{ tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] a}7s eQf

lbOg]5 .
-*_ o; ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf kf7\qmd ljsf; s]Gb|n] sfd

ug{]5 .
%#= Τ pkflw dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo /

clwsf/ M pkflw dfGotf tyf ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ;ldltsf]
sfd,st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ljZjljBfnoafx]s cGo :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno / z}lIfs tyf

k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿nfO{ ltgsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd / pkflw jf k|df0fkqsf]
k|of]hgsf nflu dfGotf lbg] ;DaGwdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df lg0f{ofy{
l;kmfl/;sf] k|:tfj k7fpg',
σ
Τ
74
-v_ ljZjljBfnosf] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 dfGotfk|fKt :jb]zL jf ljb]zL
ljZjljBfno / z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿sf] pkflw jf k|df0fkq;Fu
ljZjljBfnosf] ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug'{,
-u_ ljZjljBfno jf cGo k|fl1s ;+:yfsf ljleGg k|df0fkq jf

pkflwx¿;Fu ljZjljBfnoafx]s cGo :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno
/ z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿sf] k|df0fkq jf pkflwx¿sf] dfGotf /
;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug'{ / To:tf] lgwf{/0fsf] hfgsf/L k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df
k|:t't ug'{,
-3_ ljZjljBfnoafx]s cGo :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno / z}lIfs tyf

k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿sf] k|df0fkq jf pkflwnfO{ dfGotf jf ;dsIftf k|bfg
ug'{cl3 z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 s'g} kf7\of+z jf ljifosf] cWoog k'/f u/L
ljZjljBfnosf] tT;DaGwL ljifosf k/LIff ;d'QL0f{ x'g'kg{] eP To;sf]
lgwf{/0f ug'{,
-ª_ ljZjljBfnodf k|fWofkg tyf lzIf0f x'g] gu/]sf] s'g} z}lIfs sfo{qmd
jf ljifodf ljZjljBfnoafx]s cGo :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno jf
z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿af6 k|bfg ePsf] k|df0fkq jf pkflwnfO{
z}lIfs b[li6sf]0faf6 pko'Qm b]lvPdf dfGotf k|bfg ug'{ / cfjZostf
b]lvP ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug'{,
-r_ pRr dfWolds lzIff pQL0f{ k/LIffnfO{ z}lIfs zt{;lxt jf /lxt

dfGotf k|bfg ug'{ / ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f ug',{
-5_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 cGo :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno / z}lIfs tyf

k|fl1s ;+:yfx¿nfO{ k|bfg eO;s]sf] dfGotf s'g} sf/0fn] lgnDag jf
vf/]h ug'{ k/]df To;sf nflu k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df lg0f{ofy{ sf/0f;lxt
k|:tfj k7fpg',
-h_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 :gfts jf ;f] ;/xsf] k|df0fkq jf pkflw k|fKt u/]sf

jf ljZjljBfnoaf6 dfGotfk|fKt cGo s'g} :jb]zL jf ljb]zL
75
ljZjljBfnoaf6 jf z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfaf6 ljZjljBfnosf]
:gfts ;/xsf] k|df0fkq jf pkflwk|fKt g]kfnsf gful/sx¿n] rfx]df
ljZjljBfnodf gfd btf{ u/fpg] Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg',
-em_ ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd, k|df0fkq jf pkflw cGo s'g} :jb]zL

jf ljb]zL ljZjljBfno jf z}lIfs tyf k|fl1s ;+:yfaf6 dfGotf k|fKt
ug{] / ;dsIftf lgwf{/0f u/fpg];DaGwL ;a} sfd sf/afxL ug'{
u/fpg',
-`_ cfjZos sfo{k4lt agfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ nfu' ug'{
u/fpg' /
-6_ ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, lgod / sfo{k4ltaf6 tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿

76
kl/R5]b – !%
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg
%$= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf M -!_ P]g / lgodadf]lhdsf

kbflwsf/Lx¿ tyf ;ª\u7gx¿ jf lgsfox¿n] -o;kl5 clwsf/
k|Tofof]hgstf{ elgPsf]_n] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt clwsf/x¿dWo] k|Tofof]hg ug{
kfpg] clwsf/x¿ cfkm"d'lgsf kbflwsf/L, lzIfs sd{rf/L, / JolQmljz]if
jf ljZjljBfnosf s'g} cfof]u, kl/ifb\\, ;ldlt, pk;ldlt nufotsf
cGo ;ª\u7g jf lgsfonfO{ -o;kl5 k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|fKtstf{
elgPsf] _ k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ d"n clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgstf{sf] k"j{:jLs[lt glnO{ k|Tofof]lht
clwsf/k|fKt ug]{n] k|Tofof]hgåf/f k|fKt clwsf/ cGo s'g} kbflwsf/L,
lzIfs, sd{rf/L / JolQm ljz]if / ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ª\u7g jf
lgsfonfO{ k'gM k|Tofof]hg ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-@_ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ubf{ / lnFbf ;a} lnlvtdf x'g' kg{]5 .
-#_ clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg u/]sf] hfgsf/L cfkm"eGbf dflysf] kbflwsf/L
jf clwsf/LnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg{]5 .
%%= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgstf{n] k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ lkmtf{ lng ;Sg] Joj:yfM
clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgstf{n] cfkmfåf/f k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|Tofof]lht
clwsf/k|fKt st{faf6 h'g;'s} a]nf jf cj:yfdf cfkm}df lglxt x'g] u/L
jf cGo s'g} kbflwsf/L lzIfs, sd{rf/L / JolQm ljz]if jf
ljZjljBfnosf s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfon] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] u/L lkmtf{
lng jf cGo Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg]5 .
%^= k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|fKtstf{sf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L M k|Tofof]lht
clwsf/ k|fKtstf{n] clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgstf{;/x P]g, lgod, Joj:jyfkg
/ dfu{bz{gx¿ k"0f{tM kfng u/L k|Tofof]lht clwsf/x¿sf] k|of]u
ug'{kg{]5 .
77
%&= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgstf{sf] clGtd lhDd]jf/LM clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgadf]lhd
eP u/]sf] sfddf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgsf] clGtd hafkmb]xL ;fwf/0ftM
/lx/xg] g} 5 .
%*= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hgdf aGb]hM clwsf/k|fKt ;ª\u7g jf kbflwsf/L jf
cGo clwsf/Ln] cfkm"nfO{ k|fKt b]xfosf clwsf/x¿ s'g} klg cGo
;ª\u7g jf kbflwsf/L jf cGo clwsf/L jf sd{rf/L jf JolQmnfO{
k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg] 5}g .
-s_ ah]6, k"/s ah]6, k]:sL, cg'bfg, C0f :jLs[t ug{] / of]hgf
:jLs[t ug{],
-v_ nut cg'dfg :jLs[t ug{],.
-u_ P]g, lgod, Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / sfo{k|0ffnLsf] JofVof ug{] .
-3_ k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg],
-ª_ b08, ;hfo lbg],
-r_ k|f]T;fxL k'/:sf/ lbg],
-5_ bfgbftJo, ljQLo ;xfotf, rGbf / k'/:sf/ lbg],

-h_ 3/, hUuf ef}lts ;+/rgf nufotsf crn ;DklQ ljgfdf]ndf jf
ljgfIfltk"lt{df kl/Tofu, x:tfGt/0f as; jf cGo ug{],
-em_ dfgfy{ pkflw / k|df0fkq lbg] /
-`_ P]g, lgod / Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL, sfo{k|0ffnL / ;efn] aGb]h

nufPsf cGo clwsf/x¿ .
78
kl/R5]b – !^
;efsf] ;b:otf
%(= ;b:otf g/xg]M -!_ ;efsf kb]g ;b:ox¿afx]s cGo ;b:ox¿ b]xfosf
cj:yfdf :jtM ;b:oaf6 x6\g]5g\M–
-s_ ;b:osf] /flhgfdf :jLs[t ePdf,
-v_ d[To' ePdf,
-u_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf s;'/bf/ ;flat eO{

cbfntaf6 s}bsf] ;hfo kfPdf,
-3_ ax'nfPdf,
-ª_ kof{Kt / plrt sf/0f geO{ ljgf;"rgf ;efsf] a}7sdf nuftf/

$ -rf/_ k6s;Dd cg'kl:yt /x]df,
-r_ s'g} kb jf ju{ jf ;ª\3 jf o'lgogsf] k|ltglwTj u/]sf]

x}l;otaf6 lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gLt ePsf] ;b:o To:tf] kb jf ju{
jf ;ª\3 jf o'lgogdf g/x]df /
-5_ s'g} sfg'g jf lgodn] ;b:o /xg cof]Uo ;flat ePdf .
^)= lgjf{lrt tyf dfgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] /flhgfdfM ;efsf kb]g

;b:ox¿afx]s lgjf{lrt tyf dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿n] ;efsf] ;b:o kbaf6
/flhgfdf lbg'k/]df ;f] /flhgfdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 /
;efsf ;b:ox¿sf] /flhgfdf s'nkltaf6 :jLs[t x'g]5 .
79
^!= Τ ;efsf] ;b:osf nflu lzIfsx¿sf] lgjf{rgM P]gsf] bkmf * sf] v08 -
t_ adf]lhd lqe'jg ljZjljBfno g]kfn k|fWofks ;ª\3, SofDk;
PsfOsf cWoIf / ;lrjsf] lgjf{rs d08nn] ;dfg'kflts Psn–
;ª\qmd0fLo dtsf cfwf/df ;efsf ;b:osf nflu lzIfsx¿sf] lgjf{rg
5'§} lgoddf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd x'g]5 .
Τ
80
kl/R5]b – !&
;efsf] a}7s
^@= ;efsf] a}7ssf] k|sf/ M ;efsf] a}7ssf] k|sf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ljZjljBfno jflif{s lbj; a}7s,
-v_ ;fwf/0f a}7s,
-u_ ljz]if a}7s
^#= ;efsf] a}7s a:g] cj:yf M -!_ cWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ b]xfosf a}7s
;fdfGotofM b]xfoadf]lhd a:g]5M
♦
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] jflif{s lbj; a}7s k|To]s jif{sf] cfiff9 z'Sn
gjdLsf lbg,
-v_ ;fwf/0f a}7sM
-v !_ k|To]s ;fnsf] kf}if d;fGtleq
-v @_ k|To]s ;fnsf] cfiff9 d;fGtleq
t/ cWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt k|fKt ePdf ;fwf/0f a}7s dfly

tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw cl3kl5 klg a:g]5 .
-u_ ljz]if a}7s h'g;'s} avt a:g ;Sg]5 .
♦
81
^$= ljz]if a}7ssf nflu k|lqmofM -!_ of] lgoddf h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP
tfklg cWoIfsf] :jLs[lt lnO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] ;efsf] ljz]if a}7s
af]nfpg ;Sg]5 .
^%= cWoIftfM-!_ ;efsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf cWoIfn] ug]{5 . cWoIfsf]

cg'kl:yltdf pkfWoIfn] / lgh pkfWoIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf P]gsf] bkmf !*
-^_ adf]lhd pks'nklt / pks'nkltsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;efn] tf]s]sf]
;b:on] ug]{5 .
^^= ;efsf] a}7s a:g] clu|d sfof{jnL k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yfM -!_ cWoIfsf]
k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ b]xfosf] a}7s a:g] ldlt, ;do / :yfg lglZrt ePkl5
;b:o–;lrjn] cWoIf, pkfWoIf / cGo ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ l56f]5l/tf]
;~rf/sf] ;fwgåf/f b]xfosf] ;dofjlwleq a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgf ;efdf
k|:t't x'g] sfof{jnL / k|:tfjx¿ k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] jflif{s lbj; a}7s a:g] ldlteGbf sDtLdf !%

-kGw|_ lbg cufj},
-v_ ;fwf/0f a}7s a:g] lbgeGbf sDtLdf !% -kGw|_ lbg cufj} /
-u_ ljz]if a}7s a:g] lbgeGbf ;fdfGotof sDtLdf & -;ft_ lbg
cufj} .
-@_ u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof gk'uL :ylut ePsf] h'g;'s} k|sf/sf] a}7s k'gM
af]nfpFbf pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;dofjlwleq a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgf
k7fpg' cfjZos dflgg]5}g .
-#_ a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgf / sfof{jnL k7fpFbf a}7ssf] k|sf/, a}7s a:g]

ldlt, ;do, / :yfg ;d]t :ki6 pNn]v x'g'kg]{5 .
82
-$_ Τo; lgoddf cGoq pNn]v ePsf k|fjwfgdf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L
a}7ssf] sfof{jnLsf] qmd o;} lgodsf] kl/R5]b !* df tf]lsPcg';f/
x'g]5 .
-%_ a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgf / sfof{jnL k7fpFbf ;Dej eP;Dd ;f] a}7sdf

k|:t't x'g] ;Dk"0f{ sfof{jnL, tT;DaGwL k|:tfjx¿, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6
P]gsf] bkmf @$ sf] v08 -em_ adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cfb]z jf
ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ª\u7gsf] k|ltj]bg / cGo sfuhftx¿ ;+nUg
ug'{ kg]{5 .
-^_ a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgf, sfof{jnL / k|:tfj ljZjljBfnoaf6 s'g}

;~rf/sf] dfWodåf/f ljlwjt\ rnfg ePkl5 cGoyf k|dfl0ft ePdf
afx]s ;b:ox¿n] ;dod} k|fKt u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
^&= sfof{jnL ;"rL / k|:tfjdf ;+zf]wg k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yfM -!_

a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgf tyf sfof{jnL k|fKt ePkl5 ;b:on] rfx]df
k|:tfjdf ;+zf]wg;DaGwL cg'/f]w b]xfosf] ;dofjlwleq ;b:o–
;lrj;dIf k'Ug] u/L lnlvt ¿kdf k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;fwf/0f tyf jflif{s a}7ssf] xsdf k'/} % -

kfFr_ lbgcufj},
-v_ ljz]if a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgfdf cGoyf pNn]v

ePdf afx]s a}7s a:g'eGbf # -ltg_ lbg cufj} /
-u_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|:tfj ;+zf]wg;DaGwL cg'/f]w k|fKt

ePkl5 ;f] cg'/f]wdf ;b:o–;lrjjn] pks'nkltsf] k"j{cg'dlt
lnO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
Τ
83
^*= k|:tfj k7fpg ;lsg] Joj:yfM -!_ ;efsf] a}7sdf 5nkmn jf ljrf/fy{
jf cjutfy{ jf lg0f{ofy{ s'g} ljifoj:t' k|:t't ug{ rfxg] s'g} klg
;b:on] P]gadf]lhd ;efsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/If]qleq kg]{
ljifo;DaGwL k|:tfj jf cGo ljifoj:t' ;b:o–;lrj;dIf s'g} klg
;dodf k7fpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|:tfj k7fpFbf cGo ljifoj:t' a}7s a:g]
lbgeGbf sDtLdf $% -k}t+ fln;_ lbgcufj} ljZjljBfnodf bflvn
ePsf] x'g'kg{]5 .
-#_ a}7sdf 5nkmn jf ljrf/ jf cjut jf lg0f{sf nflu bflvn ePsf

k|:tfjx¿ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] lgwf{l/t ;doleq ljZjljBfnodf
bflvnf ePsf k|:tfjx¿ jf ljifoj:t' ;b:o–;lrjn] pks'nkltsf]
k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:t't ug'{kg{]5 . sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\af6 ;f] k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t' a}7sdf k|:t't x'g pko'Qm 5 eGg]
ePdf dfq a}7sdf k|:t't ug{] jf u/fOg]5 .
-$_ s'g} ;b:on] a}7sdf 5nkmn, ljrf/ jf cjut tyf lg0f{osf nflu
k7fPsf] k|:tfj jf cGo ljifoj:t' a}7sdf k|:t't ug{ sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\df :jLs[ltsf nflu k|:t't ug'{cl3 cf+lzs jf ;+zf]lwt ¿kdf
dfq k|:t't ug{ jf u/fpg ;lsg] s'/f pk– s'nkltnfO{ nfu]df To:tf]
k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t'sf] k|]ifs ;b:onfO{ To;sf] hfgsf/L lbO{ lghsf]
;xdlt ePdf dfq cf+lzs jf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t' a}7sdf
k|:t't ug{] jf u/fpg] :jLs[tsf nflu sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:t't
ul/g]5 .
-%_ s'g} klg a}7sdf 5nkmn jf ljrf/ jf cjut jf lg0f{osf nflu

ljZjljBfnodf k"j{jt\ k|]lift k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t' sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6
:jLs[t eO{ a}7sdf k|:t't x'g] jf u/fpg] ePdf To:tf] k|:tfj jf
ljifoj:t' :jLs[t tl/sfadf]lhd ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ a}7s;DaGwL
;"rgf tyf sfof{jnL;fy ;b:o– ;lrjn] ;+nUg u/L k7fpg'kg{]5 .
84
-^_ a}7s a:g] lbgdf a}7s k|f/De x'gf;fy ;b:o–;lrjn] k|To]s pkl:yt
;b:onfO{ ;f] a}7ssf] clGtd sfof{jnL tyf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj jf
ljifoj:t' ;d]t pknAw u/fpg'kg{]5 .
^(= clu|d ;"rgfljgf klg k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] M o; lgoddf cGoq
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg a}7s ;~rfng eO/x]s} avt s'g} klg
;b:on] cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ ;f] a}7sdf b]xfosf] ljifodf k|:tfj ;f]em}
k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 M–
-s_ wGojfb jf awfO{ 1fkg ug{] jf zf]s k|s6 ug{],
-v_ a}7s :ylut ug{], 5nkmn :ylut ug{], a}7ssf] ;dflKt ug{] jf
a}7sf] cjlw a[l4 ug{],
-u_ cfkm"n] k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfj jf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj jf ;+zf]wg lkmtf{

lng],
-3_ a}7snfO{ ;d"x jf ;ldltdf kl/0ft ug{ cg'/f]w ug{] /
-ª_ s'g} k|:tfj jf ;+zf]wg k|:tfjdf zflAbs jf cfg';flËs kl/jt{g

ug{] .
&)= sfg'gL /fo ;Nnfx M ;efsf] sfd–sf/afxLdf s'g} sfg'gL k|Zg p7]df
tt\;DaGwdf ljZjljBfnosf] sfg'gL ;Nnfxsf/sf] /fo jf cGo
sfg'gljb\sf] /fo–;Nnfx lnOg]5 .
&!= k|j]z lgoldt ug{] Joj:yfM -!_ pks'nkltsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ ;b:o–
;lrjn] s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ ;efsf] sfd sf/afxL x]g{ ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf
a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .To:tf cfdlGqt JolQmn] ;efsf] dof{bfsf
;fy} tf]lsPsf ;t{x¿ kfng ug'{k5{ . ;efsf] dof{bf g/fv]df jf
;t{x¿sf] kfng gu/]df To:tf JolQmnfO{ cWoIfsf] cfb]zn] a}7s
ejgaf6 lgisfl;t;d]t ug{ ;lsg]5 .
85
&@= ;Daf]wg M cWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt k|fKt u/L pks'nkltn] s'g} :jb]zL jf
ljb]zL ljlzi6 ljåfg\ jf JolQmnfO{ ;efdf ;Daf]wg ug{ ljz]if cfdGq0f
ug{ ;Sg]5 .
&#= lgodx¿sf] lgnDag M s'g} klg ;b:on] cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ o;

lgodsf] s'g} k|fjwfg ;ef;dIf ljrf/fwLg s'g} sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf nfu"
gx'g] u/L lgnlDat ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 .;f] k|:tfj
a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ltxfO{af6 :jLs[t ePdf pQm lgod
;efsf] ;f] sfo{sf nflu dfq tTsfn lgnlDat x'g]5 .
&$= ;ef;b:ox¿sf] a}7s eQfM ;ef;b\x¿n] ljZjljBfno ;efsf] a}7sdf

pkl:yt eO{ efu lnPafkt k|lta}7s ?= ℑ!^)).– -;f]/ ;o _ a}7s
eQf kfpg]5g\ .
ℑ
@)^( c;f]h @( ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
86
kl/R5]b – !*
;efsf] a}7s sfof{jnL ;"rLsf] qmd
&%= a}7ssf] k|sf/cg';f/ ;f] a}7sdf k|:t't ul/g] sfof{jnL ;"rLsf] qmd
;fdfGotof b]xfocg';f/ x'g]5 M
-s_ pks'nkltsf] :jfut dGtJo jf a}7s;DaGwL ljifok|j]z,
-v_ cWoIfsf] ;Daf]wg,
-u_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 P]gsf] bkmf !$ sf] v08

-em_adf]lhd hf/L ePsf] cfb]zsf] :jLs[lt;DaGwL k|:tfj,
-3_ ljZjljBfnosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg,
-ª_ cWoog ;+:yfg, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, ;ª\sfo, ljefu, cflËs SofDk;sf]

gfddf x]/km]/, :yfkgf, yk36, ;dfof]hg, x:tfGt/0f / vf/]hL
ug{];DaGwL k|:tfj,
-r_ σ
-5_ ljZjljBfnosf] jflif{s jf k"/s jh]6 tyf sfo{qmd;DaGwL k|:tfj,
-h_ g]kfn ;/sf/;dIf P]gdf cfjZos ;+zf]wg;DaGwL ;'emfj k|:t't

ug{];DaGwL k|:tfj,
-em_ lgod agfpg] jf :jLs[t ug{], ;+zf]wg ug{] jf vf/]h ug{] ;DaGwL
k|:tfj,
σ
87
-`_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 l;kmfl/; k|:tfj,
-6_ k|Zgf]Q/;DaGwL k|:tfj /
-7_ dgf]gog;DaGwL k|:tfj,
-8_ Τ;efsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/;DaGwL cGo k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t' .
&^= jflif{s k|ltj]bg M -!_ΤlzIffWoIfn] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 :jLs[t u/fO{

ljZjljBfnosf] jflif{s jf cGo pko'Qm k|ltj]bg ;ef;dIf cg'df]bgsf]
nflu k|:t't ug'{kg{]5 .
Τ
88
kl/R5]b – !(
Τ
;efsf], a}7ssf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof / sfo{qmd
&&= a}7ssf] u0fk"/s / :yug M -!_ ;efsf] a}7s ;'? ePsf] ;doeGbf #)
-lt;_ ldg]6 lalt;s]kl5 a}7s a:gsf nflu ;ª\Vof gk'u]sf] egL
pkl:yt s'g} klg ;b:on] cWoIfsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/fPdf / cWoIfnfO{ ;f]
s'/f ;xL nfu]df lghn] ;f] a}7s cGo s'g} lbg a:g] u/L :ylut ug{
;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof gk'uL :ylut ePsf] a}7s
k'gM a:bf :ylut a}7ssf] sfof{jnLdf pNn]v jf ;dfj]z ePsf
s'/fx¿afx]s cGo k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t'dfly 5nkmn, ljrf/ /
lg0f{o ul/g] 5}g .
&*= a}7sdf k|Zgf]Q/;DaGwL Joj:yf M -!_ ;fwf/0f a}7s a:g tf]lsPsf]

;"rgf k|fKt u/]kl5 ljZjljBfnosf] dfldnf jf ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf
lnlvt hjfkm rfxg] ;b:on] ;b:o – ;lrj;dIf b]xfosf] ;dofjlwleq
k'Ug] u/L lnlvt k|Zg k7fpg ;Sg]5 M
t/ To:tf] lnlvt k|Zg, ljZljBfnosf] clwsf/ If]q, sfo{ ;~rfng tyf

sfd–sf/afxL / vf; u/L ljsf;;Fu ;fGble{s x'g'sf] ;fy} ;fdfGotof
5f]6f] ;dodf pQ/ lbg ;lsg] k|s[ltsf] x'g'kg{]5 .
-s_ ;fwf/0f a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s a:g] lbgeGbf sDtLdf & -;ft_
lbg cufj} /
-v_ ljz]if a}7ssf] xsdf a}7s a:g] lbgeGbf ;fdfGotofM sDtLdf #

-ltg_ lbgcufj} .
Τ
89
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ;b:o–;lrj;dIf bflvnf ePsf] lnlvt k|Zg
lnlvt hjfkmsf nflu pko'Qm jf :jLsf/of]Uo eP gePsf] lg0fo{
pks'nkltn] ug{]5 / lghsf] ;f] lg0f{o clGtd tyf dfGo x'g]5 .
pks'nkltsf] ;f] lg0f{osf] hfgsf/L sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df lbg' kg{]5 .
-#_ lnlvt k|Zg hjfkm lbg :jLsfo{ ePdf dfq To:tf] k|Zgsf] lnlvt
hjfkm pks'nklt jf lghaf6 clws[t ul/Psf] s'g} ;b:oaf6 lbOg]5
.
-$_ s'g} ;b:on] ;b:o–;lrj;dIf k7fPsf] lnlvt k|Zg c;fGble{s jf

lnlvt hjfkm lbg :jLsfo{ gePsf] lg0f{o pks'nkltn] lnPdf To;sf]
lnlvt hfgsf/L ;b:o–;lrjn] k|Zg k|]ifs ;b:onfO{ lbg]5 .
-%_ s'g} ;b:on] ;b:o–;lrj;dIf k7fPsf] lnlvt k|Zg lnlvt hjfkm

lbg :jLsf/of]Uo ePdf To;sf] nuQ} a;]sf] a}7sdf ;b:o–;lrjn]]
k|Zg k|]ifs ;b:onufot pkl:yt ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ k|Zgstf{
;b:osf] gfd, k|Zg / ;f] k|Zgsf] lnlvt hjfkm;d]t pknAw
u/fpg]5 .
-^_ pklgod -%_ adf]lhd lnlvt k|Zgsf] lnlvt hjfkm k|fKt eO;s]kl5
a9L :ki6Ls/0fsf nflu cWoIfsf] k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ ;f]xL k|Zg;Fu dfq
;DalGwt a9Ldf # -ltg_ j6f;Dd df}lvs ¿kdf k"/s k|Zg ;f]Wg
;lsg]5 . To:tf] df}lvs ¿kdf ;f]lwPsf] k"/s k|Zgsf] df}lvs hjfkm
cWoIfsf] k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ pks'nkltn] jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;b:on]
lbg]5 .
-&_ a}7ssf] 5nkmnsf] qmddf ;f] a}7sdf k|:t't sfof{jnLsf] kl/lwleq

/xL cWoIfsf] k"j{ cg'dlt lnO{ s'g} klg ;b:on] df}lvs k|Zg ;f]Wg
;Sg]5 . To:tf] df}lvs k|Zgsf] hjfkm cWoIfsf] k"j{cg'dlt lnO{
pks'nklt jf lghn] tf]s]sf] ;b:on] lbg]5 .
90
-*_ s'g} ;b:on] df}lvs ¿kdf ;f]w]sf] k|Zg k|f;ª\lus Pjd\ pko'Qm
ePsf] t/ ;f] k|Zgsf] hjfkmsf nflu cfjZos Pjd\ k|f;ª\lus
ljj/0fx¿ ;ª\sng ug'{ jf lgs} nfdf] ;do nfUg] ePdf To:tf]
k|Zgsf] hjfkm tof/ ug{ ;efsf] a}7sdf cWoIf;dIf lglZrt ;do
jf Dofb dfu ug{ ;lsg]5 . cWoIfn] :jLs[lt lbPdf ;f] Dofbleq
k|Zgsf] hjfkm To;kl5 nuQ} a:g] a}7sdf ;DalGwt ;b:on] lbg]5 .
-(_ o; kl/R5]bsf cGo pklgodx¿df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg

b]xfosf ;DaGwdf eg] s''g} klg ;b:on] k|Zg ug{ kfpg]5}g M
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] lxt, k|lti7f / Vofltdf cf3ft k'Ug],
-v_ skf]nslNkt jf kl/slNkt, Joª\UofTds, clzi6tf emNsg] jf

JolQmut cfIf]k emlNsg],
-u_ ljZjljBfnosf] tyf ;]jf cfof]usf] k/LIff;DaGwL uf]kgLotf eª\u

x'g] s'/f,
-3_ ljZjljBfnosf] lxtsf nflu cToGt uf]kgLo ePsf] s'g} s'/f,
-ª_ JolQmut s'/f / JolQmut nf~5gf, lgGbf jf JolQmut cfIf]k

emNsg] s'/f,
-r_ ;efsf] s'g} ;b:osf] rl/qdf cf3ft k'Ug] s'/f,
-5_ ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} klg kbflwsf/L jf JolQmsf] kbut x}l;otdf

afx]s lghsf] rl/q, of]Uotf jf cfr/0f;DaGwL s'/f,
-h_ ljZjljBfnosf] k'g/fj]bg cfof]u / ljZjljBfnosf] Goflos s'/f /
-em_ cGo cjfl~5t, ck|f;ª\lus / cg'ko'Qm x'g] s'/f,
91
-!)_ s'g} klg ;b:on] Pp6} a}7sdf # -ltg_ j6feGbf a9L k|Zg ug{ / Ps
k6s pQ/ kfO;s]kl5 jf pQ/ lbg c:jLsf/ ul/Psf] hfgsf/L
lbO;s]kl5 ;f]xL ljifo jf k|;ª\udf k'gM k|Zg ug{ kfpg]5}g .
t/ hjfkm lbO;s]sf] s'/fdf a9L :ki6 x'g s'g} ;b:on] a9Ldf #

-ltg_ j6f;Dd k"/s k|Zg eg] ;f]Wg ;Sg]5 .
-!!_ cWoIfsf] k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ ;DalGwt ;b:on] k"/s k|Zgsf] hjfkm

lbg]5 .
92
kl/R5]b – @)
Τ
;efsf] a}7sdf k|:tfj k|:t'lt /
5nkmn;DaGwL Joj:yf
&(= k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{ M-!_ a}7ssf] sfof{jnL ;"rLdf k/]sf k|:tfj h'g
;b:oaf6 k|:t't x'g] egL tf]lsPsf] 5 lgh ;b:on] ;f] a}7sdf k|:t't
ug]{5 . t/ s'g} sf/0fjz tflsPsf] ;b:o ;f] a}7sdf cg'kl:yt /x]df
jf k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ c;dy{ /x]df cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ cGo ;b:on]
k]; ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ljZjljBfnosf] tkm{af6 ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/L ;b:ox¿n]

;efdf k|:t't ug{ kfpg] k|:tfjx¿ lghx¿af6 dfq k|:t't
x'g]5g\ .
:ki6Ls/0fM o; pklgodsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ljZjljBfnosf

kbflwsf/L ;b:o eGgfn] pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf, /lh:6«f/,
8Lgx¿, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsx¿nfO{ hgfpF5 .
-#_ s'g} klg ;b:on] a}7sdf k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfj csf]{ ;b:oåf/f
;dy{g gePdf To:tf] k|:tfj :jtM lg:qmLo x'g]5 .
-$_ a}7ssf] sfo{fjnLdf k/]sf / a}7sdf k|:t't tyf ;dy{g ;d]t

ePsf k|:tfj / To;sf] s'g} ;+zf]wg eP ;f];d]t 5nkmnsf nflu
cWoIfaf6 v'nf /flvg]5 .
Τ
93
-%_ k|:tfjs ;b:on] k|:tfj k|:t't ug'{cl3 k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf s]xL
s'/f af]Ng rfx]df cWoIfsf] c'gdlt lnO{ tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq
af]Ng kfpg]5 .
-^_ k|:tfjs ;b:on] k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf af]nL k|:tfj 5nkmnsf

nflu k|:t't u/]kl5 ;f] k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf af]Ng rfxg] cGo
;b:on] xft p7fO{ cWoIfsf] cg'dlt k|fKt u/L tf]lsPsf]
;dofjlwleq 5nkmn ug{ jf ;f] k|:tfjdf ;+zf]wg k|:t't ug{
kfpg]5 . To:tf] ;+zf]wgpk/ klg cWoIfn] tf]s]adf]lhd
;b:ox¿n] ax; jf 5nkmn ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-&_ Ps} k|:tfjdf PseGbf a9L ;+zf]wg k|:tfjx¿ ePdf 5nkmnsf

nflu tL ;+zf]wg k|:tfjpk/ a]Unfa]Un} 5nkmn u/L ;j{;Ddt
jf ax'dtsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/g]5 .
-*_ Ps k6s k|:t't eO{ lg0f{o eO;s]sf] k|:tfj jf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj

;f]xL a}7sdf jf ;f] a}7s :ylut eO{ k'gM a;]sf] a}7sdf k|:t't
ug{ kfOg]5}g .
-(_ Pp6f k|:tfj k|:t't eO{ lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 k|:t't x'g] c?

k|:tfjx¿sf] s'g} c+z klxn] lg0f{o eO;]s]sf] k|:tfjsf] s'g}
c+z;Fu d]n vfg] jf ;dfj]z x'g ;Sg] /x]5 eg] lg0f{o eO;s]sf]
k|:tfjsf] cfzodf k|lts"n c;/ gkg]{ u/L kl5Nnf] k|:tfjsf]
To:tf] c+z lemsL afFsL c+z ;f]xL a}7sdf jf ;f] a}7s :ylut
eO{ k'gM a;]sf] a}7sdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
-!)_ a}7sdf k|:t't ePsf] s'g} k|:tfj jf ;+zf]wg k|:tfjdfly

cfjZos 5nkmn eO;s]sf] eGg] cWoIfnfO{ nfu]df ;f] k|:tfj jf
;+zf]lwt k|:tfjdflysf] 5nkmn cGTo u/L lg0f{osf nflu cWoIfn]
;b:ox¿nfO{ cfx\jfg ug]{5 . ;f] k|:tfj jf ;+zf]wg k|:tfjsf]
;j{;Ddlt jf kIf ljkIfsf] dtu0fgfsf] cfwf/df cWoIfn]
ax'dtsf] kIfdf lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff ug]{5 .
94
-!!_ s'g} ;b:on] k|:tfj k|:t't ubf{ ;fwf/0ftM a9Ldf !) -b;_ ldg]6
/ s'g} ;+zf]wg k|:tfj k|:t't ubf{ jf k|:tfj jf ;+zf]lwt
k|:tfjsf] kIf ljkIfdf af]Nbf jf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbFbf ;fwf/0ftM
a9Ldf % -kfFr_ ldg]6sf] ;do kfpg]5 . t/ lgwf{l/t ;dok|lt
cWoIfsf] Wofgfsif{0f geO{ ;b:on] tf]lsPsf] ;doeGbf a9L ;do
af]n]df of] pklgod pNnª\3g u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
-!@_ pklgod -!!_cg';f/ k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zadf]lhd cWoIfsf]

Wofgfsif{0f ePkl5 ;f]xL pklgodcg';f/ af]ln/xg] ;b:onfO{ yk
;do lbg]–glbg] lg0f{o cWoIfn] ug]{5 / ;f] lg0f{o g} clGtd
x'g]5 .
&(=s k|:tfjdf ;+zf]wg k|:t't ug{ kfpg] M -!_ a}7sdf k|:t't k|:tfjdf k|:tfjs
:jod\n] jf cGo s'g} ;b:on] cWoIfsf] k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ lgodn] tf]s]sf]
k|lqmofcg'¿k ;+zf]wg k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/ k|:tfj;+u k|f;ª\lus gePsf] jf k|:tfjsf] p2]Zo / If]qaflx/ kg]{ jf

k|:tfjsf] ¿k} leGg x'g] jf leGg cy{ nfUg] u/L s'g} klg ;b:on] ;f]
k|:tfjdfly ;+zf]wg k|:t't ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-@_ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf ;f] k|:tfjsf] s'g} c+z ;+zf]wg eO{ kfl/t
jf lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 ;f] ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj d"n k|:tfjsf] cleGg
c+z x'g]5 . o;/L lg0f{o eO;s]sf] k|:tfjsf] c+z afx]s lg0f{o
x'g afFsL k|:tfjsf c+zsf xsdf dfq ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj k|:t't ug{
;lsg]5 .
-#_ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj k|:t't eO{ lg0f{o jf

kfl/t eO;s]kl5 ;f] ;+zf]lwt k|:tfjcg';f/ d"n k|:tfjdf x]/km]/
jf yk36 u/L ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 .;f] ;dfof]lht k|:tfj sf
;DaGwdf a}7sn] o; lgodsf] k|lqmof k'¥ofO{ lg0f{o ug]{5 .
95
-$_ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfjx¿sf] ;dfof]hg
eO;s]kl5 To;dfly s'g} ;b:on] k'gMcsf]{ ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj k|:t't
ug{ kfpg] 5}g . t/ tL k|:tfjsf zAbx¿df yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{
eg] ;lsg]5 .
*)= k|:tfj lkmtf{ lng ;lsg] M a}7ssf] sfof{jnL ;"rLleq k/]sf] / a}7sdf
k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj jf To;pk/sf] ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj cWoIfsf] k"jc
{ g'dlt
lnO{ k|:tfjsn] lkmtf{ lng kfpg]5 .
*!= a}7snfO{ ;ldltdf kl/0ft ug{ ;lsg] M -!_ a}7sdf k|:t't s'g} k|:tfjsf]
dxTj tyf uDeL/tfnfO{ b[li6ut u/L ;f] k|:tfjpk/ lj:t[t 5nkmn /
ljrf/ ug{ cWoIfsf] k"j{ cg'dlt lnO{ s'g} klg ;b:on] a}7snfO{
;ldltdf kl/0ft ug]{ k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|:t't x'g cfPsf] k|:tfjnfO{ a}7sdf

pkl:yt sDtLdf & -;ft_ hgf ;b:ox¿af6 ;dy{g ePdf ;f]
k|:tfjdfly 5nkmn x'g]5 . ;f] k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos
5nkmnkl5 a}7sdf ;j{;Ddltaf6 lg0f{o gePdf pkl:yt
;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ltxfO dt k|:tfjsf] kIfdf ePdf ;f] k|:tfj kl/t
ePsf] dflgg]5 / ;f] k|:tfjsf] k|of]hgsf nflu a}7s ;ldltdf
kl/0ft x'g]5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ sf] k|of]hgsf nflu a}7sn] s'g} Ps ;b:osf]

;+of]hsTjdf ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 / ;f] ;ldltsf] a}7ssf nflu
u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf] sDtLdf %) k|ltzt
x'g]5 .
-$_ ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'g] tl/sf ;+of]hsn] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .

;ldltsf] 5nkmn ;f]xL lbg k'/f x'g g;s]df ;+of]hsn] tf]s]sf
lbg jf lbgx¿df k'gM x'g]5 .
96
-%_ a}7s ;ldltdf kl/0ft ePkl5 ;ldltsf] 5nkmn k'/f geP;Dd
;efsf] a}7s :ylut ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-^_ s'g} k|:tfjsf] ;DaGwnfO{ lnP/ ;efsf] a}7s ;ldltdf kl/0ft

eO{ ;f] k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf kof{Kt 5nkmn eO;s]sf] 5 eGg]
;+of]hsnfO{ nfu]df lghn] 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ / l;kmfl/; tof/
u/fO{ To;df cfk"mn] k|dfl0ft ug]{5 .
-&_ ;ldltsf] 5nkmn 6'lËO{ lgisif{ / l;kmfl/; tof/ ePkl5 ;f]

;ldlt :jtM lj36g ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-*_ pklgod -&_ adf]lhd ;ldlt lj3l6t ePsf] nuQ} a;]sf] ;efsf]
a}7sdf ;f] ;ldltsf] lgisif{ / l;kmfl/; k|:tfjsf ¿kdf lj3l6t
;ldlts} ;+of]hs jf ;b:odWo] s'g} klg ;b:on] ;efsf] a}7sdf
k|:t't ug]{5 / To:tf] k|:tfjnfO{ ;efsf] a}7ssf] sfof{jnLdf
k/]sf] k|:tfj;/x dflgg]5 .
97
kl/R5]b – @!
Τ
;efsf] a}7sdf af]Ng] / pQ/ lbg] Joj:yf
*@= a}7sdf af]Ng] / pQ/ lbg] k|lqmof M-!_ a}7sdf af]Ng rfxg] ;b:ox¿n]M
-s_ xft p7fO{ cWoIfsf] Wofgfsif{0f u/L lghsf] cg'dlt lnO{ lghnfO{
;Ddfgk"j{s ;Daf]wgsf ;fy af]Ng'kg]{5 .
-v_ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf k|:tfjs ;b:on] af]ln;s]kl5 dfq

cWoIfsf] cg'dltaf6 af]Ng kfpg]5g\ .
-u_ Pp6} k|:tfj jf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf cWoIfsf] jf

;+of]hssf] cGoyf cg'dlt ePdf afx]s Ps k6seGbf a9L af]Ng
x'Fb}g .
-3_ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf 5nkmn ;lsPkl5 cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{

5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ lbg k'gM af]Ng
kfpg]5g\ .
-ª_ 5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf k|Zgx¿sf] pQ/ jf :ki6Ls/0fsf] dfu

cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ ug{ ;Sg]5g\ .
-r_ k|:tfj;Fu ;DalGwt ;b:on] pQ/ jf :ki6Ls/0f k|:t't

ul/;s]kl5 To;sf] ;DaGwdf k'gM af]Ng'x'Fb}g .
-5_ a}7s rln/x]sf] avt jf s'g} ;b:on] cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{

af]ln/x]sf] avt afwf lbg], ceb| Jojxf/ ug]{, a}7ssf] cjx]ngf
Τ
98
x'g] / dof{bf eª\u x'g] jf ljZjljBfnosf] k|lti7f / ul/dfnfO{
wSsf k'Ug] s'g} s'/f af]Ng'x'Fb}g .
-h_ JolQmut cfIf]k jf cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf k|Zg ug{ jf af]Ng

kfOg]5}g .
-em_ cbfntsf] ljrf/fwLgdf jf ljZjljBfnosf] k'g/fj]bg cfof]udf

/x]sf] s'g} d'2f dfldnf jf sf/afxLsf ;DaGwdf a}7sdf k|Zg
p7fpg kfOg]5}g .
-`_ ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn] u/]sf sfd s'/fNffO{ lnP/

s;}sf] JolQmut cfr/0fsf] cfnf]rgf, Joª\Uo k|Zg ug{
kfOg]5}g .
-6_ clzi6, cZnLn, ckdfghgs jf cfklQhgs zAbx¿ af]Ng kfOg]

5}g .
-@_ a}7s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] j]nf s'g} klg ;b:on] a}7s;Fu

;DalGwt k|:tfj, sfuhkq / tT;DaGwL ljifoj:t'afx]s cGo
sfuhkq jf kqklqsf kl9/xg' x'Fb}g t/ ;f]xL lbgsf a}7s;Fu
;DalGwt s]xL ;dfrf/ 5flkPsf] eP ;f] pb\w[t ug{ o;
pklgodn] k|ltaGw nfu]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
-#_ a}7snfO{ cJojl:yt ug{ k|of; ug{], cWoIfn] af]Ng lgif]w ubf{
klg af]ln/xg] cWoIfsf] clwsf/sf] xgg ug{] s'g} klg ;b:onfO{
cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] gaf]Ng] cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 . o;/L gaf]Ng]
cfb]z lbFbf klg cfb]z pNnª\3g u/L af]Ng] ;b:onfO{ To;
lbgsf] a}7saf6 cWoIfn] lgisfl;t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
99
kl/R5]b – @@
Τ
;efsf] a}7sdf lgodfklQ;DaGwL Joj:yf
*#= lgodfklQ M-!_ a}7s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] ;dodf s'g} klg ;b:on] s'g}
ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf cWoIf jf ;+of]hs;dIf lg0f{osf lgldQ
lgodfklQsf] k|Zg p7fpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ o;/L lgodfklQsf] k|Zg p7fpg] ;b:on] ;+alGwt lgod pNn]v
u/L cfk"mn] lgodfklQsf] k|Zg p7fPsf] ljifodf dfq af]Ng
kfpF5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lgodfklQsf] k|Zg k|:t't ePkl5

af]ln/x]sf] jf af]Ng nfu]sf ;b:on] tTsfn af]Ng /f]Sg'k5{ .
-$_ a}7sdf lgodfklQsf] k|Zg p7]kl5 ;f] k|Zgdfly cWoIf jf

;+of]hsn] t'?Gt} lg0f{o lbg'kg{]5 . cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] ;f]
a}7sdf lbPsf] lgodfklQsf] k|Zgsf] lg0f{o ;a} ;b:ox¿sf nflu
clGtd / dfGo x'g]5 .
-%_ a}7sdf s'g} ;b:on] a}7ssf] sfddf afwf c8\rg jf cJoj:yf

k}bf ug{] dg;fon] k6s k6s lgodfklQsf] k|Zg p7fPdf To:tf]
;b:onfO{ cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] ca gaf]Ng jf lgodfklQsf] k|Zg
gp7fpg cfb]z lbg ;Sg]5 .
-^_ o;/L cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] gaf]Ng] cfb]z lb+bf klg To:tf]

cfb]zsf] pNn3+g ug{] jf ug{ vf]Hg] ;b:onfO{ ;f] lbgsf]
a}7saf6 cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] lgisfl;t ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-&_ cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] s'g} ;b:onfO{ a}7saf6 lgisfl;t ug{]
cfb]z lbPkl5 ;f] ;b:on] a}7s 5f8L aflx/ lg:sg'kg]{5 .
Τ
100
kl/R5]b – @#
Τ
;efsf] a}7sdf lg0f{o lng] Joj:yf
*$= a}7sdf lg0f{o ug{] ljlw M -!_ a}7sdf k|:t't ul/Psf k|:tfjx¿ jf
;+zf]lwt k|:tfjx¿df 5nkmn eO;s]kl5 lg0f{osf nflu ;efsf]
;j{;Ddlt gb]lvPdf cWoIfn] dtbfgsf nflu ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfJxfg
ug{]5 .
-@_ a}7sdf lg0f{osf nflu k|:t't k|:tfjsf] kIf / ljkIfdf dt

a/fa/ ePdf cWoIfn] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 .
-#_ b'O{ltxfO ax'dt cfjZos ePsf ljifox¿afx]s cGo ljifox¿sf]

lg0f{o ;efsf] ;fdfGo ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
-$_ ;efsf] lg0fo{sf nflu dtbfg ug{ k|:t't k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t'sf

kIfdf jf ljkIfdf ;b:ox¿sf] v'Nnf dt -xft p7fO{ lbPsf] dt_
jf uf]Ko dt 5'§f5'§} u0fgf u/L cWoIfn] ax'dtsf] kIfdf lg0f{o
;'gfpg]5 / dtu0fgfsf] ljj/0f lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf hgfO{ k|dfl0ft
u/L /fVg'kg{]5 .
*%= b'O{ltxfO ax'dt clgjfo{ x'g] ljifox¿M o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f
n]lvPsf] eP tfklg b]xfosf k|:tfjx¿ jf ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ;DaGwdf
;efsf] lg0f{o x'g a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] b'O{ltxfO ax'dt
clgjfo{ x'g]5 M
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} cfª\lus SofDk; jf cg';Gwfg s]Gb| jf cGo

;ª\u7g cGo ljZjljBfno jf s'g} ;ª\ul7t ;+:yf jf JolQmnfO{
x:tfGt/0f ug{] .
Τ
101
*^= uf]Ko dtbfgsf] Joj:yf M -!_ a}7sdf lg0f{osf nflu k|:t't
ul/Psf] s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf v'Nnf dtbfgsf] ;§fdf
uf]Ko dtbfgsf] Joj:yf xf];\ egL a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o
;ª\Vofsf] PsltxfO ;b:ox¿n] dfu u/]df cWoIf jf
;+of]hsn] cf}lrTo x]/L uf]Ko dtbfg ug{] Joj:yf ug{
;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ cg';f/ uf]Ko dtbfgsf nflu b]xfocg';f/sf] k|lqmof

ckgfpg' kg{5
] M
-s_ a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf ;b:osf]

;+of]hsTjdf cGo # -ltg_ hgf ;b:o /x]sf] Ps uf]Ko
dtbfg ;ldltsf] u7g cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] ug{]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltnfO{ uf]Ko dtbfgsf] Joj:yf

;~rfng dtu0fgf dtkqsf] j}wtf / cj}wtf 3f]if0ff ug{]
h:tf ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ x'g]5 .
-u_ uf]Ko dtbfgsf nflu ;efsf] ;b:o–;lrjaf6 pknAw

ePsf] dtkq dfq ;b:ox¿n] k|of]u ug{ kfpg]5g\ / dt
k|bfg ug{] ;b:ox¿n] dtkqdf lgwf{l/t :yfgdf /]hf-_
lrGx nufpg'kg{]5 .
-3_ dtbfg lbg] ;b:ox¿n] lgwf{l/t lrGx afx]s dtkqdf

cfˆgf] b:tvt jf s'g} ;+s]tåf/f cfˆgf] kl/ro lbg] p2]Zo
jf o:t} cGo p2]Zon] k|of]u ul/Psf] dtkq /2 x'g]5 .
-ª_ dtbfg sfo{ k'/f ePsf] 3f]if0ff uf]Ko dtbfg ;ldltsf]

;+of]hsn] ug{]5 / ;f] ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs / cGo ;a}
;b:ox¿ a;L dt u0fgf ug{]5g\ . kIf / ljkIfdf v;]sf]
102
dt / /2 ePsf] dtsf] ;d]t 5'§f5'§} ljj/0f tof/ u/L
lghx¿n] cfˆgf] b:tvt u/L ;efsf] xsdf cWoIfnfO{ /
cGo ;ldltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ;ldltsf] ;+of]hsnfO{
lbg]5g\ .
-r_ v08 -ª_ cg';f/ k|fKt ljj/0fsf cfwf/df ;efsf xsdf

cWoIfn] / cGo ;ldltsf] xsdf ;DalGwt ;+of]hsn]
kl/0ffdsf] 3f]if0ff ug{]5 / 3f]lift kl/0ffdsf] ljj/0f lg0f{o
k'l:tsfdf lnlka4 u/L k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /flvg]5 .
103
kl/R5]b – @$
;efsf] a}7s :yug / ;dflKt
*&= ;efsf] a}7s :yug ug{ k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]M
-!_ cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ s'g} klg ;b:on] rfn" a}7snfO{ :ylut
ug]{ k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf s'g}
;b:on] a}7sdf af]ln/x]s} avt eg] a}7s :yug ug]{ k|:tfj
k|:t't ug{ kfOg]5}g .
-@_ cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ s'g} ;b:on] rfn" a}7s :ylut ul/of];\
egL k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfj a}7sn] :jLsf/ u/]df ;f] a}7s :ylut
x'g]5 . cGoyf a}7s oyfjt\ rfn" /xg]5 .
-#_ :ylut ePsf] a}7s cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] lbg / ;dodf k'gM a:g]5 .
o;/L k'gM a;]sf a}7sx¿nfO{ Pp6} a}7s dflgg]5 / ;f] a}7ssf
nflu sfof{jnLdf k/]sf k|:tfj / clu|d ;"rgfljgf k|:t't ug{
;lsg] k|:tfjafx]s gofF k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5g} .
-$_ a}7ssf] sfof{jnL ;"rLdf k/]sf k|:tfjx¿df lgwf{l/t qmdfg';f/

ljrf/ / 5nkmn x'g5 ] . t/ cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ 5nkmn
eO/x]sf] k|:tfjsf] ;§fdf sfof{jnL ;"rLdf To;kl5 /x]sf]
k|:tfjdfly 5nkmn xf];\ egL s'g} klg ;b:on] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{
;Sg]5 .
-%_ pklgod -$_ adf]lhd k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf k|:t't
eO{ 5nkmndf /x]sf] k|:tfjpk/ tTsfn 5nkmn x'g]5}g .
-^_ cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ s'g} klg ;b:on] rfn" a}7s ;dfKt ug{
k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ k|:t't k|:tfjdfly 5nkmn
eO/x]sf] a]nf jf s'g} ;b:on] af]ln/x]sf] ;dodf a}7s ;dflKtsf]
104
k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ kfOg]5}g / a}7sdf k|:t't eO{ 5nkmndf /x]sf]
k|:tfjdf lg0f{o geO{ a}7s ;dfKt x'g]5}g .
-&_ pklgod -^_ adf]lhd a}7s ;dflKtsf nflu s'g} klg ;b:on]
k|:t't u/]sf] k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf rfn" a}7s ;dfKt x'g]5 .
-*_ pklgod -&_ adf]lhd a}7s ;dfKt ePsf] sfof{jnL ;"rLdf k/]sf
t/ k|:t't x'g afFsL ;a} k|:tfj jf cGo ljifoj:t' vf/]h x'g]5g\ .
To;/L vf/]h ePsf k|:tfj jf cGo ljifoj:t'x¿ To;kl5 a:g]
a+}7ssf] sfof{jnL ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;lsg]5g\ .
105
kl/R5]b – @%
Τ
;efsf] a}7sdf k|:tfj vf/]h jf /2 tyf k'g?Tyfkg ;DaGwL
Joj:yf
**= k|:tfj vf/]h jf /2 x'g] cj:yf M rfn" a}7sdf k|:t't eO;s]sf jf x'g
afFsL k|:tfjx¿ b]xfosf cj:yfdf vf/]h jf /2 x'g]5g\ M
-s_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] :jLs[lt lnO{ ljZjljBfnosf] tkm{af6 k|:t't

k|:tfjx¿afx]s cGo k|:tfj s'g} ;b:on] JolQmut x}l;otaf6
a}7s;dIf k|:t't ubf{ c¿ s'g} klg ;b:on] ;dy{g ghgfPdf,
-v_ sfof{jnL ;"rLdf k/]sf] k|:tfj ;dofefj jf cGo s'g} sf/0faf6

a}7sdf k|:t't x'g g;s]df,
-u_ k|:tfjs ;b:o cfkm}n] lgodadf]lhd k|:tfj lkmtf{ lnPdf,
-3_ a}7saf6 k|:tfj c:jLs[t ePdf .
t/, o;/L vf/]h jf /2 ePsf] k|:tfj s'g} ;b:on] rfx]df kl5

a:g] a}7sdf gofF k|:tfjsf ¿kdf k|:t't ug{ sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\;dIf cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg]5 .
Τ
106
kl/R5]b – @^
Τ
;efsf] a}7ssf] clen]v
*(= ;efsf] a}7ssf] clen]v -ldg6\;_ /fVg] Joj:yf M -!_ a}7sdf k|:t't
k|:tfjsf ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf a}7saf6 ePsf] lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff
cWoIfn] tTsfn ug]{5 . cWoIfaf6 3f]if0ff ePsf] lg0f{o ;efsf] lg0f{o
dflgg]5 .
-@_ ;b:o–;lrjn] a}7sdf ePsf] k|To]s lg0f{osf] clen]v lg0f{o–

k'l:tsf -ldg\6; a's_ df /fVg]5 .
-#_ lg0f{o–k'l:tsfdf clen]v ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿df cWoIfsf] /

;b:osf] ¿kdf /x]sf] pks'nkltsf] b:tvt u/fO{ ;b:o–;lrjn]
k|dfl0ft u/L /fVg'kg]{5 .
-$_ lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf clen]v ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿ lgwf{l/t

;doleq ;b:o–;lrjn] ;Dk"0f{ ;b:onfO{ k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-%_ lg0f{o–k'l:tsfsf] 9fFrf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPadf]lhdsf]

x'g]5 .
-^_ ;efsf] lg0f{o tyf sf/jfxLsf] clen]v ;b:o–;lrjn] ;'/lIft

/fVg nufpg]5 .
Τ
107
kl/R5]b – @&
;efsf] ljz]if ;ldlt jf cfof]u
()= ljz]if ;ldlt jf cfof]u M-!_ ;efsf sfo{x¿nfO{ a9L Jojl:yt /
k|efjsf/L 9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg ug{ u/fpg jf ;efsf] sfd, st{Jo /
clwsf/sf] If]qleq kg]{ s'g} sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ jf u/fpg ;efn]
cjZostfg';f/ o; lgoddf Joj:yf u/]sf] ;ldltsf cltl/Qm cGo
ljz]if ;ldlt jf cfof]u -o;kl5 ;ldlt jf cfof]u elgPsf]_ u7g ug{
;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ cGtu{t u7g x'g] ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] u7gsf]

k|sf/, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ ;efaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldlt jf cfof]usf ;DaGwdf ;efn]

cGoyf Joj:yf jf sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f u/]df afx]s b]xfosf] Joj:yf
nfu" x'g]5M–
-s_ ;ldlt jf cfof]udf ;efsf ;b:ox¿sf cltl/Qm ;efsf

;b:o g/x]sf JolQmx¿ klg /xg ;Sg] 5g\ .
-v_ ;efsf] a}7s rfn" /x]sf] jf g/x]sf] h'g;'s} avt klg

;ldlt jf cfof]usf] a}7s a:g ;Sg]5 .
-u_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] a}7ssf] ;efkltTj ;DalGwt ;ldlt

jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] jf lghsf] cg'kl:yltdf
;f] ;ldlt jf cfof]usf ;b:ox¿n] cfk"mdWo]af6 5fg]sf]
JolQmn] ug]{5 .
-3_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof ;f] ;ldltsf] jf

cfof]usf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] %) -krf;_ k|ltztsf]
pkl:ylt x'g]5 .
108
-ª_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] nuftf/ # -ltg_ j6f a}7sdf ;f]
;ldlt jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;+of]hssf] cg'dltljgf
cg'kl:yt /xg] ;b:onfO{ cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] x6fpg
;Sg]5 / ;f] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L pks'nkltnfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
-r_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf]

ax'dtsf] lg0f{o ljz]if ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] lg0f{o dflgg]5
/ dt a/fa/ ePdf cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] lg0ff{os dt
lbg]5 .
-5_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] cWoIf jf ;+of]hsn] ;ldltsf]

cfGtl/s sfd sf/afxL ;~rfng ug{ jf ;ldlt jf
cfof]usf] sfo{If]qsf] ljifosf] cWoog u/L ;ldlt jf
cfof]udf k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf
;b:ox¿dWo]af6 pk;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-h_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] k|ltj]bg jf cGo ljifoj:t'

pks'nkltsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] cWoIf
jf ;b:on] ;efdf k|:t't ug]5{ .
-em_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf] cGo Joj:yf / sfo{ljlw ;efsf xsdf

nfu" x'g] o; lgodsf k|fjwfgx¿ ;Dej dfqfdf nfu"
x'g]5g\ .
t/ oL lgodx¿sf k|fjwfgx¿df k|lts"n gx'g] u/L ;ldlt

jf cfof]un] cGo Joj:yf / sfo{ljlw lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-`_ ;ldlt jf cfof]usf nflu rflxg] ljQLo, sd{rf/L / cGo

cfjZostfsf] Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' /lh:6«f/sf] lhDd]jf/L
x'g]5 .
109
-6_ ;ldlt jf cfof]unfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ ljZjljBfnosf j}ltgs
kbflwsf/L, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
110
kl/R5]b – @*
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:odf dgf]gog
σ
(!=
σ
(@=-!_
-@_ h'g cfwf/df jf h'g ju{af6 ;b:odf dgf]gog ePsf] xf] ;f]
JolQmsf] ;b:otf l/Qm ePdf ;f]xL cfwf/df jf ;f]xL ju{af6
afFsL cjlwsf] nflu ;f] l/Qm ;b:otfsf] dgf]gog x'g'kg]{5 .
(#= ;b:o l/Qm x'g] cj:yfM-!_ b]xfosf] cj:yfdf cWoIf, pkWoIf / kb]g
;b:ox¿ jfx]s cGo dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿sf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M
-s_ ;b:osf] kbaf6 lbPsf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePdf,
-v_ d[To' ePdf,
-u_ dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0fljgf nuftf/ ltg k6seGbf a9L k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf cg'kl:yt ePdf,
-3_ dgf]gLt ePsf] cfwf/ jf ju{df g/x]df,
-ª_ ax'nfPsf] jf dfgl;s c;Gt'ng ePsf] egL clwsfl/s ¿kdf
k|dfl0ft ePdf,
-r_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntn] s;"/bf/
7x¥ofO{ s}bsf] ;hfo kfPdf /
-5_ s'g} sfg'g jf lgodadf]lhd ;b:o sfod /xg cof]Uo k|dfl0ft

ePdf .
σ
111
kl/R5]b – @(
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s
($= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] k|sf/M -!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] k|sf/
-s_ ;fwf/0f a}7s /
-v_ c;fwf/0f a}7s
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s b]xfoadf]lhd a:g]5 M
-s_ ;fwf/0f a}7s k|To]s cfly{s jif{df sDtLdf ! -Ps_ k6s .
-v_ c;fwf/0f a}7s ljz]if kl/l:ylt tyf cfjZostfg';f/

h'g;'s} ;dodf .
(%= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL clu|d ;"rgfM-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s
a:g] ;"rgf cWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ ;lrjn] ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ b]xfosf]
;dofjlwleq} l56f] 5l/tf] ;~rf/ dfWodåf/f k7fO;Sg' kg]{5M
-s_ ;fwf/0f a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s x'g] lbgeGbf sDtLdf !) -b;_
lbgcufj} .
-v_ c;fwf/0f a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s x'g] lbgeGbf sDtLdf % -kfFr_
lbgcufj} .
t/, Τljz]if sf/0f kbf{ c;fwf/0f a}7s tTsfn} jf cljnDa

;DkGg ug'{ k/]df ;f] a}7s;DaGwL clu|d ;"rgf 5f]6f] ;dosf]
Τ
112
Dofb lbO{ 5l/tf] ;~rf/ dfWodåf/f ;b:ox¿nfO{ k7fpg
;lsg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg u0fk"/ssf]

ckof{Kttfsf] sf/0fn] :ylut ePsf] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s
;DkGg ug{ pklgod -!_ sf] sfo{ljlw k'¥ofpg' clgjfo{ x'g]5}g .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL clu|d ;"rgfdf a}7ssf] k|sf/, ;f]

a}7s a:g] lbg, ;do / :yfgsf] pNn]v clgjfo{ ¿kn] ug'{kg]{5 .
Τ
-s_ o; lgoddf cGoq pNn]v u/]sf] k|fjwfgdf k|lts"n
k|efj gkg]{ u/L k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL clu|d
;"rgfsf] 9fFrf sfo{Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL jf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n]
Τ
-v_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL clu|d ;"rgfsf ;fy
;Dej eP;Dd ;f] a}7sdf k|:t't x'g] ;Dk"0f{ sfof{jnL
;"rL / tT;DaGwL k|:tfj nufotsf ;Dk"0f{ sfuhftx¿
;+nUg ug'{ kg]{5 .
Τ
-u_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL clu|d ;"rgf
ljZjljBfnoaf6 ljlwjt\ rnfgL ul/;s]kl5 cGoyf
k|dfl0ft ePdf afx]s ;f] ;"rgf ;b:ox¿n] k|fKt
ul/;s]sf] dflgg]5 .
Τ
113
kl/R5]b – #)
Τ
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] sfof{jnLsf] ;"rL
(^= sfof{jnL ;"rLsf] qmdM -!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] ;fwf/0f a}7ssf nflu
;fdfGotof b]xfosf] qmddf lgDg ljifoj:t' tyf k|:tfjsf] sfof{jnL
;"rL x'g]5M
-s_ cWoIfsf] ;Daf]wg,
-v_ pkflwsf] Joj:yf;DaGwL k|:tfj,
-u_ kf7\oqmd;DaGwL k|:tfj,
-3_ ljBfyL{ egf{ lgwf{/0f;DaGwL k|:tfj,
-ª_ cg';Gwfg gLlt lgwf{/0f;DaGwL k|:tfj,
-r_ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/; tyf lg0f{o;DaGwL k|:tfj,

Τ
-5_ cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, s]Gb|Lo ljefu,
cfª\lus SofDk; tyf cGo z}lIfs / k|fl1s lgsfosf] :yfkgf,
PsLs/0f, :yfgfGt/0f, yk36, x]/km]/, tyf lj36g cflb;DaGwL
k|:tfj,
Τ
σ
114
-h_ σ
-em_ P]gcGtu{t k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] cGo sfo{;DaGwL k|:tfj /

-`_ wGojfb;DaGwL k|:tfj .
t/, ;do–;dodf ;DkGg ul/g] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf

lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ug'{kg]{ k|:tfjsf] clgjfo{tf tyf u+eL/tf tyf
;b:ox¿sf] k|:tfljt ;+zf]wg;DaGwL cg'/f]wdfly b[li6ut u/L
pko'{Qm sfof{jnL ;"rLdf k|fyldstfsf] qmd cWoIfsf] cg'dlt
lnO{ ;lrjn] x]/km]/ ug{ ;Sg]5 .
(&= sfof{jnL ;"rL / k|:tfjdf ;++zf]wg k7fpg kfpg] Joj:yfM -!_ k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL clu|d ;"rgf, sfof{jnL ;"rLsf] qmddf ;+zf]wg
b]xfosf cjlwleq ;b:on] ;lrj;dIf lnlvt cg'/f]w k7fpg ;Sg]5M
-s_ ;fwf/0f a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s ;DkGg x'g] lbgeGbf sGtLdf %
-kfFr_ lbg cufj} .
-v_ ;fwf/0f a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s x'g] lbgeGbf ;fwf/0ftof

sDtLdf @ -b'O{_ lbg cufj} .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd sfo{fjnL ;"rLsf] qmddf ;+zf]wg;DaGwL cg'/f]w

k|fKt ePkl5 To; ;DaGwdf cWoIfaf6 ePsf] lg0f{oadf]lhd ;lrjn]
ug'{kg]{5 .
(*= clGtd sfof{jnL ;"rL / k|:tfj pknAw u/fpg' kg]{ Joj:yfM cWoIfsf]
:jLs[lt lnO{ ;lrjn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s k|f/De x'g'eGbf cl3 jf
x'gf;fy ;f] a}7ssf] ;+zf]lwt Pjd\ clGtd sfof{jnL ;"rL / tT;DaGwL
sfuhftx¿ ;f] a}7sdf pkl:yt k|To]s ;b:onfO{ pknAw u/fpg'
kg]{5 .
115
kl/R5]b – #!
Τ
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf]] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof / sfo{qmd
((= u0fk"/s ;ª\VofM-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s clu|d ;"rgfadf]lhd ;DkGg
x'gsf] nflu tTsfn axfn /x]sf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf %) -
krf;_ k|ltztsf] pkl:yltsf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof cfjZos x'g]5 . t/ ;f]
Go'gtd u0fk"/s ;ª\Vofsf] ckof{Kttfsf] sf/0fn] :ylut ePsf] a}7s
k'gM ;~rfng ug{sf nflu axfnjfnf ;b:ox¿sf] ;ª\Vofsf] ## -t]lQ;_
k|ltzt pkl:yt eP tfklg u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof kof{Kt ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s ;DkGg ug{ jf To; a}7snfO{ lg/Gt/tf
lbg u0fk"/s kof{Kt ePsf] jf gePsf] k|Zg p7]df ;f] ;DaGwdf
cWoIfn] lbg] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf cf;g u|x0f ug'{cl3 k|To]s ;b:on] ;f]
a}7s ;~rfng x'g] sIff jf :yfgdf /flvPsf] pkl:ylt k'l:tsfdf
pkl:ylt hgfpg' kg]{5 .
-$_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] nflu pkl:yt ;b:ox¿n] lgwf{l/t
:yfg / qmddf cf;g u|x0f ug'{kg]5{ .
!))= cWoIfsf] ;Daf]wgM-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] ;fwf/0f a}7ssf] k|f/Dedf
cWoIfn] ;Daf]wg ug]{5 . To:tf] ;Daf]wgdf cGo s'/fx¿sf cltl/Qm
b]xfosf] ljifoj:t' klg ;dfj]z ePsf] x'g'kg]+{5M
-s_ /fli6«o kl/k|]Iodf pRr lzIffsf] jt{dfg l:ylt,
Τ
116
-v_ ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs, cg';GwfgfTds tyf cGo k|fl1s l:ylt,
;d:of / gLltut tyf ;fdlos of]hgf / sbdx¿,
-u_ ljZjljBfnosf] k|fl1s ljsf;sf nflu cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw /
/fli6«o hghLjg jf ;+:yfl;tsf] cfa4tf / ;DaGw,
-3_ k|fl1s ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt cGo pko'Qm ljifo .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] c;fwf/0f a}7ssf] k|f/Dedf cWoIfaf6 ul/g]
;Daf]wgdf c;fwf/0f a}7s cfJxfg ug'{kg]{ cf}lrTo / cGo
k|f;ª\lus s'/fx¿ ;dfj]z x'g'kg]{5 .
-#_ cWoIfsf] ;Daf]wgdf plNnlvt ljifoj:t'x¿df cWoIfn] tf]s]sf]
;dofjlwleq ax; / 5nkmn x'g]5 .
-$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] ax; / 5nkmnsf qmddf p7]sf
k|Zgx¿sf] hjfkm ax;–5nkmn ;dfKt eO;s]kl5 cWoIfn] jf
lghn] tf]s]sf] ;b:on] lbg]5 . hjfkmsf] qmd ;dfKt ePkl5
;Daf]wgdfly ax; / 5nkmn cGTo ePsf] dflgg]5 .
!)!= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfM -!_ cWoIfsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ ;lrjn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf efu lng
cfjZostfg';f/ s'g} JolQmnfO{ cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf cfdlGqt JolQmn] cfˆgf] dGtJo tyf
/fo JoQm ug{ / ;'emfj k]; ug{ kfpg]5 . t/ lghn] a}7ssf]
lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf s'g} dtbfg ug{ kfpg]5}g .
-#_ cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ ;lrjn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf s'g}
JolQm jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf pkl:yt x'g cfdGq0f
ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ ko{j]Ifsn] a}7sdf s'g} s'/f af]Ng, ax; /
5nkmndf efu lng / dtbfg ug{ kfpg]5g} .
t/ σ=======
σ
117
kl/R5]b – #@
Τ
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k]; x'g] k|:tfj
!)@= k|:tfj k|]lift ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfM -!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ljrf/fy{
jf lg0f{ofy{ k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ rfxg] s'g} klg ;b:on] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ ljifo;DaGwL k|:tfj cWoIf;dIf
;lrjdfkm{t h'g;'s} j]nf klg k|]lift ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf\] a}7s k|f/De x'g] lbgeGbf sDtLdf $% -

k}tfln;_ lbg cufj} ljZjljBfnodf bflvn ePsf] pklgod -!_
adf]lhdsf] k|:tfj dfq ;fwf/0ftM To;sf] nuQ} x'g] a}7ssf]
k|of]hgsf lgldQ cWoIfaf6 c:jLs[t x'g ;Sg]5 .
-#_ ljZjljBfnodf Dofbleq} bflvn ePsf k|:tfj k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]

a}7sdf k|:t't ug]{ u/fpg] ljifodf lg0f{o x'gsf nflu ;lrjn]
cWoIf;dIf k]; ug'{kg]{5 . To:tf] k|:tfj k"0f{ jf cf+lzs jf ;+zf]lwt
¿kdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] k|of]hgsf nflu :jLs[t jf c:jLs[t
ug]{ eGg] ;DaGwdf lg0f{o lng] clwsf/ cWoIfnfO{ x'g]5 .
-$_ cWoIfn] s'g} ;b:oåf/f k]|lift k|:tfj cf+lzs jf ;+zf]lwt ¿kdf

k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] k|of]hgsf nflu :jLs[t ug'{eGbf cl3 ;f]
k|:tfjsf k|:tfjs ;b:osf] k"j{;xdlt lng]5 . lgh k|:tfjs ;b:osf]
k"j{;xdlt ePdf dfq cf+lzs jf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]
a}7ssf nflu u|fXo dflgg]5 .
Τ
118
-%_ s'g} ;b:on] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ljrf/fy{ jf lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ug{
jf u/fpg k|]lift ul/Psf] k|:tfj ;f] a}7sdf k|:t't ug{ jf u/fpg
cWoIfn] c:jLs[t u/]df To;sf] sf/0f;lxtsf] hfgsf/L ;lrjn]
tTsfn} ;DalGwt ;b:onfO{ k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-^_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] lg0f{ofy{ cWoIfaf6 :jLs[t k|:tfj ;lrjn]
To;kl5 nuQ} x'g] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf :jLs[t tl/sfdf k|:t't
ug{ u/fpg ;a} cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg' kg]{5 / To:tf] k|:tfj ;f]
a}7sdf k|:t't ug'{ u/fpg' kg]{5 .
!)#= clu|d ;"rgfljgf k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] Joj:yfM o; lgoddf cGoq
h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s ;~rfng
eO/x]sf] avt s'g} klg ;b:on] cWoIfsf] k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ ;f] a}7sdf
b]xfosf ljifox¿df k|:tfj ;f]em} k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5MM
-s_ wGojfb jf awfO{ 1fkg ug]{ jf zf]s k|s6 ug]{,

-v_ cfˆgf] k|:tfj jf ;+zf]lwt k|:tfj jf ;+zf]wg lkmtf{ lng],
-u_ a}7ssf] :yug, a}7sdf 5nkmnsf] :yug, a}7ssf] ;dflKt tyf
a}7ssf] cjlw j[l4sf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{,
-3_ a}7snfO{ ;d"x jf ;ldltdf kl/0ft ug{sf nflu cg'/f]w ug]{,
-ª_ s'g} k|:tfjdf zflJbs tyf cfg';lËs kl/jt{g ug]{ /
-r_ ljZjljBfnosf] lxt jf z}lIfs, k|fl1s tyf cg';Gwfg
ljsf;;DaGwL ;fj{hlgs dxTTjsf] ljifodf 5nkmn ug]{ .
!)$= k|:tfjsf] k|:t'tLs/0fM-!_k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ jf
cWoIfaf6 :jLs[t jf cg'dltk|bQ k|:tfj dfq k|:t't x'g]5 .
-@_ ljZjljBfnosf] tkm{af6 kb]g ;b:ox¿n] dfq k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]
a}7sdf k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ kfpg]5 .
119
:ki6Ls/0fM o; pklgodsf] k|of]hgsf nflu kb]g ;b:o eGgfn]
pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf, /lh:6«f/, 8Lgx¿, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsx¿ tyf
k/LIff lgoGqs / cGo kbflwsf/L ;Demg'k5{ .
-#_ ljZjljBfnosf] tkm{af6 k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k|:t't x'g]
k|:tfj, h'g kb]g ;b:osf] cfˆgf] lgsfosf] sfo{ / clwsf/
If]qleq ;DalGwt 5, cWoIfsf] cGoyf lgb]{zg ePdf afx]s lgh
kb]g ;b:on] ;f] a}7sdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
-$_ kb]g ;b:on] ljZjljBfnosf] tkm{af6 k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf
k|:t't k|:tfjdf Ps hgf ;b:on] ;dy{g ug'{kg]{5 .
-%_ s'g} klg ;b:on] JolQmut x}l;otaf6 k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf
k|:tfj k|:t't u/]df ;f] k|:tfjk|lt csf]{ @ -b'O{_ hgf ;b:oåf/f
;dy{g u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
Τ
-^_ sfof{jnL ;"rLdf k/]sf s'g} k|:tfj, h'g ;b:oaf6 k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k|:t't x'g k|:tfljt ePsf] 5, lgh ;b:on]
k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 . t/ lgh pkl:yt gePdf cWoIfn] tf]s]sf]
;b:on] ;f] k|:tfj a}7sdf k|:t't ug{ kfpg]5 .
!)%= k|:tfjdfly 5nkmn / ax;M-!_ o; lgodadf]lhd /Ltk"j{s k|:t't ePsf]
k|:tfjdfly 5nkmn / ax; cWoIfn] tf]s]adf]lhd v'nf /xg]5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{ k|:tfjs ;b:on]

k|:tfj k|:t't ubf{ ;f] k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf cWoIfsf] cg'dlt k|fKt
u/L tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlw;Dd af]Ng kfpg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ df plNnlvt k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf k|:tfjsn]

af]ln;s]kl5 af]Ng rfxg] k|To]s ;b:on] cWoIfsf] cg'dlt k|fKt
u/L tf]lsPsf] ;dofjlwleq ax; ug{ jf o; lgodadf]lhd
Τ
120
;+zf]wg k|:t't ug{ kfpg]5 . ;+zf]wgsf xsdf klg cWoIfaf6
tf]lsPadf]lhd 5nkmn / ax; ug{ lbOg]5 .
-$_ s'g} k|:tfjssf] k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf cGo ;b:osf] ax; ;dfKt
eO;s]kl5 jf ;+zf]wg k|:t't eO;s]kl5 lgh k|:tfjsn]
cfjZos b]v]df cWoIfsf] cg'dlt k|fKt u/L tf]lsPsf]
;dofjlwleq :ki6Ls/0f jf hjfkm lbg kfpg]5 .
-%_ o; lgoddf cGoq h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg d"n
k|:tfjdf ;+zf]wg ;dfof]hg eO;s]kl5 To;df k'gM ax; jf
5nkmn x'g]5}g .
!)^= k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf ;+zf]wg k|:t't ug{ kfpg] Joj:yfM-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]
a}7sdf k|:t't s'g} k|:tfjsf;DaGwdf k|:tfjs afx]s cGo ;b:on]
cWoIfsf] cg'dltaf6 ;+zf]wg k|:t't ug{ ;Sg]5 .
t/, s'g} ;b:on] d"n k|:tfj;Fu k|f;ª\lus gePsf] jf To;sf] p2]Zo /
If]qaflx/ kg]{ jf d"n ¿k g} leGg x'g] s'g} ;+zf]wg k|:t't ug'{ x'Fb}g .
-@_ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf ;f] k|:tfjsf] s'g} c+z ;+zf]wg eO{ kfl/t
jf lg0f{o eO;s]kl5 To; c+zafx]s lg0f{o x'g afFsL c+zsf
xsdf dfq ;+zf]wg k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-#_ s'g} k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf k|:t't eO{ kfl/t jf lg0f{o ePsf]
;+zf]wg d"n k|:tfjsf] cË x'g]5 . ;f]xL ;+zf]wgcg';f/ d"n
k|:tfjsf] zflAbs ¿k x]/km]/ jf yk36 u/L ;dfof]hg ul/g]5 .
To;/L ;+zf]lwt d"n k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf o; lgodadf]lhdsf]
k|lqmofåf/f lg0f{o x'g]5 .
-$_ Τ s'g} d"n k|:tfjdf ;+zf]wg k|:tfj k|:t't ug]{ ;b:on] ;f]xL
;+zf]wgsf] ljsNksf] ¿kdf csf]{ ;+zf]wg k|:tfj k|:t't ug'{
x'Fb}g .
Τ
121
!)&= k|:tfj vf/]h jf /2 x'g] cj:yfM b]xfosf cj:yfdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] rfn"
a}7ssf] nflu k|:t't eO;s]sf] jf x'g afFsL k|:tfj vf/]h jf /2 ePsf]
dflgg]5M
-s_ tf]lsPsf] ;ª\Vofdf ;b:ox¿åf/f ;dy{g ghgfOPsf] k|:tfj,
-v_ sfof{jnL ;"rLdf k/]sf] t/ ;dofefj jf cGo s'g} sf/0fn]

a}7sdf k|:t't x'g g;s]sf] k|:tfj,
-u_ a}7sdf k|:t't ePsf] t/ o; lgodadf]lhd lkmtf{ lnPsf] k|:tfj,
-3_ a}7saf6 c:jLs[t ePsf] k|:tfj /
-ª_ o; lgodadf]lhd vf/]h jf /2 x'g] k|:tfj .
!)*= k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf cGo Joj:yfM -!_ Τ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s jf ;f]
:ylut eO{ k'gM ;~rfng ePsf] a}7sdf k|:t't eO;s]sf] k|:tfj ;f]xL
a}7sdf k'gM k|:t't ug{ kfOg]5}g .
Τ
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s jf ;f] :ylut eO{ k'gM ;~rfng ePsf]
a}7sdf k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfjsf] s'g} c+z lg0f{o eO;]s]sf] eP ;f]
k|:tfjsf] afFsL c+z ;f]xL a}7sdf k|:t't ug{ kfpg]5 .
Τ
122
kl/R5]b – ##
Τ
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df lg0f{o lng] k|lqmof
!)(= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf lg0f{o ug]{ ljlwM -!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf
s'g} k|:tfj jf s'g} ljifoj:t'sf] ;Gbe{df ;j{;Ddlt gb]lvPdf jf
cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s ;f] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf]
;ª\Vofsf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtåf/f lg0f{o x'g]5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf s'g} k|:tfj jf s'g} ljifoj:t'sf ;Gbe{df

lg0f{osf] nflu dtbfg x'Fbf dt a/fa/ ePdf cWoIfn] lg0f{ofTds dt
lbg]5 .
!!)= lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff / clen]vM -!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7saf6 ;fdfGo jf

dtbfg jf cGo s'g} k|lqmofaf6 s'g} k|:tfj jf s'g} ljifoj:t'sf
;Gbe{df ePsf] lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff cWoIfn] ;f]xL a}7sdf tTsfn ug]{5 .
cWoIfsf] 3f]if0ff k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o dflgg]5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf kfl/t lg0f{osf] clen]v lg0f{ok'l:tsfdf

/flvg]5 . lg0f{o clen]vsf] 9fFrf sfo{Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL jf
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]Sg]5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf kfl/t lg0f{odf cWoIf / ;lrjnufot

k|fl1s kl/ifb\\åf/f clws[t ul/Psf # -ltg_ hgf ;b:ox¿sf]
x:tfIf/ x'g'kg]{5 . To:tf x:tfIfl/t lg0f{o k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]
k|fdfl0fs lg0f{o dflgg]5 .
-$_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf kfl/t lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk k|To]s

;b:onfO{ ;lrjn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\s \ f] a}7s ;dfKt ePsf]
;fdfGotof !) -b;_ lbgleq k7fO;Sg' kg]{5 .
Τ
123
!!!= lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmofM-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\sf] a}7ssf] ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] k|:tfj
jf ljifoj:t'nfO{ cWoIfn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ubf{ k|Zgsf]
¿kdf k]; ug]{5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj jf

ljifoj:t'sf] kIf jf ljkIf gb]lvPsf] s'/f cWoIfnfO{ nfu]df ;f]
k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t'sf] kIfdf ;j{;Ddt lg0f{o ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf lg0f{ofy{ k|:t't ePsf] k|:tfj jf

ljifoj:t'sf ;Gbe{df ;j{;Ddlt gb]lvPdf cWoIfn] v'nf jf uf]Ko
dtbfgsf nflu ;b:ox¿nfO{ cfJxfg ug]{5 .
!!@ Τ v'nf dtbfgM v'nf dtbfgsf nflu ;b:ox¿af6 xft p7fO{

dtbfg u/fOg]5 . cWoIfn] ax'dtsf] lg0f{osf] 3f]if0ff k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ug{5 .
!!#= σ
!!$= k|:tfj ;ldltdf 5nkmn x'g ;Sg] Joj:yfM -!_Τk|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf
k|:t't ePsf] s'g} k|:tfjsf] dxTTj tyf uDeL/tfnfO{ ljrf/ u/L ;f]
k|:tfjpk/ lj:t[t 5nkmn / ljrf/–ljdz{ ug{'kg{] b]lvPdf cWoIfsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ s'g} klg ;b:on] a}7snfO{ ;ldltdf kl/0ft ug{] k|:tfj
/fVg ;Sg]5 .
Τ
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldlt u7g ug{] k|:tfj k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\sf] a}7saf6 :jLs[t ePdf ;f] a}7ssf] ;xdltaf6 cWoIfn]
s'g} ;b:osf] ;+of]hsTjdf cGo ^ -5_ hgf ;b:o;d]t ;lDdlnt
u/L Ps ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 .
Τ
σ
124
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] ;ldltn] ;DalGwt k|:tfjdfly 5nkmn
/ ax; u/L To; ;DaGwdf cfˆgf] /fo;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg lbg]5 .
To;kl5 nuQ} x'g] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ;f] k|ltj]bg ljrf/fy{
jf lg0f{ofy{ ;+of]hsn] k|:t't ug]{5 . To; k|ltj]bg dfly ljrf/
u/L ;DalGwt k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf o; lgodadf]lhd lg0f{o
ul/g]5 .
125
kl/R5]b – #$
Τ
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k|Zgf]Q/;DaGwL Joj:yf
!!%= k|Zgf]Q/;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_k|fl1s kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf lnlvt hjfkm
rfxg] ;b:on] cWoIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/L ;lrjdfkm{t b]xfosf cjlwleq
lnlvt k|Zg clu|d ¿kdf ;lrj;dIf bflvn x'g] u/L k|]lift ug{ ;Sg]5M
-s_ ;fwf/0f a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s x'g] lbgeGbf sDtLdf & -;ft_
lbgcufj} .
-v_ c;fwf/0f a}7ssf] xsdf ;f] a}7s x'g] lbgeGbf sDtLdf @ -b'O{_
lbgcufj} .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd bflvn ePsf] lnlvt k|Zg hjfkmsf nflu
:jLsf/of]Uo eP–gePsf] lg0f{o cWoIfn] ug]{5 / lghsf] ;f] lg0f{o
clGtd x'g]5 .
-#_ s'g} ;b:on] k|]lift u/]sf] lnlvt k|Zg hjfkmsf nflu :jLsf/of]Uo
gePsf] egL cWoIfaf6 lg0f{o ePdf ;f] s'/fsf] hgfp ;lrjn] k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\sf] ;DalGwt a}7s ;~rfng ePsf] avt ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{
pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-$_ s'g} ;b:on] k|]lift u/]sf] lnlvt k|Zg hjfkmsf nflu :jLsf/of]Uo
ePdf lnlvt hjfkm k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] ;DalGwt a}7s ;~rfngsf]
avt ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{ cWoIfsf] tkm{af6 ;lran] pknAw u/fpg]5 .
To:tf] lnlvt hjfkmsf] a]xf]/f ;f] a}7sdf ;'gfpg'kg]{ afWotf eg]
/xg]5}g .
Τ
126
-%_ pklgod -#_ / -$_ adf]lhd lnlvt k|Zgsf] lnlvt hgfp jf hjfkm
k|fKt ePkl5 a9L :ki6tfsf nflu k|Zg k|]ifs ;b:on] a}7sdf
cWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ df}lvs ¿kdf a9Ldf # j6f;Dd k"/s k|Zg
;f]Wg ;Sg]5 / To:tf k"/s k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf cWoIf :jod\ jf
lghåf/f tf]lsPsf ;b:on] ;f] a}7sdf df}lvs hjfkm lbg]5 .
-^_ dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|fl1s kl/ifb\sf] a}7s

;~rfng eO/x]sf] avt s'g} klg ;b:on] cWoIf;dIf df}lvs
hjfkmsf nflu k|f;flËs Pjd\ pko'Qm k|Zg cWoIfsf] :jLs[lt lnO{
df}lvs ¿kdf /fVg ;Sg]5 . To:tf k|Zgsf] ;DaGwdf cWoIf :jod\ jf
lghåf/f tf]lsPsf] ;b:on] k|f;lËs Pjd\ pko'Qm tl/sfdf df}lvs
hjfkm lbg]5 .
-&_ k|Zg k|f;lËs Pjd\ pko'Qm ePsf] t/ k|Zgsf] hjfkmsf nflu lj:t[t
ljj/0f ;Íng ug'+{kg]{ jf lgs} nfdf] ;do nfUg] b]lvPdf To:tf]
k|Zgsf] hjfkm tof/ ug{ cWoIfn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf lglZrt
Dofb dfuL ;f] :jLs[t Dofbkl5 ;~rfng x'g] a}7sdf To:tf k|Zgsf]
hjfkm lbg'kg]{5 .
!!^= k|Zg ug{ ;lsg] ljifoj:t'M k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ljZjljBfnosf

kblwf/Lx¿af6 hjfkm kfpg ;b:ox¿n] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] sfd,st{Jo /
clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ / ljZjljBfnosf] ;~rfng / ljsf;nfO{ ;3fp
k'Ug] jf dfu{bz{g x'g] vfnsf k|f;lËs, pko'Qm tyf p2]Zod"ns k|Zg
k|:t't ug{ kfpg]5 .
t/ b]xfosf k|sf/sf k|Zg k|:t't ug{ kfOg]5}gM
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] lxt, k|lti7f tyf Vofltdf cf3ft k'Ug],
-v_ ;]jf cfof]u tyf k/LIffsf] uf]Kotf eË x'g],
-u_ ljZjljBfnosf nflu cToGt uf]kgLo ePsf],

127
-3_ skf]nslNkt cg'dfg tyf Joª\Uof]lQm, nf~5gf, lgGbf jf
JolQmut cfIf]k, l/;OaL cflb emlNsg],
-ª_ ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} klg kbflwsf/L, lzIfs jf sd{rf/Lsf] kbsf]

x}l;otdf afx]s c¿ x}l;otdf lghsf] JolQmut rl/q, of]Uotf
tyf cfr/0f tyf Jojxf/ / Joj;fo a'em\g] /
-r_ cGo cjf~5gLo, ck|;ª\lus tyf cg'ko'Qm x'g] .
128
kl/R5]b – #%
lgodfklQ -k|fl1s kl/ifb\\_
!!&= lgodfklQM-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] a]nf s'g}
;b:on] s'g} ljifosf ;DaGwdf cfkm"nfO{ nfu]sf] lgodfklQsf] s'/f;Dd
JoQm u/L cWoIfsf] lg0f{osf nflu lgodfklQsf] k|Zg p7fpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd s'g} ;b:oaf6 lgodfklQsf] k|Zg

p7\gf;fy tTsfn ax; jf 5nkmn ul//x]sf cGo s'g} ;b:o jf
cfdlGqt JolQmn] cfˆgf] ax; jf 5nkmn clgjfo{tM /f]Sg'kg]{5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf p7]sf] lgodfklQsf] k|Zgsf ;DaGwdf

cWoIfn] lbPsf] lg0f{o ;f] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;a} ;b:o / JolQmsf
lgldQ clGtd x'g]5 .
-$_ s'g} ;b:on] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] sfd sf/afxLdf afwf

c8\rg jf efF8e}nf] k}bf ug]{ dg;fo lnO{ k6s k6s
lgodfklQsf] k|Zg p7fpg] u/]sf] s'/fdf cWoIfnfO{ ljZjf;
nfu]df lghn] To:tf ;b:onfO{ af]Ngaf6 jl~rt x'g] cfb]z lbg
;Sg]5 . cWoIfsf]] To:tf] cfb]znfO{ cjx]ngf jf pNnª\3g ug]{
;b:onfO{ pQm lbgsf] afFsL a}7sdf efu lng gkfpg] u/L
lgisfl;t ug{ ;lsg]5 .
129
kl/R5]\b – #^
Τ
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s :yug / ;dflKt
!!* k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] :yugM-!_ b]xfosf cj:ydf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]
a}7s cWoIfsf] cg'dltaf6 :ylut x'g]5M
-s_ u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof ckof{Kt ePdf, jf
-v_ a}7s :ylut ug]{ k|:tfj kfl/t ePdf, jf
-u_ s'g} clk|o jf sfa'aflx/sf] 36gf 36]df, jf
-3_ a}7s ;~rfng ug{ ;Dej jf pko'{Qm gePdf .
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] cj:yfcGtu{t k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s :ylut ePsf]
3f]if0ff cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ ;lrjn] ug]{5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s :ylut ePsf] Joxf]/fsf] clen]v a}7s :ylut
x'g'sf] sf/0f;d]t pNn]v u/L lg0f{o–k'l:tsfdf cWoIf, pkfWoIf /
;lrjsf] ;+o'Qm x:tfIf/åf/f k|dfl0ft u/fO{ /fVg'kg]{5 .
-$_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :ylut ePsf] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s tTsfn} jf
cGo s'g} lbg k'gM ;~rfng x'Fbf ;f] a}7sdf :ylut a}7ssf] sfof{jnL
;"rLdf plNnlvt ljifox¿ / o; lgodadf]lhd clu|d ;"rgfljgf
k|:t't ug{ ;lsg] k|:tfjafx]s cGo yk ljifox¿df s'g} sfd–sf/afxL
ug{ ;lsg]5}g .
Τ
130
!!(= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] :yug / ;dflKtM-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] rfn"
a}7s :ylut ug{ jf ;dfKt ug{ cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ k|:tfj k|:t't
ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfj k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7saf6 kfl/t ePdf
;f] a}7s tf]lsPadf]lhd :ylut jf ;dfKt x'g]5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s :ylut eO{ ;f] a}7s s'g} cGo lbgdf k'gM
;DkGg ePdf a}7s eQf / cGo ;'ljwfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu a}7s
;DkGg ePsf] lbgsf] u0fgf ul/g]5 .
131
kl/R5]b – #&
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf
!@)= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf kfng ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿M
-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k|To]s ;b:on] b]xfosf s'/fx¿ k"0f{tM

kfngf ug'{kg]{5M
-s_ a}7sdf efu lng] ;b:on] cWoIfnfO{ ;Daf]wg u/]/ dfq

af]Ng'k5{ / cWoIfn] cGoyf lgb]{zg lbPdf afx]s pleP/
af]Ng'k5{ .
-v_ a}7sdf cWoIfaf6 ;Daf]wg jf cGo s]xL s'/f JoQm

eO/x]sf] ;dodf s'g} klg ;b:on] cfˆgf] :yfg g5f]8L
cWoIfsf] s'/f zflGtk"j{s ;'lg/fVg' k5{ .
-u_ a}7s rfn" eO/x]sf] jf s'g} ;b:on] af]ln/x]sf] a]nfdf

afwf lbg], ceb| Jojxf/ ug]{ jf a}7ssf] cjx]ngf / dof{bf
eË x'g] jf cJoj:yf pTkGg x'g] ljZjljBfnosf] k|lti7fdf
wSsf nfUg] s'g} sfd ug'{ u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
-3_ a}7ssf] sfo{;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoafx]s cGo ljifosf]

k':ts, ;dfrf/kq jf cGo sfuhftx¿ k9\g'x'Fb}g .
-ª_ cWoIfsf] cg'dltljgf af]Ng'x'Fb}g .
-r_ s'nkltsf] cfr/0fsf ;DaGwdf a}7sdf af]Ng jf 5nkmn

ug{ kfOg]5}g .
132
t/ o; v08df n]lvPsf] s'g} s'/fn] ljZjljBfnosf]
cfnf]rgf ug{ afwf k'¥ofPsf] dflgg]5}g .
-5_ cWoIfn] kbcg's"n cfr/0f u/]sf] 5}g eGg] k|:tfjsf]

5nkmnsf] qmddf afx]s cWoIfsf] cfr/0fsf] cfnf]rgf ug'{
x'Fb}g .
-h_ ljZjljBfnosf] kbflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn] afx]s JolQmut

x}l;otn] u/]sf] s'g} sfd s'/fnfO{ lnP/ lghsf] cfr/0fsf]
cfnf]rgf ug'{x'Fb}g .
-em_ g]kfnsf] s'g} cbfnt;dIf ljrf/fwLg /x]sf] s'g}

d'2f;DaGwL s'/fdf a}7sdf 5nkmn ug{ kfOg]5}g .
-`_ ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} Goflos sfo{df ;++nUg cfof]u jf

lgsfo / To;sf] kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] st{Jo kfngsf]
l;nl;nfdf u/]sf] s'g} sfo{sf] ;DaGwdf a}7sdf af]Ng jf
5nkmn ug{ kfOg]5}g .
-6_ clzi6, cZnLn, ckdfghgs jf s'g} cklQhgs zAb

af]Ng'x'Fb}g .
-7_ cWoIfsf] s'g} lg0f{o ab/ ul/of];\ eGg] k|:tfjdfly

af]Nbfsf] cj:yfdf afx]s cWoIfsf] s'g} klg lg0f{osf]
cfnf]rgf ug'x{ 'b}g .
-8_ af]Ng kfpg] clwsf/nfO{ a}7ssf] sfo{df afwf kfg]{

dg;fon] b'¿kof]u ug'{x'Fb}g .
133
kl/R5]b – #*
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt
!@!= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt u7g x'g ;Sg] Joj:yfM -!_ k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ pks'nklt cWoIf
-v_ lzIffWoIf pkfWoIf
-u_ /lhi6«f/ ;b:o
-3_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;b:o
-ª_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]sf b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-r_ ljifo ;ldltsf cWoIfx¿dWo]af6 /

8Lgx¿dWo]af6 Ps hgf u/L # -ltg_ hgf ;b:o
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ :yfoL ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ k|fl1s

kl/ifb\\af6 tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ tyf To;sf] a}7ssf] nflu o; lgodcGtu{t nfu"

x'g] u0fk"/s / lg0f{o k|lqmof nufot cGo k|fjwfgx¿, l;4fGtx¿
Jojxf/tM nfu" x'g ;Sg] xb;Dd k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ :yfoL ;ldltsf]
xsdf klg ;fdfGotM k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
-$_ π k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ :yfoL ;ldltn] u/]sf sfdx¿, lg0f{ox¿ tyf cGo
;DalGwt ljifo j:t'x¿sf] ljj/0f Pjd\ k|ltj]bg hfgsf/L jf
π
@)%^ kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
134
cg'df]bgsf nflu nuQ} a:g] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k|:t't
ug{'kg{]5 .
!@@= cWoIfsf] ljz]if clwsf/M-!_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf pkl:yt s'g}

;b:on] o; lgodadf]lhd kfng ug'{kg]{ s'/fx¿ jf k|fjwfgx¿
pNnª\3g u/]df To:tf lgif]lwt sfdx¿ u/]sf] k|s[lt jf dfqf x]/L To:tf
;b:onfO{ cWoIfn] b]xfoadf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5M
-s_ r]tfjgL lbg], jf
-v_ a}7s sIfaf6 lgisfl;t ug]{, jf
-u_ cjlw tf]sL ;b:otfaf6 lgnDag ug]{ .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df n]lvPsf] s'g} lg0f{o cWoIfaf6 ePsf] eP tfklg

To:tf] cfb]z kfpg] ;b:on] cfˆgf] e"n :jLsf/ u/L dfkmL dfu]df
cWoIfn] a}7ssf] /fo a'emL To:tf] ;b:onfO{ dfkmL lbg ;Sg]5 .
!@#= cGo M -!_ P]g / o; lgodsf] p2]Zo sfof{Gjog ug{ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf]
k/fdz{df sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] sfo{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL jf sfo{ljlw agfpg
;Sg]5 .
-@_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] k|To]s cfly{s jif{sf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg

lzIffWoIfdfkm{t ;efdf k|:t't ug'{ kg]{5 .
-#_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\ ;fd"lxs ¿kn] / cWoIf tyf pkfWoIfk|lt /

JolQmut ¿kn] ;efk|lt k"0f{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
-$_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] avt o; lgodsf] s'g}

k|fjwfgsf] JofVof ug'{kg]{ jf afwf c8\sfp km'sfpg'kg]{ cj:yf
135
k/]df cWoIfn] / cGo cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] JofVof ug]{ /
afwf–c8\sfp km'sfpg]5, h'g clGtd dflgg]5 .
!@$= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg ug]{M-!_ P]g / of] lgodn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\nfO{ lbPsf]
clwsf/dWo] cfjZostf cg';f/ k"/} jf s]xL clwsf/ ljBf kl/ifb\\nfO{
k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
136
kl/R5]b – #(
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\
!@%= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sM -!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf
cWoIfn] ug]{5 . cWoIfsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;b:osf] ¿kdf /x]sf]
lzIffWoIfn] a}7ssf] cWoIftf ug]{5 .
Τ
-@_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df tTsfn axfn /x]sf ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf
krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿sf] pkl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof
dflgg]5 . To:tf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof gk'uL sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s
a:g ;Sg]5}g .
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ax'dtsf] lg0f{o dfGo x'g]5 / dt

a/fa/ ePdf cWoIftf ug{] JolQmn] lg0ff{os dt lbg'kg{]5 .
Τ
-#_ cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] lbg, ;do / :yfgdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s
a:g]5 .
-$_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s x'g'eGbf sDtLdf # -ltg_ lbg cufj}

sfo{sf/L klifb\sf] a}7s af]nfOPsf] ;"rgf ;b:o–;lrjn] ;a}
;b:ox¿nfO{ lbg]5 .
t/ ljz]if sf/0f k/L cNk;"rgfdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] s'g} a}7s

af]nfpg' k/]df # -ltg_ lbgsf] k"j{;"rgf lbg' cfjZos x'g]5}g .
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] To:tf] a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgf s'g} ;~rf/
dfWodåf/f ;'ne tl/sfaf6 ;b:ox¿nfO{ lbg' kof{Kt x'g]5 .
-%_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgfsf] 9fFrf Joj:yfkg

k|0ffnLdf jf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
Τ
137
!@^= k|:tfjM -!_sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ljZjljBfnosf] s]Gb|Lo
Joj:yfkgsf] tkm{af6 k]; x'g] k|:tfjx¿ ;b:o–;lrjn] k|:t't ug]{5 .
cWoIfsf] cg'dlt lnO{ s'g} klg ;b:on] ljZjljBfno ;DaGwL k|:tfj jf
cGo ljifoj:t' sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df 5nkmn jf lg0f{osf nflu k]; ug{
kfpg]5 .
-@_ ;b:o–;lrjn] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k]; x'g] k|:tfjx¿ /

tT;DaGwL sfuhkq a}7s ;DaGwL ;"rgf;lxt ;a} ;b:ox¿nfO{
pknAw u/fpg]5 .
t/, ljZjljBfnosf] lxtsf lgldQ cToGt h?/L / ;fj{hlgs

dxTTjsf] ljifo ePsf] k|:tfj jf ljifoj:t' k"j{;"rgfljgf klg
cWoIfsf] cg'dltn] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k|:t't ug{
;lsg]5 .
-#_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:t't x'g] k|:tfjsf] 9fFrf sfo{Joj:yfkg

k|0ffnL jf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-$_ P]gsf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf -!_sf] v08 -u_,-3_ / -ª_ adf]lhdsf
dgf]gLt ;b:on] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ rfx]df
To:tf] k|:tfj ;b:o–;lrj;dIf ;fwf/0ftof sDtLdf & -;ft_
lbgsf] ;do lbO{ k7fpg'kg]{5 / ;b:o–;lrjn] cWoIfsf]
k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ :jLsf/of]Uo k|:tfj sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] To;kl5
nuQ} x'g] a}7sdf 5nkmn / lg0f{osf lgldQ k|:t't ug]{5 .
t/, To:tf] k|:tfj sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf k|:t't ug{ cWoIfn]

cg'dlt glbPdf jf :jLsf/of]Uo gePdf To:tf k|:tfjsf
;DaGwdf ;b:o–;lrjn] k|:tfjs;b:onfO{ sf/0f;lxtsf]
hfgsf/L k7fpg'kg]{5 .
138
!@&= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{oM -!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] P]g / lgodadf]lhd
ug'{kg]{ ;a} sfd sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7saf6 lg0f{o geO{ sfof{Gjog
ul/g]5}g .
-@_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{osf] clen]v sfo{Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL jf

sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 .
-#_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] ;j{;Ddlt jf ax'dtsf] lg0f{odf ;f]

a}7sdf pkl:yt cWoIf, ;b:o tyf ;b:o–;lrjsf] x:tfIf/
ePkl5 dfq sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
t/, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] ;j{;Ddlt jf ax'dtsf] lg0f{o

tTsfn} jf cljnDa sfo{Gjog ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf To:tf] lg0f{odf
cWoIf / ;b:o–;lrjsf] x:tfIf/ ePkl5 ;f] lg0f{o t'?Gt}
sfof{Gjog ul/g]5 .
!@*= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf cfdGq0fM-!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf s'g}

JolQmsf] pkl:ylt cfjZos b]lvPdf cWoIfsf] k"j{cg'dlt lnO{ ;b:o–
;lrjn] To:tf] JolQmnfO{ ;f] a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf cfdlGqt JolQmn] cfˆgf] dGtJo /

;'emfj JoQm ug{ / 5nkmndf efu lng kfpg]5 .
t/, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] lg0f{osf] k|lqmofdf cfdlGqt

JolQmnfO{ dt lbg] clwsf/ x'g]5}g .
!@(= a}7s eQfM sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf efu lnP afkt cWoIf, ;b:o,
;b:o–;lrj tyf cfdlGqt JolQmn] k|lt a}7s ?= ℑ*)).–-cf7 ;o_
a}7s eQf kfpg]5 .
ℑ
139
!#)= dgf]gLt ;b:oM -!_ P]gsf] bkmf !# sf] pkbkmf ! sf] v08 -u_, -3_ / -
ª_ adf]lhd sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:odf dgf]gog ug{ pks'nkltn]
;efdf l;kmfl/; k]; ug'{eGbf cufj} ♦pks'nkltn] ljZjljBfnosf]
k|fWofkssf] ;+of]hsTjdf ltg ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 . ;f] ;ldltsf]
/fo ;d]t ;dfj]z u/L pks'nkltn] ;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gogsf nflu
;efdf l;kmfl/; k]; ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ℑ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePdf /

ljZjljBfno ;ef ga;]sf] cj:yfdf pklgod -!_adf]lhd
pks'nkltaf6 u7g ul/Psf] ;ldltsf] /focg';f/ pks'nkltsf]
l;kmfl/zdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\n] l/Qm ;b:o kbdf csf]{ JolQmnfO{
dgf]gog ug]{5 / To:tf] dgf]gog nut} a:g] ;efaf6 cg'df]bg
u/fpg' kg]{5 . kbfjlw k'/f gx'Fb} dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kb l/Qm x'g
cfPdf afFsL cjlwsf] nflu klg o;} k|lqmofcg';f/ dgf]gog
ul/g]5 .
-#_ ljZjljBfnosf lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 dgf]gog x'g] s'g} klg lzIfs

nuftf/ ltg k6seGbf a9L ;b:odf ;fwf/0ftM dgf]gLt x'g5
] }g .
-$_ b]xfosf cj:yfdf dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5M

Τ
-s_ ;b:osf] kbaf6 lbPsf] /fhLgfdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6
:jLs[t ePdf, t/ /flhgfdfsf] :jLs[ltsf] hfgsf/L nuQ}
a:g] ;efdf lbg'kg{]5 .
-v_ h'g x}l;otaf6 ;b:o kbdf dgf]gog ePsf] xf] ;f]

x}l;ot g/x]df,
♦
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg .
ℑ
Τ
140
-u_ d[To' ePdf,
-3_ dgfl;a dflkmssf] sf/0fljgf nuftf/ kfFr k6seGbf a9L

sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf cg'kl:yt ePdf,
-ª_ ax'nfPsf] jf dfgl;s c;Gt'ng ePsf] egL clwsfl/s

¿kdf k|dfl0ft ePdf,
-r_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntn] s;"/bf/

7x¥ofO{ s}bsf] ;hfo lbPdf /
-5_ s'g} lgodadf]lhd ;b:o sfod /xg cof]Uo k|dfl0ft

ePdf .
!#!= Τ;b:osf] clwsf/M P]g / lgoddf ePsf] Joj:yfsf] cwLgdf /xL

ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIffh:tf cToGt uf]Ko ljifodf afx]s cGo sfo{sf]
;DaGwdf s'g} s'/fsf] hfgsf/L lng] jf sfuhft k|fKt ug]{ clwsf/
;b:onfO{ x'g]5 .
!#@= ;ldlt cflb u7g ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yfM-!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] sfd
st{Jo / clwsf/ If]qleqsf ljifox¿df cfˆg} pQ/bfloTj /xg] u/L
cfjZostfg';f/ cfof]u, ;ldlt, pk;ldlt jf sfo{bn h:tf lgsfo
u7g u/L sfd u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] cfof]u, ;ldlt, pk;ldlt jf sfo{bn

h:tf lgsfodf s'g} klg ;b:o jf JolQmnfO{ dgf]gog ug{
;lsg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_adf]lhdsf] cfof]u, ;ldlt, pk;ldlt jf sfo{bn

h:tf lgsfosf sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tyf To;sf ;+of]hs jf
Τ
141
cWoIf nufot ;b:o tyf ;b:o–;lrjsf] kfl/>lds, ;'ljwf /
cGo ;t{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
!##= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] sfd st{Jo / clwsf/MΤ-!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] sfd

st{Jo / clwsf/ P]g / lgodx¿n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
Τ
-@_ lgodx¿df cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df afx]s sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n]
cfjZos ljlgod / lgodx¿sf] cwLgdf /xL lgb{]zg hf/L ug{
;Sg]5 .
!#$= Τsfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] pQ/bfloTjM P]g / lgoddf cGoyf Joj:yf ePsf]df

afx]s sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ ;fd"lxs ¿kn] / cWoIf, ;b:o tyf ;b:o–;lrj
JolQmut ¿kn] ;efk|lt k"0f{ pQ/bfoL x'g]5g\ .
Τ
142
kl/R5]b – $)
ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] u7g
!#%= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] u7gM -!_ cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfosf] k|fl1s lgsfosf]
¿kdf sfd ug{ k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfg / k|To]s ;ª\sfodf a]Unfa]Un} Ps
ljBfkl/ifb\\ /xg]5, h;sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ 8Lg cWoIf
-v_ ljleGg ljifo–;ldltsfcWoIfx¿ ;b:o
-u_ ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf

sfo{/t k|fWofksx¿ jf sDtLdf b; jif{
ljZjljBfnosf] :yfoL ;]jfdf ;+nUg ;f]
cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo;Fu ;DalGwt
lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 a9Ldf kfFr hgf ;b:o
-3_ ljZjljBfnosf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf ;DalGwt

ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsx¿
dWo]af6 Pshgf ;b:o
-ª_ lq=lj=k/LIff lgoGqs ;b:o
-r_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs ;b:o
-5_ cfª\lus SofDk; / ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf

SofDk; k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 %hgf ;b:o
•
-5!_ of]hgf dxfzfvfsf] k|d'v ;b:o
•
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
143
-h_ pTkflbt hgzlQm vkt ug]{ ;DalGwt
lgsfosf] ;d]t k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L
a9Ldf % hgf ;b:o
-@_ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -u_, -3_, -5_ / -h_ sf ;b:ox¿sf]
dgf]gog ;DalGwt 8Lgsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIffWoIfn] b'O{ jif{sf]
nflu ug]{5 .
-#_ σ
-$_ pklgod -!_ cGt{ut dgf]gog ePsf ;Dk"0f{ dg]gLt ;b:ox¿

nuftf/ ltg k6seGbf a9L dgf]gogsf nflu u|fXo x'g]5}gg\ .
-%_ Τ 8Lgn] Ps hgf ;xfos 8LgnfO{ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] ;lrj eO{ sfd

ug{ tf]Sg]5 .
σ
Τ
144
kl/R5]b – $!
ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
!#^= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ MΤP]g / lgodx¿sf] cwLgdf
/xL ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfocGtu{tsf cfª\lus SofDk; tyf

;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;df lzIf0f, k|lzIf0f / cg';Gwfg;DaGwL
sfo{qmd gofF vf]Ng], yk36, x]/km]/, ;dfof]hg, / vf/]h ug]{
;DaGwdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; k7fpg] .
-v_ cWoog ;++:yfg jf ;ª\sfocGtu{t cfª\lus SoDk; gofF vf]Ng,

yk36, x]/km]/, PsLs/0f ug{ jf ufEg, :yfgfGt/0f ug{ / lj36g
ug{ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; k7fpg] .
-u_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] ljBfyL{ egf{sf nflu lgwf{/0f u/]sf] of]Uotfsf]

cfwf/df ljBfyL{ k|j]zsf nflu Go"gtd cfjZostf, 5gf]6sf]
cfwf/ / k|lqmof tf]Sg] .
-3_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]sf] lzIf0f :t/sf] cfwf/df ljBfyL{n] kl/k"lt{

ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd xflh/L k|ltzt, Ps z}lIfs jif{af6 csf]{ z}lIfs
jif{df cyjf z}lIfs jif{sf] Ps v08af6 csf]{ v08df k|j]z kfpg
ljBfyL{n] k'¥ofpg' kg]{ z}lIfs cfjZostfx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{ .
-ª_ dfgfy{ pkflwx¿ gofF sfod ug{, yk36 jf x]/km]/ ug{ / vf/]h
ug{ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; k7fpg] .
-r_ 1fg, k|ljlw tyf lj1fg jf z}lIfs tyf /fli6«o ljsf;sf] If]qdf
df}lns of]ubfg lbPsf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf cWoog
Τ
145
;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo;Fu ;DalGwt pkflw k|bfg ug{ k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; k7fpg] .
-5_ Τ pTs[i6 of]Uotf Pjd\ cToGt ;/fxgLo :yfg k|fKt u/]sf tyf clt
k|;+zgLo of]ubfg u/]sf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ cfˆgf] cWoog
;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo;Fu ;DalGwt pkflw k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-h_ ;~rfng ug{ kfpg] z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ :ki6 tf]sL lghL If]qsf
SofDk; -dxfljBfno_ nfO{ :yfoL ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-em_ ljifo ;ldltx¿sf] /fo lnO{ cWoog ;+:yfg, jf ;ª\sfo;Fu

;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f, cg'df]bg tyf ;+zf]wg
cflb ug{ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; k7fpg] .
-`_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd;Fu ;DalGwt

k/LIffsf] lsl;d tf]Sg, x]/km]/ ug{, k/LIff;DaGwL ;t{x¿ / cGo
Joj:yf ug{ k/LIff;DaGwL lgsfodfkm{t l;kmfl/; k7fpg] .
-6_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfocGtu{tsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd;Fu

;DalGwt cWoog, cWofkg / cg';Gwfg ul/g] ljifox¿df egf{
x'g rflxg] Go"gtd of]Uotf / cfwf/ tf]Sg l;kmfl/; k7fpg] .
-7_ cfª\lus SofDk;df ;~rfng x'g] jf ;~rfng ePsf z}lIfs

sfo{qmdx¿sf lgldQ rlxg] k"jf{wf/x¿ / ;'ljwfx¿ lgwf{/0f ug]{
/ ltgsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ .
Τ
146
-8_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfocGtu{tsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] lgldQ
rflxg] Go"gtd lzIfs, ;/;fdfg / ;'ljwfx¿ lgwf{l/t ug{ k|fl1s
kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-9_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfocGtu{tsf cfª\lus SofDk; tyf

;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;x¿df ;~rflnt z}lIfs tyf
cg';Gwfg;DaGwL sfo{qmdx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug]{ / To;sf] cfwf/df
sf/afxL ug]{ tyf tt\;DaGwL k|ltj]bg k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k7fpg] .
-0f_ cfª\lus SofDk;, ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;, ljifo ;ldlt / cGo

z}lIfs lgsfoaf6 k|fKt z}lIfs gLlt, of]hgf, / sfo{qmd;DaGwL
k|:tfjpk/ ljrf/ u/L cfjZos sf/afxL jf l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-t_ ljifo ;ldltx¿nfO{ cfjZos lg]b]{zg / dfu{bz{g lbg] .
-y_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 k|fKt lgb]{zg kfngf ug]{ .

Τ
-b_ ;ef, sfo{sf/L, kl/ifb\, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, pks'nklt jf
lzIffWoIfn] dfu]sf jf cfkm"n] plrt 7fg]sf s'/fdf ;'emfj jf
k|:tfj k7fpg] / ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt u7g ug{] .
-w_ ljZjljBfnosf cGo lgod / sfo{Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf jf

;DalGwt kbflwsf/Laf6 tf]lsPsf] cGo sfd ug]{ .
• 
-g_ k|To]s txdf egf{ x'g] ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof lgwf{/0f :jLs[ltsf] nflu
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\df l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
Τ
•
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf

147
!#&= ljBfkl/ifb\\n] lgb]{zg kfng ug'{kg]{ jfWotfM k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] lbPsf] lgb]{zg
kfng ug'{ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
!#*= jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug'{kg]{ Joj:yfM ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] sfd sf/afxLsf]

jflif{s k|ltj]bg k|To]s cfly{s jif{ JotLt ePsf] # dlxgfleq ;'emfj /
l;kmfl/;x¿;lxt 8Lgn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k|:t't ug]{5 . To;kl5 nuQ}
a:g] ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf ;f] k|ltj]bgaf/] 8Lgn] hfgsf/L
u/fpg'kg]{5 .
148
kl/R5]b – $@
Τ
ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldlt
!#(= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] :yfoL ;ldltM -!_ ljBfkl/ifb\\n] b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ ePsf]
ljBfkl/ifb\\ :yfoL ;ldlt u7g ug]{5M
-s_ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf cWoIf
-v_ ljifo ;ldltsf ♦cWoIfx¿ dWo]af6

kfFrhgf ;b:o
-u_ SofDk; k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 ltg hgf ;b:o
-@_ ljBfkl/ifb\\ :yfoL ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfo adf]lhd

x'g]5M
-s_ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|efjsf/L, ;Ifd /

pkb]otfk"0f{ agfpgsf nflu cfjZos k"jf{wf/ / ;]jf ;'ljwfsf]
;[hgf / ljsf;;DaGwL sfd lgoldt ¿kdf ug]{ u/fpg],
-v_ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7s c;fwf/0f / ljz]if kl/l:yltsf] sf/0fn] x'g

g;Sg] cj:yfdf kof{Kt / plrt sf/0f hgfO{ cljnDa gu/L
gx'g] ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] clwsf/ If]qleqsf] sfd ug]{ /
-u_ ljBfkl/ifb\\ / lzIffWoIfaf6 k|fKt lgb]{zgadf]lhdsf cGo sfdx¿

ug]{ u/fpg] .
Τ
♦
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
149
-#_ ljBfkl/ifb\\ tyf To;sf] a}7ssf nflu o; lgodcGtu{t nfu" x'g]
l;4fGtx¿ Jojxf/df nfu" x'g ;Sg] xb;Dd ljBfkl/ifb\\ :yfoL
;ldltsf] xsdf klg ;fdfGotM k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
-$_ ljBfkl/ifb\\ :yfoL ;ldltn] u/]sf sfdx¿, lg0f{ox¿ tyf cGo

;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ljj/0f Pjd\ k|ltj]bgsf] hfgsf/L,
;dLIff / cg'df]bgsf nflu nuQ} a:g] ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf
k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
150
kl/R5]b – $#
Τ
ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
!$) a}7s clgjfo{ ¿kn] a:g'kg]{ Joj:yfM ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7s k|To]s cfly{s
jif{df sDtLdf ! -Ps_ k6s x'g'kg]{5 .
!$!= a}7ssf nflu u'0fk"/sM ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7s a:gsf nflu tTsfn axfn
/x]sf ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿sf] pkl:yltnfO{
u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof dflgg]5 . To:tf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof gk'uL a}7s a:g
;Sg] 5}g .
t/ u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof gk'uL a:g g;sL k'gM af]nfOPsf] a}7ssf] lgldQ

tTsfn axfn /x]sf] ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf t]lQ; k|ltzt ;b:osf]
pkl:yltnfO{ a}7s a:gsf lgldQ u0fk"/s k'u]sf] dflgg]5 .
!$@= a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgfM a}7s a:g] ldlt, ;do, :yfg / a}7sdf 5nkmn
ul/g] ljifo;d]t :ki6 ¿kn] ls6fg u/L ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf] xsdf
a}7s a:g'eGbf sDtLdf !) -b;_ lbg cufj} / :yfoL ;ldltsf] xsdf
cWoIfn] tf]s]cg';f/ ;b:ox¿nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf lbg'kg]{5 .
!$#= a}7s ;~rfng ljlwM a}7s ;~rfng ljlw cWoIfn] tf]s]cg';f/ x'g]5 .
!$$= lg0f{o ug]{ tl/sfM ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf]

ax'dtaf6 x'g]5 .
!$%= lg0f{osf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yfM-!_ a}7ssf] lg0f{osf] clen]v

Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL jf cWoIfn] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 .
Τ
151
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿dWo] s'g} lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em\g]
;b:on] lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf s}lkmot hgfO{ x:tfIf/ ug{ kfpg]5 .
!$^= lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/M a}7ssf] lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/
cWoIfnfO{ x'g]5 .
!$&= lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk k7fpg' kg]{ Joj:yfM a}7ssf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk

;b:ox¿, lzIffWoIf / cfjZostfg';f/ ljZjljBfnosf ;DalGwt
lgsfox¿df k7fpg'kg]{5 .
!$*= a}7ssf] cGo sfo{ljlwsf ;DaGwdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\;u“ ;DalGwt lgodx¿
nfu" x'g] k|fjwfgM ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf ;DaGwdf o; kl/R5]bdf
n]lvPsf sfo{ljlwx¿ o;} kl/R5]b adf]lhd / o;df gn]lvPsf
sfo{ljlwx¿sf xsdf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\;Fu ;DalGwt lgodx¿ ;fdfGotM
nfu" x'g]5g\ .
!$(= cGoM -!_ o; lgodsf] p2]Zo sfo{Gjog ug{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] :jLs[lt
lnO{ 8Lgn] sfo{Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL jf sfo{ljlw agfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] avt o; lgodsf] s'g}

k|fjwfgsf] JofVof ug'{kg]{ jf afwf–c8\sfp km'sfpg'kg]{ cj:yf k/]df
cWoIfn] / cGo cj:yfdf lzIffWoIfn] JofVof ug]{ / jfwf–c8\sfp
k'msfpg]5 .
152
kl/R5]b – $$
s'nklt
Τ
!%)= s'nkltn] ljZjlnBfno jf ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt h'g;'s} ljifo jf
j:t'sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ / lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 . s'nkltsf] lgb]{zg
ljZjljBfnosf] nflu dfu{lgb]{zs cfwf/ x'g]5 .
π
kl/R5]b $$s
;xs'nklt
!%)s= ;xs'nkltM -!_ lzIffdGqfno x]g{] dGqL jf /fHodGqL ljZjljBfnosf]

kb]g ;xs'nklt x'g]5M
-@_ s'nkltsf] cg'kl:yltdf ;xs'nkltn] ljZjljBfno ;efsf] cWoIftf

ug{]5 . ;xs'nkltn] ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'sf ;DaGwdf
cfjZostfg';f/ lg/LIf0f / lgb{]zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
Τ
π
153
kl/R5]b – $%
pks'nklt
!%!= lgo'lQm, tna / ;'ljwfM -!_Τ pks'nklt k|fl1s ljlzi6tfk|fKt u/]sf]
JolQm x'g]5 . pks'nklt kbdf lgo'lQmsf nflu l;kmfl/; k]; ug{
s'nkltaf6 ;xs'nkltsf] cWoIftfdf ;efsf b'O{ hgf ;b:ox¿ /x]sf]
Ps ;ldlt u7g x'g]5 / ;f] ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df s'nkltaf6
pks'nkltsf] lgo'lQm x'g]5 . pks'nklt k'/f ;do sfd ug{] k|d'v
kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ pks'nkltsf] tna tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ pks'nltsf] pkof]usf nflu ljZjljBfnon] Pp6f pko'Qm ;jf/L

tyf 6]lnkmf]gsf] Joj:yf ug]{5 .
-$_ pks'nkltsf] cGo ;'ljwf tf]lsPafd]lhd x'g]5 .
!%@= labfM -!_ pks'nkltn] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf ;do–;dodf s'nkltaf6

:jLs[lt ePcg';f/ jif{sf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] b/n] * dlxgf;Ddsf] k'/f tnaL
labf kfpg ;Sg]5 . t/ of] labfsf] xsdf & lbgdf ga9fO{ labf
lng'k/]df s'nkltnfO{ ;"rgf lbP dfq a:g ;Sg]5 .
Τ
-@_ pks'nkltsf] kbfjlwdf lghn] pklgod -!_ adf]lhd pkef]u
u/L afFsL /x]sf] labfsf] xsdfM
Τ
154
-s_ lghn] pks'nkltsf] kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug'{eGbf cl3
s'nkltaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Dd k"j{cjsfz
labf lng ;Sg]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvPcg';f/ lghn] labf glnPdf lghnfO{

;f] cjlwsf] cltl/Qm tna lbOg]5 . t/ of] cltl/Qm tna
^ dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g]5}g .
-u_ s'g} sf/0faf6 lghn] cfˆgf] kbfjlw k'/f ug{ gkfPdf

sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] labf / ;'ljwf ;]jf cjlwsf] cg'kftdf
x'g]5 .
Τ
-3_ pks'nkltn] o; lgodsf] cltl/Qm k|;"lt, k|;"lt ;]jf
labf / lqmof ljbfafx]s cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] labf pkef]u
ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
!%#= kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]M b]xfosf] cfj:yfdf pks'nkltsf] kb l/Qm ePsf]

dflgg]5M–
-s_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf, jf
-v_ s'nklt;dIf lghn] k]; u/]sf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePdf, jf
-u_ lghsf] kbfjlw k'/f ePdf, jf
-3_ ax'nfPsf] jf dfgl;s c;Gt'ng ePsf] egL cflwsfl/s ¿kdf

k|dfl0ft ePdf, jf
-ª_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntn] s;'/bf/

7x¥ofO{ s}bsf] ;hfo lbPdf .
Τ
155
!%$= pks'nkltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf] k|d'v
k|zf;sLo tyf z}lIfs kblwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf lghn] ug'{kg]{ sfd sf/afxL /
clwsf/sf] k|of]u ug'{ .
-@_ ljZjljBfnon] ug'{kg]{ sfdsf ;DaGwdf P]g, lgod tyf

sfo{k|0ffnLåf/f cGo s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfo jf sfof{no jf
kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ k|bfg gul/Psf gLltut cjlzi6 clwsf/x¿sf]
k|of]u ug'{ t/ o:tf] clwsf/ k|of]u u/]sf] nuQ} s'nklt / kl5
x'g] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ tyf ;efnfO{ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L u/fO{ cg'df]bg
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-#_ ljZjljBfnosf] n3'sfnLg / bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tyf sfo{qmd

tof/ ug'{ u/fpg' / To:tf :jLs[t of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf]
sfof{Gjogsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ u/fpg' .
-$_ ljZjljBfno / cGo s'g} :jb]zL, ljb]zL, /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o

;+:yfsf lar s'g} ;Demf}tf ug'{kg]{ cj:yf k/]df ljZjljBfnosf]
tkm{af6 ;Demf}tf ug'{ jf ug{ :jLs[lt lbg' . t/ o:tf] ;Demf}tf
ubf{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 :jLs[lt u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ P]g, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLåf/f k|fKt ePsf] st{Jo / clwsf/

cfjZostfcg';f/ s'g} kl/ifb\\, ;ldlt jf ;ª\u7g jf lgsfo jf
cfˆgf] dftxtsf kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/LnfO{ k|Tofof]hg ug'{ .
-^_ tf]lsPafdf]lhd cGo sfo{ ug'{ .
156
kl/R5]b – $^
Τ
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf]
cWoIf Pjd\ ;b:o
!%%= ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIfM ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf

-o;kl5 cWoIf elgPsf]_ k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ kblwsf/L x'g]5 .
!%^= kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]M Τlgod !%# sf] cj:yfdf cWoIfsf] kb l/Qm
ePsf] dflgg]5M
-s_ σ
-v_ σ
-u_ σ
-3_ σ
-ª_ σ
!%&= tna / ;'ljwfM-!_ cWoIfsf] tna pks'nkltsf] ;/x x'g]5 .

Τ
σ
157
-@_ cWoIfsf] cGo ;'ljwf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
!%*= labfM -!_ cWoIfn] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf ;do–;dodf ;xs'nkltaf6
:jLs[t ePcg';f/ jif{sf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] b/n] a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] k'/f
tnaL labf kfpg ;Sg]5 . t/ Ps k6sdf & lbgdf ga9fO{ To:tf] labf
lng'k/]df ;xs'nkltnfO{ ;"rgf lbP dfq k'Ug]5 .
-@_ cWoIfsf] kbfjlwdf lghn] pkof]u u/L afFsL /x]sf] labfsf] xsdf
-s_ cWoIf kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug'{eGbf cl3 ;xs'nkltaf6
:jLs[lt lnO{ a9Ldf $!÷@ dlxgf;Ddsf] k"j{cjsfz labf
lng ;Sg]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvPcg';f/ lghn] labf glnPdf ;f] cjlwsf]
cltl/Qm tna lbOg]5 t/ ;f] cltl/Qm tna $À
dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g]5}g .
-u_ s'g} sf/0faf6 lghn] cfˆgf] kbfjlw k'/f ug{ gkfPdf sfd
u/]sf] cjlwsf] labf / ;'ljwf ;]jf cjlwsf] cg'kftdf x'g]5
.
Τ
-3_ cWoIfn] o; lgodsf] cltl/Qm k|;"lt, k|;"lt ;]jf labf /
lqmof labfafx]s cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] labf pkef]u ug{
kfpg]5}g .
!%(= cWoIfsf] sfd, st{JoM -!_ ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf
sfo{ ;~rfng, /]vb]v / lgoGq0f ug'{ .
-@_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfd ug'{ .
!^)= ;b:oM P]gsf] bkmf !% -!_ -u_ adf]lhd dgf]gLt ;b:o k'/f ;do sfd
ug]{ kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
Τ
158
!^!= kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]M Τ ;]jf cfof]usf] dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kb lgod !%#
sf] cj:yfdf l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 .
!^@= tna ;'ljwfM dgf]gLt ;b:osf] tna tyf ;'ljwf tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
!^#= labfM -!_ dgf]gLt ;b:on] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf ;do–;dodf cWoIfaf6
:jLs[t ePcg';f/ jif{sf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] b/n] a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] k'/f
tnaL labf kfpg ;Sg]5 . t/ Ps k6sdf & lbgdf ga9fO{ To:tf] labf
lng'k/]df cWoIfnfO{ ;"rgf lbP dfq k'Ug]5 .
-@_ dgf]gLt ;b:osf] kbfjlwdf lghn] pkof]u u/L afFsL /x]sf]
labfsf] xsdf
-s_ lghn] dgf]gLt ;b:o kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug'{cl3
cWoIfaf6 :jLs[t lnO{ a9Ldf ;f9]rf/ dlxgf;Ddsf]
k"j{cjsfz labf lng ;Sg]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvP cg';f/ lghn] labf glnPdf ;f]
cjlwsf] cltl/Qm tna lbOg]5 t/ cltl/Qm tna ;f9] rf/
-u_ s'g} sf/0faf6 lghn] cfˆgf] cjlw k'/f ug{ gkfPdf sfd
u/]sf] cjlwsf] labf / ;'ljwf ;]jf cjlwsf] cg'kftdf x'g]5
.
Τ
-3_ ;b:on] o; lgodsf cltl/Qm k|;"lt, k|;"lt ;]jf labf /
lqmof labfafx]s cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] labf pkef]u ug{ kfpg]
5}g .
!^$= dgf]gLt ;b:osf] sfd, st{JoM -!_ ;]jf cfof]un] lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf]
lgo'lQm tyf a9'jfsf lgldQ pko'Qm pDd]bjf/ 5gf]6 ug{ ;~rfng ul/g]
Τ
159
;Dk"0f{ k/LIffx¿sf] lhDdf lnO{ Joj:yf ldnfpg], ;~rfng ug]{ / /]vb]v
ug]{ .
-@_ cfof]u jf cWoIfn] tf]s]cg';f/ cGo sfd ug]{ .
160
kl/R5]b – $&
lzIffWoIf
!^%= lgo'lQmM Τk|fl1s ljlzi6tf k|fKt u/]sf JolQmnfO{ pks'nkltsf]
l;kmfl/;df s'nkltaf6 lzIfffWoIf kbdf lgo'lQm ul/g]5 . lzIffWoIf k'/f
;do sfd ug{] kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
!^^= kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]MΤ lgod !%# sf] cj:yfdf lzIffWoIfsf] kb l/Qm
ePsf] dflgg]5M
-s_ σ
-v_σ
-u_ σ
-3_ σ
-ª_ σ
!^&= tna,;'ljwfM -!_lzIffWoIfsf] tna tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
Τ
-@_ pks'nkltsf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cfjZos 7fg]df
lghnfO{ cGo ;'ljwfx¿ klg lbg ;Sg]5 .
Τ
σ
161
!^*= labfM-!_lzIffWoIfn] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf pks'nkltaf6 ;do–;dodf
:jLs[t ePcg';f/ jif{sf] b'O{ dlxgfsf] b/n] a9Ldf * dlxgf;Ddsf]
k'/f tnaL labf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ lzIffWoIfsf] kbfjlwdf lghn] pkef]u u/L afFsL /x]sf] labfsf]
xsdfM
-s_ lghn] lzIffWoIf kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug'{cl3

pks'nkltaf6 :jLs[lt lnO{ a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf]
k"j{–cjsfz labf lng ;Sg]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvPcg';f/ lghn] labf glnPdf ;f]

cjlwsf] cltl/Qm tna lbOg]5 . t/ cltl/Qm tna ^
-u_ s'g} sf/0faf6 lghn] cfˆgf] kbfjlw k'/f ug{ gkfPdf

sfd u/]sf] cjlwsf] labf / ;'ljwf ;]jfsf] cjlwsf]
cg'kftdf lbOg]5 .
Τ
-3_ lzIffWoIfn] o; lgodsf cltl/Qm k|;"lt, k|;"lt ;]jf
labf / lqmof labfafx]s cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] labf pkef]u
ug{ kfpg]5}g .
!^(= lzIffWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ ;efsf] ;b:o ;lrj eO{
sfd ug'{ .
-@_ cWoog ;+:yfg, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, ;ª\sfo, cfª\lus tyf

;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk; / ljefux¿df lzIf0f, k|lzIf0f /
cg';Gwfgsf] plrt :t/ sfod /fVg nufpg' .
Τ
162
-#_ ljZjljBfnosf] z}lIfs Pjd\ cg';Gwfg sfo{df g]t[Tj lbg' /
;dGjo ug'{ .
-$_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] tof/L / sfof{Gjogsf ;DaGwdf /]vb]v

ug'{, ;fd~h:o Nofpg', lg/LIf0f ug'{, ;'kl/j]If0f / d"NofÍg
ug'{, ;'wf/ ug'{ / q'l6k"0f{ sfd ug]{pk/ sf/afxL ug{
cjZostf cg';f/ lgb]{zg lbg' .
-%_ kbs, 5fqj[lQ, lzIfs, sd{rf/L, j[lQ ljsf; / z}lIfs

cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd (Exchange Programme) ;DaGwL sfd
sf/afxL ug'{ u/fpg' .
-^_ kf7\oqmd, kf7\ok':ts, k':tsfno, k/LIffx¿sf gLlt of]hgf /

sfo{qmdsf] lgwf{/0f, ;dGjo Pjd\ d"NofÍgsf ;DaGwdf g]t[Tj
lbg' .
-&_ ;ef, ljBfkl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf lar

z}lIfs ljifodf ;dGjo sfod ug]{ / pks'nkltnfO{ ;Nnfx /
;'emfj lbg] .
-*_ z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL lgod, Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlwsf] th'{df

tyf ;+zf]wg jf ;'wf/ ug]{ ;DaGwL k|:tfj ug{', kl/rfng ug'{
/ tT;DaGwL lg0f{o / lgb]{zgx¿ ljZjljBfnosf cË /
sfof{nox¿df k7fpg' / kfngf ug{ nufpg' .
-(_ ljBfyL{x¿sf] cltl/Qm lqmofsnfk, v]ns"b, ;fdflhs

;]jf;DaGwL sfo{qmdsf] gLlt lgwf{/0f, ;dGjo / d"NofÍg
ug'{ .
-!)_ 8Lg / lk|lG;kndfkm{t ljefux¿sf] /]vb]v, lgoGq0f, d"NofÍg,

;dGjo ug'{ / ;f];DaGwL cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg' .
163
-!!_ k/LIffsf] k|fl1s / z}lIfs u'0f:t/ lgwf{/0f ug{ lgb]{zg lbg' .
-!@_ lgod, Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlwdf tf]lsPadf]lhd / pks'nkltsf]

lgb]{zg cg';f/ cGo sfd ug'{ .
164
kl/R5]b – $*
/lh:6«f/
!&)= lgo'lQmM Τz}lIfs k|zf;gdf ljlzi6tf k|fKt u/]sf JolQmnfO{
pks'nkltsf] l;kmfl/;df s'nkltaf6 /lh:6«f/ kbdf lgo'lQm ul/g]5 .
/lh:6«f/ k'/f ;do sfd ug{] kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
!&!= kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]MΤ /lh:6«f/sf] kb lgod !%# sf] cj:yfdf l/Qm
ePsf] dflgg]5 .
!&@= tna ;'ljwfM -!_ /lh:6«f/sf] dfl;s tna tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ pks'nkltsf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cfjZos 7fg]df lghnfO{

cGo ;'ljwfx¿ klg lbg ;lsg]5 .
!&#= labfM -!_/lhi6«f/n] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf pks'nkltaf6 ;do–;dodf

:jLs[t ePcg';f/ jif{sf] @ dlxgfsf] b/n] a9Ldf * dlxgf;Ddsf] k'/f
tnaL labf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ /lh:6«f/sf] kbfjlwdf lghn] pkef]u u/L afFsL /x]sf] labfsf] xsdfM
-s_ lghn] /lh:6«f/ kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug'{cl3 pks'nkltaf6

:jLs[lt lnO{ a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Dd k"jc
{ jsfz labf lng ;Sg]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvPcg';f/ lghn] labf glnPdf lghnfO{ ;f]

cjlwsf] cltl/Qm tna lbOg]5 . t/ of] cltl/Qm tna ^
-u_ s'g} sf/0fjz lghn] cfˆgf] kbfjlw k'/f ug{ gkfPdf sfd u/]sf]
cjlwsf] labf / ;'ljwf ;]jf cjlwsf] cg'kftdf lbOg]5 .
Τ
165
Τ
-3_ /lhi6«f/n] o; lgodsf cltl/Qm k|;"lt, k|;"lt ;]jf labf /
lqmof labfafx]s cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] labf pkef]u ug{
kfpg]5}g .
!&$= /lhi6«f/sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M
-!_ ljZjljBfnosf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] ;fdfGo k|zf;g ;DaGwdf

cfjZos Joj:yf ug'{ .
-@_ ljZjljBfnosf] sf]if ;~rfng ug'{ .
-#_ ;]jfsf ;t{x¿ / cfGtl/s k|zf;g;DaGwL Joj:yf ug{ gLlt tyf
of]hgf tof/ ug'{, ;f] cg';f/ lgod, Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLsf] ;+zf]wg
jf ;'wf/ ug]{;DaGwL k|:tfjx¿ tof/ ug'{, kl/rfng ug'{ /
tT;DaGwL lg0f{o tyf lgb]{zgx¿ ljZjljBfnosf cË tyf
;ª\u7g jf lgsfox¿df k7fpg' / ;f]sf] kfng ug{ nufpg' .
-$_ P]g, lgod / Joj:yfkg sfo{ljlwsf] cwLgdf /xL ljZjljBfnosf
lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] lgnDag ug'{ .
-%_ ljZjljBfnosf] cfly{s k|zf;gsf lgldQ rflxg] gLlt tyf
of]hgfx¿ tof/ ug'{ / ;dGjo tyf sfof{Gjog ug'{ .
-^_ cfly{s k|zf;g;DaGwL lgod, sfo{k4ltsf] th'{df, ;+zf]wg jf
;'wf/sf] k|:tfj tof/ ug'{, kl/rfng ug'{ / tT;DaGwL lg0f{o tyf
lgb]{zgx¿ ljZjljBfnosf cË tyf sfof{nox¿df k7fpg' /
;f]sf] kfngf ug{ nufpg' .
-&_ ljZjljBfnosf] ;DklQsf] Joj:yf, ;+/If0f / ;~rfng;DaGwL
cfjZos sfo{ ug'{ .
Τ
166
-*_ ljZjljBfno / o;sf ljleGg cËx¿sf tkm{af6 d'2f dfldnf /
k'g/fj]bgsf] k|f/De / k|ltjfb ug'{ / ug{ nufpg' .
-(_ n]vf k/LIf0f;DaGwL gLlt / tT;DaGwL sfo{ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yf
ug'{, ug{ nufpg' .
-!)_ ljZjljBfnosf] cfly{s cfoJoosf] cg'dfg tof/ ug'{, ug{
nufpg' / :jLs[t ePkl5 lgod tyf sfo{k|0ffnL cg';f/ vr{sf]
Joj:yf Pjd\ ljt/0f ug'{, ug{ nufpg' .
-!!_ ljZjljBfnosf] bLIffGt ;df/f]x;DaGwL Joj:yf / ;~rfng ug'{ .
-!@_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;nfO{ lbOg] cfly{s ;xof]usf nflu lg/LIf0f,
d"NofÍg tyf l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
-!#_ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nosf] cfGtl/s k|zf;gsf ;DaGwdf ;Dk"0f{ sfd
sf/afxL ug'{ .
-!$_ cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfo, cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, cfª\lus SofDk; tyf
sfof{nox¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug'{ / k|zf;g tyf Joj:yfkg sfo{df q'l6
b]lvPdf ;'wf/ ug'{ / q'l6k"0f sfo{ ug]{pk/ sf/afxL ug{ cfjZos
lgb]{zg lbg' jf sf/afxL k|f/De ug'{ .
-!%_ ljZjljBfnoåf/f ;~rfng ul/g] k/LIffsf] /]vb]v, lgoGq0f /
Joj:yf ug'{ .
-!^_ P]g, lgod, sfo{k|0ffnLåf/f tf]lsPsf] jf pks'nkltsf] lgb]{zg
cg';f/ cGo sfo{ ug'{ .
167
kl/R5]b – $(
8Lg
!&%= 8LgM -!_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L
x'g]5 .
-@_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 u7g ul/Psf] ;+of]hs / cGo @ hgf k|fWofks jf

;xk|fWofks ;b:o ePsf] ;ldltn] ;DalGwt If]qsf z}lIfs ljlzi6tf
k|fKt u/]sf] k|fWofks jf ;xk|fWofksx¿dWo]af6 # hgfsf] gfdfjnL
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\;dIf k]; ug]{5 / To;df ljrf/ eO{ sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\af6 8Lgsf] lgo'lQm x'g]5 . b'O{ k6seGbf a9L kbfjlwsf nflu
Pp6} JolQm 8Lg kbdf lgo'lQm x'g]5}g .
-#_ 8Lgsf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ 8Lgsf] dfl;s tna / cGo ;'ljwfx¿ tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ 8Lg lzIffWoIfk|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]5 .
!&^= kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]M b]xfosf] cj:yfdf 8Lgsf] kb l/Qm ePsf]

dflgg]5M
-s_ lghsf] d[To' ePdf, jf
-v_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\;dIf lghn] k]; u/]sf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ePdf,

jf
-u_ lghsf] kbfjlw k'/f ePdf, jf
-3_ ax'nfPsf] jf dfgl;s c;Gt'ng ePsf] egL cflwsfl/s ¿kdf

k|dfl0ft ePdf, jf
168
-ª_ g}lts ktg b]lvg] kmf}hbf/L cleof]udf cbfntn] s;'/bf/ 7x/fO{
s}bsf] ;hfo lbPdf .
π
-r_ lgh lq=lj ;]jfdf g/x]df,
π
-5_ kbLo pQ/bfloTj axg gu/]sf] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\n] 7x/ u/]df .
!&&= labfM -!_ 8Lgn] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf ;do–;dodf lzIffWoIfaf6 :jLs[lt

eP cg';f/ jif{sf] @ dlxgfsf] b/n] a9Ldf * dlxgfsf] k'/f tnaL labf
kfpg ;Sg]5 . t/ of] labf & lbgdf ga9fO{ lng' k/]df lzIffWoIfnfO{
;"rgf lbP dfq k'Ug]5 .
-@_ 8Lgsf] kbfjlwdf lghn] pkef]u u/L afFsL /x]sf] labfsf] xsdf–
-s_ lghn] 8Lg kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug'{eGbf cl3 lzIffWoIfaf6

:jLs[lt lnO{ a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] k"j{cjsfz labf lng
;Sg]5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ df n]lvP cg';f/ lghn] labf glnPdf lghnfO{ ;f]
cjlwsf] cltl/Qm tna lbOg]5 . t/ of] cltl/Qm tna ^
dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g] 5}g .
-u_ s'g} sf/0faf6 lghn] cfˆgf] kbfjlw k'/f ug{ gkfPdf sfd
u/]sf] cjlwsf] labf / ;'ljwf ;]jf cjlwsf] cg'kftdf x'g]5 .
Τ
-3_ 8Lgn] o; lgodsf cltl/Qm k|;"lt, k|;"lt ;]jf labf / lqmof
labfafx]s cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] labf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
π
Τ
169
!&*= cWoog ;+:yfgsf] 8Lgsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ cWoog
;+:yfgsf] k|d'v kbflwsf/Lsf] ¿kdf k|fljlws, z}lIfs tyf
Joj:yfkg;DaGwL g]t[Tj lbg' .
-@_ cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf SofDk;x¿df k9fOg] tyf l;sfOg]

1fglj1fgsf] :t/Ls/0f, u'0ffTds ;'wf/ tyf cGo sfd sf/afxL
8Lgsf] lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ /]vb]v / lgb]{zgdf ;~rfng ug'{ .
-#_ s]Gb|Lo sfof{noaf6 tof/ ul/Psf] bL3{sfnLg of]hgfcg';f/

cfˆgf] cWoog ;+:yfgsf] jflif{s of]hgf tyf cfof]hgfx¿ tof/
u/L u/fO{ :jLs[ltsf nflu s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k]; ug'{ / :jLs[t
of]hgfcg';f/ sfo{qmd sfof{Gjog u/fpg' .
-$_ ljBfyL{n] s'g ljifosf] cWoog u/]df eljiodf s'g k|sf/sf]

Joj;fodf hfg df}sf kfpg]5g\ To:tf] hfgsf/L lbg] ;]jf
;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
-%_ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ Joj;fo kfpg d2t ug'{ / s]–s:tf] sfd

ul//x]sf 5g\ To;sf] tYofÍ /fVg' jf /fVg nufpg' .
-^_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf rflxg] jflif{s ah]6x¿ SofDk;af6

tof/ u/fO{ 8Lg sfof{non] cfjZostf cg';f/sf]
l;kmfl/;;lxt s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf k7fpg' .
-&_ 8Lg cfkm}n] jf cfkm"n] v6fPsf] JolQmåf/f k|To]s z}lIfs jif{df

Ps k6s ;a} SofDk;sf] sfo{qmd lg/LIf0f ug'{, u/fpg' /
z}lIfs :t/ a9fpg] sfo{qmd rnfpg' .
-*_ cWoog ;+:yfgleqsf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{

cfjZostfcg';f/ cWoog ;+:yfgleqsf SofDk;, s]Gb| tyf
sfof{nodf ;?jf ug'{ .
170
-(_ :jb]zL tyf ljb]zL ;ª\3 ;+:yfx¿af6 k|fKt x'g] pRr cWoog,
tflnd sfo{zfnf uf]i7L cflbdf efu lng] ;DaGwdf k|fKt
5fqj[lQsf] nflu of]Uo lzIfs sd{rf/Lsf] 5gf]6 u/L dgf]gLt
ug'{, t/ o;/L dgf]gog ePsf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{
lbg'kg]{5 .
-!)_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;f]cGtu{tsf lzIfs sd{rf/Ln] k"j{:jLs[lt

lnO{ lghL k|of;af6 k|fKt / cWoog ;+:yfgnfO{ pkof]uL x'g]
pRr cWoog, tflnd, uf]i7L, lg/LIf0f e|d0f cflbdf efu lng
lghnfO{ k7fpg' .
-!!_ cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{t ;~rflnt k/fdz{ ;]jf ;~rfngsf

lgldQ gLlt lgb]{zg lbg' .
-!@_ cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf cfGtl/s ;|f]tsf] ;';~rfngsf lgldQ

cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg' .
-!#_ ljBfyL{ sNof0f, k|sfzg, ;"rgf cflbsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' .
-!$_ k|of]uzfnf, k':tsfno, ;ª\u|xfno tyf lzIf0f k|lzIf0f /

cg';Gwfgsf nflu rflxg] ;/;fdfgsf] Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' .
-!%_ cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] cWoog

labf tyf cWoog sfh :jLs[t ug'{ .
-!^_ cWoog ;+:yfgsf] lqmofsnfk;Fu ;DalGwt pkflw gkfpg]

cNksfnLg sfo{qmd, uf]i7L tyf sfo{zfnf ;~rfng ug{
:jLs[lt lbg' .
-!&_ cWoog ;+:yfgsf] cfGtl/s ;|f]taf6 cfh{g u/]sf] /sd

cfGtl/s sfo{qmdsf nflu cfly{s lgodcg';f/ vr{ ug{
:jLs[lt lbg' .
171
-!*_ cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf SofDk; tyf sfof{nodf lzIf0ftkm{
;xfos k|fWofks / k|zf;gtkm{ ;xfos k|zf;s;Dd l/Qm jf
lnog b/aGbLdf Ps k6sdf ^ dlxgf;Dd c:yfoL lgo'lQm
ug'{ .
-!(_ pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf, /lh:6«f/ / lghx¿dfkm{t k|fKt lgb]{zg

sfof{lGjt ug'{ u/fpg' .
-@)_ cWoog ;+:yfgleqsf ;xfos k|fWofks / ;xfos k|zf;s

tx;Ddsf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L
/flhgfdf :jLs[t ug'{ / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{
lbg' .
-@!_ cWoog ;+:yfgleqsf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿n] ;]jf–;t{ /

cfrf/ ;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfo{ u/]df sf/afxL ug]{ /
cfjZostfcg';f/ lgnDag;Dd ug'{ .
Τ
-@@_ tf]lsPsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{ /fd|f] sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/LnfO{ @ u|]8;Dd yk ug{ l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
-@#_ cGoyf h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg cWoog ;+:yfgsf] xsdf

b]xfoadf]lhdsf] lgo'lQm ug'{M
-s_ ljefuLo k|d'vsf] jf ljefuLo k|d'v g/x]sf] cj:yfdf

ljefusf cWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIf0ftkm{sf] l/Qm jf
lnog kbdf ! jif{sf nflu s/f/ ;]jfdf lgo'lQm ug'{ ,
-v_ cWoog ;+:yfgsf l/Qm k|fWofks jf ;xk|fWofks kbdf

g]kfn ;/sf/ jf cGo lgsfoaf6 of]Uo clws[tnfO{ Ps
k6sdf @ jif{sf lgldQ cuGt's lzIfssf] ¿kdf sfd
Τ
172
ug{ a]tnaL sfhdf lemsfpg' . To;/L vl6P/ cfpg]
JolQmnfO{ lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] tnasf] cltl/Qm
cfjZostfcg';f/ lgod / sfo{k|0ffnLadf]lhd kfpg] cGo
eQf tyf ;'ljwf;d]t yk ul/lbg',
Τ
-u_ cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf SofDk; tyf ;ª\u7g jf
lgsfox¿sf] :jLs[t ah]6sf ljleGg zLif{s, pkzLif{s /
;xfos zLif{saf6 cfly{s Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rosf]if;DaGwL lgodsf] kl/R5\]b % sf lgodx¿n]
tf]s]sf] bfo/fleq /xL cGo zLif{s pkzLif{s jf ;xfos
zLif{sdf /sdfGt/ ug{' . ;fy} cfjZostfcg';f/ Ps
SofDk; jf ;ª\u7g jf lgsfoaf6 csf]{ SofDk; jf
;ª\u7g jf lgsfosf] ah]6 ;f]xL lgodsf] bfo/fleq /xL
/sdfGt/ ug'{,
-3_ cfˆgf] cWoog ;+:yfgdf /x]sf sfd gnfUg] / dd{t ubf{

;d]t k|of]udf Nofpg g;lsg] lhG;L ;fdfgx¿ lnnfd
a9fa9 ug'{ u/fpg',
-ª_ a9Ldf jif{ lbgeGbf gvKg] ;fdfgx¿ 6'6km'6 ePdf Ps

cfly{s jif{df ?= !),))).– b; xhf/;Ddsf To:tf
;fdfgx¿ ldgfxf ug'{,
-r_ cWoog ;+:yfg / cGo s'g} :jb]zL, ljb]zL jf cGt/f{li6«o

;+:yfsf lar ;Demf}tf ug'{ k/]df cWoog ;+:yfgsf]
tkm{af6 tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L ;Demf}tf ug'{ . t/
o:tf] ;Demf}tf ug'{ k"j{ pks'nkltnfO{ hfgsf/L
u/fpg'kg]{5,
-5_ Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\ /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;f]sf]

lgb]{zg cg';f/ ug'{ u/fpg',
173
Τ
-h_ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfk"mdf /x]sf] clwsf/ ;xfos 8Lg,
SofDk; k|d'v / cGo k|zf;sLo clws[tnfO{ k|Tofof]hg
ug'{ / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ lbg'kg]{5,
-em_ σ /
-`_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
!&(= ;ª\sfo 8Lgsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ ;ª\sfosf] k|d'vsf] ¿kdf
k|fl1s tyf z}lIfs g]t[Tj lbg' .
-@_ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] cWoIf eO{ sfd ug'{ .
-#_ ;ª\sfocGtu{t ljifo ;ldltx¿sf] lqmofsnfkdf ;dGjo / ;fd~h:o

sfod ug'{ .
-$_ ;ª\sfocGtu{tsf ljifox¿df k7gkf7g / cg';Gwfgsf] :t/ ljsf;sf

nflu cfjZos kg]{ sfo{ ug'{ / u/fpg' .
-%_ ;ª\sfocGtu{tsf SofDk;, s]Gb|Lo ljefu / ljefux¿df ;~rflnt

k7gkf7g /cg';Gwfgsf] u'0f:t/ ljsf;sf] ;dLIffsf ;fy} cfjZos
kg]{ sfo{x¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
-^_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf] z}lIfs :t/ sfod u/fpg cfjZos lg/LIf0f

Pjd\ lgb]{zg lbg' .
-&_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;x¿nfO{ z}lIfs Pjd\ cg';Gwfgsf] nflu ;xof]u /
;'ljwf lbg l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
Τ
σ
174
-*_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPsf cfˆgf] ;ª\sfo cGtu{tsf SofDk;sf]
lg/LIf0f, Joj:yfkg, /]vb]v / ;dGjostf{sf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{ u/fpg' .
-(_ Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\ /x]sf] ;ª\sfodf ;f]sf] lgb]{zgcg';f/

tyf tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfo{ ug'{ .
-!)_ ;]ldgf/, uf]i7L, tflnd, sfo{zfnf cflbsf] cfof]hgf ug'{ u/fpg' .
-!!_ Τtf]lsPsf] sfo{ljlw ckgfO{ /fd|f] sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ b'O{
u|]8;Dd yKg l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-!@_ π tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
Τ
π
175
kl/R5]b – %)
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
!*)= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zsM-!_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] k'/f ;do sfd
ug]{ kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 u7g ul/Psf] ;+of]hs / cGo @ hgf k|fWofks jf

;xk|fWofks ;b:o ePsf] ;ldltn] ;DalGwt If]qsf k|fWofks Pjd\
;xk|fWofks jf cg';Gwfgdf ljlzi6 of]ubfg u/]sf ljåfg\ jf
cg';Gwfg sfo{df bIf JolQmx¿ dWo]af6 # hgfsf] gfdfjnL sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\;dIf k]; ug]{5 / To;df ljrf/ eO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm x'g]5 .
-#_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] tna, labf / cGo ;'ljwf 8Lgsf] ;/x x'g]5 .
-%_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cfjZos 7fg]df cGo yk ;'ljwf klg lbg ;Sg]5 .
-^_ Τ lgod !&^ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] kb l/Qm ePsf]

dflgg]5 . t/ lq=lj ;]jfdf g/x]sf] JolQm lgo'Qm ePsf] cj:yfdf v08
-r_ nfu" x'g]5}g .
!*!= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf]

k|d'vsf] ¿kdf cg';Gwfg tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL g]tT[ j lbg' .
-@_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] jlif{s sfo{qmd bL3{sfnLg sfo{qmd tyf gLltx¿sf]

;DaGwdf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|, Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\df 5nkmn
u/fO{ ;'emfj Pjd\ l;kmfl/;;lxt of]hgf tof/ u/L lg0f{osf nflu
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k]; ug'{ .
Τ
176
-#_Τ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] :jLs[t ah]6sf ljleGg zLif{s pkzLif{s / ;xfos
zLif{saf6 cfly{s Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rosf]if;DaGwL lgodsf] kl/R5]b
% sf lgodx¿n] tf]s]sf] bfo/fleq /xL zLif{s pkzLif{sf jf ;xfos
zif{sdf /sdfGt/ ug'{ .
-$_ sfd gnfUg] tyf dd{t ubf{ klg k'gM k|of]udf Nofpg g;lsg] lhG;L
;fdfgx¿ lnnfd a9fa9 ug'{ u/fpg' .
-%_ gvKg] ;fdfgx¿ 6'6km'6 jf s'g} k|sf/n] k|of]udf Nofpg gx'g] eO{
sfd gnfUg] ePdf Ps cfly{s jif{e/Ldf a9Ldf ?= !),))).– -b;
xhf/_ d"No a/fa/sf To:tf ;fdfgx¿sf] /sd ldgfxf ug'{ .
-^_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] jflif{s ah]6 agfO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k]; ug'{ /
:jLs[t sfo{qmd tyf ah]6 cGtu{t ljleGg of]hgf, kl/of]hgf /
sfo{qmdx¿ lgwf{l/t nIoadf]lhd sfo{fGjog ug'{ u/fpg' .
-&_ :jLs[t sfo{qmdsf cltl/Qm cGo sfoqmdsf] nflu ;|f]t h'6fpg cGo
;/sf/L u}/;/sf/L, /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\3;+:yfx¿;Fu ;Dks{ /fvL
cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\nfO{ hfgsf/L lbg' /
;DalGwt lgsfox¿af6 :jLs[lt lnO{ ;DalGwt ;+:yfx¿;Fu ;Demf}tf
u/L ;f]cg';f/ ug'{ u/fpg' .
-*_ Τ:jLs[t l/Qm b/aGbLdf lzIf0ftkm{ ;xfos k|fWofks jf ;f] ;/x /

k|zf;gtkm{ ;xfos k|zf;s jf ;f];/x;Dd tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L
Ps k6sdf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf nflu s/f/ cyjf c:yfoL lgo'lQm ug'{ /
:yfoL kb k"lt{sf nflu cfjZos sf/afxL ug'{ .
-(_ s]Gb|df ljZjljBfnosf afXo tyf cGtl/s ;|f]taf6 ;~rfng x'g]

ljleGg cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf, k/fdz{ ;]jf tflnd cflbsf nflu
Τ
177
hgzlQmsf] Joj:yf ug'{ / of]Uotf, cg'ej / sfdsf] k|s[lt x]/L
kl/of]hgfaf6 kfl/>lds tyf cGo ;'ljwf k|bfg ug'{ .
-!)_cGoyf h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg afXo ;|f]taf6 ;~rfng x'g]

sfo{qmdsf nflu ;Demf}tfdf pNn]v ePcg';f/ g} ;|f]tsf] kl/rfng
ug'{ u/fpg' .
-!!_ afXo ;|f]taf6 ;~rflnt sfo{qmddf ;+nUg lzIfs sd{rf/Lx¿sf]

kfl/>lds tyf cGo yk ;x'lnot tf]Sg' .
-!@_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|df ;~rflnt cg';Gwfg k/fdz{ ;]jf, tflnd uf]i7L

OToflbsf k|ltj]bgx¿, pko'Qm b]lvPsf ljlzi6 ljåfgx¿sf n]v,
k':ts ;dLIff cflb tyf cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf lqmofsnfk hfgsf/L
u/fpg] vfnsf] ;dfrf/, a|f]:of]/ (Brochure) cflb k|sfzg ug'{
u/fpg' .
-!#_ s]Gb|sf nflu k|fKt 5fqj[lQ, tflnd, uf]i7L, ;]ldgf/ cflbdf efu lng
k7fpg] lzIfs–sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]gog / cWoog labf jf sfh labf
:jLs[t u/L To;sf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ lbg' .
-!$_ ΤljZjljBfnosf] ;|f]tafx]s afXo ;|f]taf6 ;~rflnt kl/of]hgfaf6

art u/]sf] /sdsf] Ps 5'§} sf]if vf]nL ;f] sf]ifsf] /sdaf6 s]Gb|sf]
ef}lts ljsf; / hgzlQmsf] ljsf;df vr{ ug'{ .
-!%_ cfˆgf] sfo{Ifdtf / bIf hgzlQmsf] ljsf; u/L a9LeGbf a9L
afXo;|f]t kl/rfng ug]{ u/fpg] / cg';Gwfg s]Gb|nfO{ cfTdlge{/
u/fpg]tkm{ cu|;/ u/fpg' .
Τ
178
-!^_ k|f1 tyf ljlzi6 JolQmx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df lglZrt cjlwsf nflu cfdGq0f
ug{ ;Defljt JolQmx¿sf] ;"rL tof/ u/L :jLs[ltsf nflu sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\df k]; ug'{ .
-!&_ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf] Joj:yfkg tyf ljsf; kl/ifb\\sf] lgb]z
{ g tyf
tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfd ug'{ .
-!*_ of] lgodsf] clwgdf /xL cfk"mdf lglxt z}lIfs clwsf/ lzIf0f tkm{sf
lzIfsnfO{ / k|zf;lgs clwsf/ k|zf;sLo clws[tx¿nfO{ k|Tofof]hg
ug'{ .
-!(_ ;]jf–;t{ jf cfrf/ ;+lxtfljk/Lt sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{
sf/afxL ug'{ / cfjZostf cg';f/ lgnDag;Dd ug'{ .
-@)_ /fd|f] sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ b'O{ u|]8;Dd yk ug{
l;kmfl/; ug]{ .
-@!_ tf]lsPsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L ;xfos k|zf;s / ;xfos k|fWofks /
;f]eGbf d'lgsf kbsf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] /fhLgfdf :jLs[t ug'{
/ ;f]sf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lbg' .
-@@_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
179
•kl/R5]b %)s
cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw s]Gb|sf]
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs
!*!s sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs M -!_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs cGt/fli6«o ;DaGw s]Gb|sf] k'/f
;do sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm, kbfjlw, kfl/>lds, kbd'Qm;DaGwL

Joj:yf lgod !*) df pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g]5 .
-#_ o; lgoddf plNnlvt ePb]lv afx]s cGo s'/f sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\af6

•
180
kl/R5]b – %!
;xfos 8Lg
!*@= ;xfos 8LgM -!_Τ k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfgdf jf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]sf]
;ª\sfodf z}lIfs tyf cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng ug{sf lgldQ
cfjZostf x]/L Ps jf PseGbf a9L ;xfos 8Lg /xg]5g\ . ;xfos
8Lg k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 ;DalGwt 8Lgsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIfsx¿dWo]af6
;xfos 8Lgsf] lgo'lQm x'g]5 .
-#_ ;xfos 8Lgsf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ ;xfos 8Lg kbdf lgo'Qm eO{ sfd u/]afkt eQf tyf cGo ;'ljwf
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-%_ lgod !&^ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf ;xfos 8Lgsf] kb l/Qm ePsf]
dflgg]5 .
!*#= labfM -!_ ;xfos 8Lgn] cfˆgf] sfo{ cjlwdf ;do–;dodf 8Lgsf]
:jLs[[lt lnO{ jif{sf] @ dlxgfsf] b/n] a9Ldf * dlxgfsf] k'/f tnaL
labf kfpg ;Sg]5 .
-@_ ;xfos 8Lgsf] kbfjlwdf lghn] pkef]u u/L afFsL /x]sf] labfsf]
xsdfM
-s_ lghn] ;xfos 8Lg kbaf6 cjsfz k|fKt ug'{eGbf cl3 8Lgaf6
:jLs[lt lnO{ a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf] k"j{cjsfz labf lng
;Sg]5 .
Τ
181
-v_ v08 -s_df n]lvPcg';f/ lghn] labf glnPdf lghnfO{ ;f]
cjlwsf] cltl/Qm tna / eQf lbOg]5 . t/ of] cltl/Qm tna /
eQf ^ dlxgfeGbf a9Lsf] x'g]5}g .
-u_ s'g} sf/0faf6 lghn] cfˆgf] kbfjlw k'/f ug{ gkfPdf sfd u/]sf]
cjlwsf] labf / ;'ljwf ;]jfcjlwsf] cg'kftdf x'g]5 .
-3_ Τ;xfos 8Lgn] o; lgodsf] cltl/Qm k|;"lt, k|;"lt ;]jf labf /

lqmof labfafx]s cGo s'g} k|sf/sf] labf pkef]u ug{ kfpg]5}g .
!*$= ;xfos 8Lgsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ z}lIfs sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f /
sfof{Gjogsf] lhDdf lnO{ sfd ug'{ .
-@_ s]Gb|Lo ljefu, ljefu / ljifo ;ldltsf] ;'emfj ;Íng u/L SofDk;sf]
k7gkf7gdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu cfjZos k/fdz{ lbg' .
-#_ lzIf0f PsfOx¿ tof/ u/fpg' .
-$_ z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug'{ .
-%_ 8Lg sfof{noaf6 lnOg] k/LIffsf nflu k|Zgkqx¿ tof/ u/fpg' .
-^_ lzIfsx¿sf] sfdsf] n]vfhf]vf u/L sf/afxLsf nflu 8Lg;dIf k];

ug'{
-&_ 8Lgn] tf]s]sf] / cGo tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] sfd ug'{
-*_ 8Lgsf] cg'kl:yltdf lgldQ eO{ 8Lgsf] sfd ug]{ t/ PseGbf a9L
;xfos 8Lg /x]sf] cj:yfdf 8Lgaf6 tf]lsPsf] ;xfos 8Lgn] 8Lgsf]
sfd ug]{5 . ;f]sf] hfgsf/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
Τ
182
kl/R5]b – %@
SofDk; k|d'v
!*%= SofDk; k|d'vM -!_Τ k|To]s cfª\lus SofDk;df z}lIfs, cfly{s tyf
k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;~rfngsf nflu SofDk; k|d'v /xg]5 . SofDk; k|d'v
k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf] SofDk;df 8Lgsf] l;kmfl/; / cGo

SofDk;sf xsdf lzIffWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df z}lIfs ljlzi6tf k|fKt
u/]sf jl/i7 lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] SofDk; k|d'vsf]
lgo'lQm ug]{5 .
-#_ SofDk; k|d'vsf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ SofDk; k|d'v ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfgsf] 8Lgk|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 .

t/ ;ª\sfotkm{sf SofDk; k|d'v z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;DalGwt
8Lgdfkm{t s]Gb|Lo sfof{nok|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 .
-%_ SofDk; k|d'v kbdf lgo'lQm eO{ sfd u/]afkt sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6
tf]lsPadf]lhd eQf / cGo ;'ljwf kfpg]5 .
-^_ lgod !&^ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf SofDk; k|d'vsf] kb l/Qm ePsf]

dflgg]5 .
!*^= labfM SofDk; k|d'vn] cfˆgf] sfo{sfndf ;xfos 8Lg ;/x labfsf]
;'ljwf pkef]u ug]{5 . t/ labfsf] ;"rgf / :jLs[lt ;ª\sfotkm{
lzIffWoIfaf6 / cWoog ;+:yfgtkm{ 8Lgaf6 u/fpg' kg]{5 .
Τ
183
!*&= SofDk; k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M P]g, lgod, Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL /
lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL SofDk; k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ SofDk;sf] z}lIfs, cfly{s / k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{ ;~rfng ug'{ .
-v_ ;]jf–;t{ / cfrf/ ;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g] u/L sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf
sd{rf/LnfO{ sf/afxL ug'{ / cfjZostf cg';f/ lgnDag;Dd ug'{ .
-u_ SofDk;df /fd|f] sfd ug]{ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ u|]8 j[l4 jf
k'/:sf/sf nflu ;DalGwt 8Lg ;dIf l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
-3_ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Lsf] labf :jLs[t ug'{, sfd af8\g' / ;]jfsf] /]s8{
/fVg' tyf sfo{;Dkfbgsf] d"NofÍg ug'{ .
-ª_ SofDk;leq k|jrg, k|bz{g jf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd ug{ cg'dlt lbg' tyf
cfjZostf cg';f/ ;df/f]xx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{ .
-r_ 5fqj[lQ ljt/0f ug'{ / ljBfyL{sf] cj:yf x]/L hl/jfgf dfkmL ug'{ .
-5_ ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df lzIfs–sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL l;kmfl/; ug'{ / /fo

;'emfj tyf ah]6 tof/ u/L k7fpg' .
-h_ ΤSofDk;sf] :jLs[t ah]6sf ljleGg zLif{s, pkzLif{s / ;xfos

zLif{saf6 cfly{s Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rosf]if;DaGwL lgod @)%) sf]
kl/R5]b % sf lgodx¿n] tf]s]sf] bfo/fleq /xL cGo zLif{s pkzLif{s
jf ;xfos zLif{sdf /sdfGt/ ug'{ .
-em_ SofDk; ;DklQsf] n]vf /fVg', ;Def/ tyf ;'/Iff ug',{ cfly{s lgod
adf]lhd ldgfxf lbg' / sfd gnfUg] dfn;fdfg lnnfd ug'{ .
Τ
184
-`_ ljefu jf cGo ;ldltx¿ /x]sf] cj:yfdf ;]fsf] /fo–;'emfj;lxt
z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] th'{df, sfof{Gjog tyf ;dGjo ug'{ u/fpg' .
-6_ z}lIfs sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug'{ ljBfyL{ egf{sf] gLlt agfpg' / z}lIfs
tflnsf Jojl:yt u/L ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' .
-7_ ljZjljBfnosf] lgwf{l/t z'Nsdf g36fO{ SofDk; ljsf;sf nflu cGo

z'Nsx¿ nufpg' .
-8_ cfjZostfcg';f/ lzIfs–sd{rf/L / ljBfyL{;d]tnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{

SofDk; ;';~rfng tyf ljsf;sf nflu ;ldlt, pk;ldlt agfO{
;f]dfkm{t sfd u/fpg' .
-9_ ljZjljBfno jf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfosf] cfjZos ;xof]u lnO{

SofDk;sf] zflGt ;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg' .
-0f_ :jLs[t 9fFrfdf n]vf /fVg nufpg' / cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng ug'{
u/fpg' .
-t_ SofDk; Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf] lgb]{zg jf cGo tf]lsPadf]lhd sfd

sf/afxL ug'{ .
-y_ ljBfyL{ cfrf/;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{ ljBfyL{nfO{ sf/afxL, lgisf;g

jf cGo ;hfo ug'{ .
-b_ SofDk; k|d'v pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vnfO{
/ ;f] geP cGo lzIfsnfO{ lgldQ eO{ sfd ug{ tf]Sg' .
-w_ ;xfos k|fWofks / ;xfos k|zf;s;Ddsf] l/Qm b/aGbLdf Ps k6sdf

a9Ldf ^ dlxgf;Ddsf nflu c:yfoL lgo'lQm ug'{ / ;f]sf] hfgsf/L
cWoog ;+:yfgtkm{ 8LgnfO{ / ;ª\sfotkm{ s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ lbg' .
185
-g_ ;xfos k|fWofks / ;xfos k|zf;s;Ddsf] tflsPsf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L
/flhgfdf :jLs[lt ug'{ .
-k_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .
-km_ πsfa" aflx/sf] l:ylt ;[hgf eO{ SofDk; lgoldt ;~rfng ug{ g;Sg]
cj:yf k/]df pks'nkltsf] k"j{ :jLs[lt lnO{ clglZrt sfnsf nflu
SofDk; aGb ug{' u/fpg' / 5fqfjf; vfnL ug'{ u/fpg' .
!*&sπ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vM ;xfos SofDk; k|d'vsf] lgo'lQm, kbfjlw,

;ª\Vof, ;]jf–;t{ / ;'ljwf Pjd\ sfd st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
π
186
kl/R5]b – %#
Τk/LIff lgoGqs
!**= k/LIff lgoGqsM -!_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] lgoGqs -o;kl5 k/LIff
lgoGqs elgPsf]_ ljZjljBfnosf] k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ z}lIfs ljlzi6tfsf] ;fy} k|fWofks jf ;xk|fWofksx¿dWo]af6 /lhi6«f/n]

ltg hgfsf] gfdfjnL sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\;dIf k]; ug]{5 / To;df ljrf/
eO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 k/LIff lgoGqssf] lgo'lQm x'g]5 .
-#_ k/LIff lgoGqssf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ k/LIff lgoGqssf] tna, eQf, labf tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zssf] ;/x x'g]5 . t/ labfsf] ;"rgf / :jLs[lt /lh:6«f/af6
u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-%_ k/LIff lgoGqs /lh:6«f/k|lt lhDd]jf/ x'g]5 .
-^_ lgod !&^ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf k/LIff lgoGqssf] kb l/Qm ePsf]

dflgg]5 .
!*(= k/LIff lgoGqssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M -!_ P]g, lgod, sfo{ljlw /
lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL k/LIff lgoGqssf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k/LIffx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{

cfjZos Joj:yf tyf ;~rfng ug'{,
Τ
187
-v_ k/LIffsf k|Zgkqx¿ tof/ ug{ nufO{ k|Zg ;+zf]wg, kl/is/0f
-df]8/];g_ ug{' u/fpg',
-u_ Τ s]Gb|fWoIfx¿ lgo'lQm ug'{,
-3_ k/LIff;DaGwL sfd–sf/afxLsf] uf]kgLotf sfod /fVg nufpg' /

;f]sf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{ cfjZos Joj:yf ldnfpg',
-ª_Τ k/LIffsf] :t/, dof{bf / uf]kgLotf sfod ug{sf nflu gLlt,

of]hgf tyf lgb]{zgx¿ tof/ u/L ug{ nufO{ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltdf /fo ;lxt k]; ug'{,
-r_Τ o;} lgodsf] kl/R5]b ^ sf] ^ -s_ / ^ -v_ sf] lgb]{zg /

sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf lg0f{ox¿ sfo{fGjog u/fpg',
-5_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg',
-h_ µ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] cfly{s / k|zf;gsf] lhDd]jf/L lnO{

;~rfng ug'{ /
-em_ π k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] :jLs[t ah]6sf ljleGg zLif{s,

pkzLif{s jf ;xfos zLif{saf6 cfly{s Joj:yfkg tyf
;~rosf]if;DaGwL @)%) sf] kl/R5]b % sf] lgodx¿n] tf]ss
] f]
bof/fleq /xL cGo zLif{s pkzLif{s jf ;xfos zLif{sdf
/sdfGt/ ug'{ .
Τ
µ
@)%# kmfNu'0f #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
π
188
-@_ π pklgod -!_ df plNnlvt sfd st{Josf cltl/Qm k/LIff lgoGqsn]
b]xfosf sfd klg ug]{ u/fpg] 5M–
-s_ k/LIffyL{sf] ¿kdf ljBfyL{sf] gfd btf{ ug]{,
-v_ :yfgfGt/0f k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{,
-u_ k/LIffyL{sf] gfd, y/, hGd ldltsf] clen]v /fVg],
-3_ k/LIff k|j]zkq hf/L ug]{,
-ª_ k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{,
-r_ nAwfÍkq tof/ ug]{ / ljt/0f ug]{,
-5_ k|df0fkq ljt/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf ug]{,
-h_ k/LIffyL{ tyf ;DalGwt SofDk;af6 k|fKt k/LIff kmf/d k|fKt ug]{,
:jLs[t jf c:jLs[t ug]{,
-em_ ;~rfng ul/g] k/LIffsf] sfo{qmd k|sflzt ug]{,
-`_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] ;'/Iffsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug]{,
-6_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf bIf k|zf;lgs 9fFrfsf] Joj:yf

ldnfpg],
-7_ clen]vsf] ;'/If0fsf] ;d'lrt Joj:yf ug]{,
π
189
-8_ k/LIff;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] k|efjsf/L tyf j}1flgs
9Ëaf6 ;Dkfbg ug{ cfjZos ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿ ug]{,
-9_ c:yfoL k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{,
-0f_ ljleGg kbsx¿sf nflu of]Uo 7xl/Psf k/LIffyL{x¿sf] gfdfjnL

tof/ ug]{ / l;kmfl/; ug]{,
-t_ s'g} z}lIfs txsf] ;Dk"0f{ cfjZostf k'/f u/L k/LIffdf pQL0f{
ePsf k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ 6«fG;lqmK6 ljt/0f ug]{,
-y_ k/LIff ;~rfng cjlwe/ ;'/Iffsf] cfjZos Joj:yf ug]{ /
-b_ dfOu|];g k|df0fkq hf/L ug]{ .
-#_ π k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;DkGg x'g] b]xfosf sfo{x¿sf] ;DaGwdf
uf]Kotf sfod ug'{ k/LIff lgoGqssf] st{Jo x'g]5 M–
-s_ k|flZgssf] lgo'lQm,

-v_ k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldltsf] u7g,
-u_ k|Zgkq d'b|0f,
-3_ k|Zgkqsf] k/LIff s]Gb|df ljt/0f Joj:yf,
-ª_ k/LIfssf] lgo'lQm,
-r_ ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] u7g,
-5_ k|fKtfª\s 6]j'n]6/sf] lgo'lQm,
-h_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o x'g' cufj}sf] k/LIffkmn,
π
190
-em_ k/LIff;DaGwL cGo ;Dk"0f{ clen]v tyf sfo{x¿ /
-`_ k'gof]{ustf{sf] lgo'lQm .
-$_ k/LIff;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfo{x¿sf] ;dflKtkZrft\ k/LIffkmn k|sfzgsf]

cfjZos lg0f{osf nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sdf
cfjZos clen]v k|:t't ug]{ .
-s_ π;x k/LIff lgoGqsM
!*(= ;xk/LIff lgoGqssf] lgo'lQm, kbfjlw, ;ª\Vof, ;]jf ;t{ / ;'ljwf Pjd\
sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
π
191
kl/R5]b – %$
sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|
!()= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|M -!_ sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs kf7\oqmd
ljsf; s]Gb| ljZjljBfnosf] k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ kblwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ z}lIfs ljlzi6tfk|fKt k|fWoks jf ;xk|fWofksx¿dWo]af6 lzIffWoIfn]

ltg hgfsf] gfdfjnL sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\;dIf k]; ug]{5 . To;df
ljrf/ eO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zssf] lgo'lQm x'g]5 .
-#_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-$_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] tna eQf, labf tyf
cGo ;'ljwfx¿ cg';Gwfg s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L lgb]{zssf] ;/x x'g]5 .
-%_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs lzIffWoIfk|lt pQ/bfoL

x'g]5 .
-^_ lgod !&^ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L

lgb]{zssf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 .
!(!= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / cwLsf/M P]g
lgod sfo{ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL / lgb]{zgsf] cwLgdf /xL sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g]5 M
-s_ ljZjljBfnoåf/f lgwf{l/t kf7\oqmdcg';f/ kf7\ok':tsx¿ n]vfpg' /

k|sfzg ug{',
192
-v_ ljBfkl/ifb\\ tyf ljifo ;ldltx¿nfO{ kf7\oqmd th{'df;DaGwL sfo{df
;xof]u tyf ;'emfj lbg',
-u_ kf7\oqmd ;Dkfbg, kl/dfh{g tyf ljsf;;DaGwL sfo{zfnf tyf ljrf/

uf]i7Lx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-3_ z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lsf] ljsf; / lgdf{0f ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-ª_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 tof/ ul/Psf z}lIfs ;fdfu|Lx¿ ljt/0f

ug'{ ,
-r_ kf7\oqmdsf] clen]v /fVg', /fVg nufpg',
-5_ Τo;} lgodsf] kl/R5]b !$ n] Joj:yf u/]cg';f/ :t/ tyf ;dsIftf

lgwf{/0f;DaGwL sfd ug'{ u/fpg',
-h_ kf7\oqmd k|efjsf/L agfpg] ;DaGwL tflnd, ;]ldgf/ tyf sfo{zfnf

;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-em_ Joj:yfkg k|0ffnLdf tf]lsPadf]lhd sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, lzIffWoIf,

/lh:6«f/ tyf kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lgb]{zgadf]lhd cGo sfd–sf/afxL ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-`_ ;femf ljifo ;ldltsf] ;lrjfnosf] ¿kdf sfd ug'{ u/fpg' / ;dGjo
ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-6_ pRr dfWolds lzIff -!)±@_ sf] kf7\oqmd;DaGwL ;dGjo ug'{

u/fpg' /
-7_ tf]lsPadf]lhd cGo sfdx¿ ug'{ u/fpg' .

Τ
193
kl/R5]b – %%
lk|lG;kn -k|frfo{_
!(@= lk|lG;knM -!_ ljZjljBfno SofDk; sLlt{k'/df z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs tyf
cfly{s sfo{;d]t ;~rfng ug]{ u/L k|d'vsf] ¿kdf lk|lG;kn /xg]5 .
-@_ lk|lG;kn ljZjljBfnosf] k'/f ;do sfd ug]{ kbflwsf/L x'g]5 .

kbflwsf/Lsf] x}l;otn] kfpg] ;'ljwf pkef]u u?Gh]n lghn] ;flas
kbsf] ;'ljwf pkef]u ug{ kfpg] 5}g .
-#_ lzIffWoIfn] z}lIfs ljlzi6tf ePsf k|fWofks jf ;xk|fWofksdWo]af6

ltg hgfsf] gfdfjnL sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\;dIf k]; ug]{5 / To;df ljrf/
eO{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 lk|lG;knsf] lgo'lQm x'g]5 .
-$_ lk|lG;knsf] tna, eQf, labf tyf cGo ;'ljwfx¿ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n]
tf]s]cg';f/ x'g]5 .
-%_ lk|lG;knsf] kbfjlw $ jif{sf] x'g]5 .
-^_ lgod !&^ adf]lhdsf] cj:yfdf lk|lG;knsf] kb l/Qm ePsf] dflgg]5 .
!(#= lk|lG;knsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M P]g, lgod, sfo{k|0ffnL / lgb]{zgsf]

cwLgdf /xL lk|lG;knsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ ljZjljBfno SofDk;nfO{ pRr lzIff / cg';Gwfgsf] pTs[6 s]Gb|sf]

¿kdf ljsl;t ug{ bL3{sfnLg / cNksfnLg sfo{qmd th'{df u/L
:jLs[t ePadf]lhd sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg],
-v_ s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿sf] z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf] tof/L :jLs[lt, /]vb]v /

;dGjo ug]{ u/fpg] ,
194
-u_ s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿sf] :jLs[t ah]6 lgsf;f ug]{, cDbfgL vr{sf] ljj/0f
/fVg], s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vnfO{ e|d0f cfb]z lbg], ljbf :jLs[t ug]{ /
sfo{ d"NofÍg ug]{ ,
-3_ s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿nfO{ ef}lts k"jf{wf/ / z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf nflu yk

cfly{s ;|f]t h'6fpg clek|]l/t ug]{ u/fpg] ,
-ª_ ljZjljBfno SofDk;sf] z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs / cfly{s sfo{sf] lhDd]jf/L

lnO{ ;~rfng ug]{ ,
-r_Τ /fd|f] sfd ug]{ lzIfsx¿nfO{ s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;df @

u|]8;Dd j[l4 ug]{ / cGo k'/:sf/sf nflu ;DalGwt lgsfodf l;kmfl/;
ug]{ ,
-5_ s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vsf] l;kmfl/;df ;]jf ;t{ / cfrf/ ;+lxtf pNn+3g
ug]{ lzIfsnfO{ sf/afxL ug]{,
-h_Τsd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ /fd|f] sfd u/]afkt @ u|]8;Dd j[l4 ug{ jf cGo

k'/:sf/sf nflu l;kmfl/; ug]{ / ;]jf–;t{, crf/ ;+lxtf ljk/Lt x'g]
u/L sfd ug]{nfO{ sf/afxL ug]{ ,
-em_ cfrf/ ;+lxtf ljk/Lt sfd ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ ljefuLo k|d'vsf]

l;kmfl/;df ;hfo ug]{ / cfjZostfcg';f/ lgisf;g;Dd ug]{ ,
-`_ΤljZjljBfno SofDk;sf] ;DklQsf] n]vf /fVg], ;Def/, ;'/Iff, ldgfxf

tyf lnnfd sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]s]adf]lhd ug]{ u/fpg] ,
Τ
-6_ lk|lG;kn sfof{nosf] :jLs[t ah]6sf ljleGg zLif{s, pkzLif{s jf
;xfos zLif{saf6 cfly{s Joj:yfkg tyf ;~rosf]if;DaGwL] lgod
Τ
195
@)%) sf] kl/R5]b % sf lgodx¿n] tf]s]sf] bfo/f leq /xL cGo
zLif{s, pkzLif{s jf ;xfos zLif{sdf /sdfGt/ ug]{ ,
-7_ ljZjljBfnosf] lgwf{l/t z'Nsdf g36fO{ ljZjljBfno SofDk;

ljsf;sf nflu cGo z'Nsx¿ nufpg] ,
-8_ cfjZostfcg';f/ s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'v, lzIfs, sd{rf/L /

ljBfyL{;d]tnfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ SofDk; ;';~rfngsf nflu ;ldlt,
pk;ldlt agfO{ ;f]dfkm{t sfd ug]{ u/fpg] ,
-9_ ljZjljBfno jf cGo ;DalGwt lgsfosf] cjZos ;xof]u lnO{

SofDk;sf] zflGt–;'/Iffsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg] ,
-0f_ :jLs[t 9fFrfdf n]vf /fVg nufpg] / cfly{s k|zf;g ;~rfng ug]{ ,
-t_ k/fdz{ ;]jf ;~rfngsf] ;dGjo tyf Joj:yf ug]{ u/fpg] ,
-y_ jflif{s ah]6 tof/ ug{ nufO{ s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vx¿sf] cg'df]bg
kl/ifb\\af6 u/fO{ ;DalGwt lgsfodf k7fpg],
-b_ pks'nklt, lzIffWoIf / /lh:6«f/af6 k|fKt lgb]{zgx¿ tyf cGo

tf]lsPadf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-w_lk|lG;knn] cfk"mdf /x]sf clwsf/x¿ cfjZostfcg';f/ k|f]S6/ tyf

s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vdf k|Tofof]hg ug{ ;Sg]5 ,
•
-g_ ljZjljBfno SofDk;leq k|jrg, k|bz{g jf ;f+:s[lts sfo{qmd ug{
cg'dlt lbg' tyf cfjZostfcg';f/ ;df/f]xx¿sf] Joj:yf ug'{ /
•
196
•
-k_ ljZjljBfno SofDk;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ lzIfs–sd{rf/Lsf] b/aGbL
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\df l;kmfl/; ug'{ .
•
-km_ lk|lG;kn pkl:yt x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo ljefusf
k|d'vx¿dWo]af6 s'g} PsnfO{ lgldQ eO{ sfd ug{ tf]Sg' .
•
-a_ ljZjljBfno SofDk; sLlt{k'/l:yt 5fq5fqfx¿ a:g] 5fqfjf;sf]
nflu jf8]{gsf] lgo'lQm ug'{ .
•
-e_ sfj' aflx/sf] l:ylt ;[hgf eO{ ljZjljBfno SofDk; lgoldt
;~rfng ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf k/]df pks'nkltsf] :jLs[lt lnO{
clglZrt sfnsf nflu ljZjljBfno SofDk; jGb ug'{ u/fpg' /
5fqfjf; vfnL u/fpg' .
!($=k|f]S6/M lk|lG;knnfO{ ljBfyL{ ;DaGwL / k|zf;lgs sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg

Ps k|f]S6/ /xg]5 . k|f]S6/n] ;fdfGo k|zf;gsf] ;fy} lk|lG;knn]
tf]sc
] g';f/ cGo sfo{ ug]{5 .
!(%= ljZjljBfno SofDk;cGtu{tsf s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vsf] kl/ifb\\M
lk|lG;knnfO{ z}lIfs, k|zf;lgs / k|fl1s sfo{qmd lgwf{/0f ug{
ljZjljBfno SofDk;leq /x]sf ;a} s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vx¿ ePsf]
kl/ifb\\ /xg]5 / To;af6 ;a} ;ª\sfo, cWoog ;+:yfgsf] k|lltglwTj x'g]
u/L lk|lG;knsf] l;kmfl/;df lzIffWoIfaf6 lgo'Qm % ;b:oLo :yfoL
;ldlt x'g5 ] . ;f] :yfoL ;ldltsf] sfo{sfn # -ltg_ jif{sf] x'g]5 / pQm
•
197
kl/ifb\\ / :yfoL ;ldltsf] cWoIf lk|lG;kn x'g]5 / ;b:o–;lrjsf] sfd
k|f]S6/n] ug]{5 .
!(^= s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'vn] ug]{ M o; lgoddf cGoyf h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP

tfklg ljZjljBfno SofDk;df /x]sf s]Gb|Lo ljefusf] lgldQ
ljlgof]lht ah]6 zLif{s cGtu{tsf] / s]Gb|Lo ljefu cfkm}n] cfh{g u/]sf]
cfly{s sf/f]af/sf] ;~rfng s]Gb|Lo ljefu k|d'vn] ug]{5 / ;f]sf]
cfjZos Joj:yf lk|lG;knn] ldnfpg]5 .
198
kl/R5]b – %^
;fjlws kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kbLo pQ/bfloTj
!(& ;fjlws kbflwsf/Lsf] kbLo pQ/bloTj M lgod @ -!_ sf] v08 -7_ sf]
k|ltaGwfTds jfSof+zcg';f/sf] ;fjlws kbflwsf/Ln] P]g, lgod,
sfo{k|0ffnL / cGo Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm b]xfosf kbLo pQ/bfloTj;d]t
jxg ug'k{ g]{5 M
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf k|fKt u/]sf] uf]Ko jf ;+j]bgzLn

k|n]v clVtof/La]u/ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf ;~rf/dfWodnufot
s'g} JolQm jf ;+:yfnfO{ lbg' jf lbg nufpg' x'Fb}g .
-v_ s'g} klg /fhg}lts bnsf] ;b:otf lnO{ jf glnO{ /fhg}lts lgjf{rgdf
pDd]bjf/ aGg' x'Fb}g .
-u_ cfˆgf] sfd st{Jo OdfGb/L;fy ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf ;Dkfbg ug'{ kg]{5
/ pQ/bloTj k'/f ug'{kg]{5 .
-3_ ljZjljBfno;DjGwL s'/fdf cfkm"eGbf dflysf] kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon]

lbPsf] sfg'g–lgod cg';f/sf lgb]{zg kfngf ug'{kg]{5 .
-ª_ ljZjljBfno;DaGwL sfdafx]s s'g} k|sf/sf] cGo /f]huf/L k"j{:jLs[lt

a]u/ ug'{x'Fb}g .
-r_ :jb]zL jf ljb]zL j[lQ jf e|d0f jf sfo{ k"j{:jLs[lt a]u/ :jLsf/

ug'{x'Fb}g .
-5_ s'g} lzIf0f, k|fl1s k/fdz{ jf cg'';Gwfg ;DaGwL k|lti7fg jf

;ª\u7g k"j{:jLs[lt a]u/ vf]Ng' x'Fb}g .
-h_ ljZjljBfnonfO{ cfOk/]sf] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu ;xof]u ug'{kg]{5 .
199
-em_ ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;DklQ xfgL, gf]S;fgL / b'¿kof]u ug'{ u/fpg'
x'Fb}g .
-`_ e|i6frf/ / clVtof/ b'¿kof]u ug'{ u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
-6_ ljZjljBfno jf ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]u;Fu ;DalGwt ;fjlws

kbflwsf/Ln] cfˆgf] gftf kg]{ lzIfs / sd{rf/L jf JolQmsf] af/]df
lg0f{o lng' x'Fb}g .
-7_ cfk"meGbf dflysf ;j} kbflwsf/Lx¿k|lt plrt cfb/ b]vfpg'kg]{5 /

cfkm' dfgLsf kbflwsf/L, lzIfs / sd{rf/Lx¿k|lt plrt Jojxf/
ug'{kg]{5 .
-8_ Jofj;flos k|s[ltsf] sfdsfh ubf{ ljZjljBfno, k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'g

/ dfGotfk|fKt /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfaf6 tf]lsPsf] jf k|ltkflbt
Jofj;flos g}ltstf / cfrf/ ;+lxtf kfng ug'{kg]{5 .
-9_ ;]jf ;DaGwL s'/fdf dtna ;fWo ug]{ dg;fon] cGo kbflwsf/L,
lzIfs jf sd{rf/Ldfly k|efj kfg]{ jf kfg{ k|oTg ug'x{ 'Fb}g .
-0f_ cfˆgf] cfr/0f / g}ltstf z'4, pRr / kljq /fVg'kg]{5 .
200
ϑkl/R5]b – %&
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws
kbflwsf/LnfO{ sf/afxL k|lqmof / ;hfo
!(*= ;hfoM lgod !(*=! / lgod !(*=@ sf] ;DaGwdf plrt / kof{Kt
sf/0f ePdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws
kbflwsf/LnfO{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] ;hfo ug{ ;lsg]5 M
-s_ ;fdfGo ;hfo M ;r]t ug]{ jf gl;xt lbg] .
-v_ ljz]if ;hfo M kbLo pQ/bfloTj axg gu/]sf] 7x/ ePdf kbaf6
x6fpg] .
!(*=-!_;r]t ug]{ jf gl;xt lbg]M b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f

lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws kbflwsf/LnfO{ o; lgodsf] k|s[of k'/f u/L
;r]t u/fpg jf gl;xt lbg ;lsg]5 M
-s_ lgod !(& df tf]lsPsf] kbLo pQ/bfloTj ;Gtf]ifhgs ¿kdf ;Dkfbg

gu/]df,
-v_ lgo'Qm ul/Psf] ;ª\u7gdf Dofbleq xflh/ gePdf,
-u_ k"j{ :jLs[lt glnO{ ;ª\u7gdf a/fa/ cg'kl:yt /x]df,
-3_ cg'zf;gxLg sfd u/]df,
-ª_ cfˆgf] cfr/0f / g}ltstf z'4, pRr / kljq g/fv]df,
ϑ
@)%^.(.#) df a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7sn] kl/R5]b %^ / %& vf/]h u/]sf]df
ldlt @)%&.$.!! df a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
201
-r_ k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf ¿kdf uf]Ko jf ;+j]bgzLn k|n]v ;fj{hlgs u/]df,
-5_ cfk"meGbf dflysf kbflwsf/L jf lgsfon] lbPsf] sfg'g–lgod

cg';f/sf] lgb]{zg kfng gu/]df /
-h_ cGo /f]huf/L, j[lQ / ljb]z e|d0f k"j{:jLs[lta]u/ u/]df .
!(*=-@_=ljz]if ;hfo M b]xfosf] s'g} cj:yfdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf

tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws kbflwsf/LnfO{ o; lgodsf] k|s[of k'/f u/L kbLo
pQ/bfloTj jxg gu/]sf] 7x/]df jf 7x/ ePdf kbaf6 x6fpg ;lsg]5 M
-s_ ljZjljBfnosf] dfg k|lti7f / ul/df 36fpg] s'g} sfo{ u/]df,

-v_ cfly{s, k|zf;lgs, z}lIfs If]qdf uDeL/ k|s[ltsf] nfk/jfxL u/L
ljZjljBfnonfO{ xfgL gf]S;fgL k'¥ofPdf,
-u_ ;r]t u/fpFbf jf gl;xt lbFbf klg ljZjljBfno jf clVtof/jfnfn]
lbPsf] sfg'g–lgod cg';f/sf lgb]{zg k6s k6s pNnª\3g u/]df,
-3_ z}lIfs k|fl1s jftfj/0fnfO{ layf]Ng] sfo{ u/]df,
-ª_ ;r]t u/fpbf jf gl;xt lbFbf klg kbLo pQ/bfloTj ;DaGwL s'/fx¿
k6s k6s pNnª\3g u/]df,
-r_ e|i6frf/ jf clVtof/ b'¿kof]u u/]df,
-5_ P]g, lgod / sfo{k|0ffnL uDeL/ ¿kdf pNnª\3g u/]df .
!((= 5fglag ;ldltsf] u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ M-!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f
lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] s'g} ;fjlws kbflwsf/Lsf] ;DaGwdf lgod !(*=!
/ lgod !(*=@ df n]lvPsf] s'g} cleof]usf ;DaGwdf plrt / kof{Kt
cfwf/ ePdf lghnfO{ sDtLdf !% -kGw|_ lbg / a9Ldf @! -PSsfO;_
lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ clVtof/jfnfn] cfwf/x¿ ls6fg ;fy pNn]v u/L
:ki6Ls/0f dfu ug]{5 / Dofbleq :ki6Ls/0f k|fKt eO{ ;Gtf]ifhgs
202
gePdf jf tf]s]sf] Dofb leq :ki6Ls/0f k|fKt gePdf clVtof/jfnfn] #
-ltg_ ;b:o /x]sf] Ps 5fglag ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd u7g x'g] 5fglag ;ldltdf Ps hgf cWoIfsf
cltl/Qm Ps hgf sfg'gljb;d]t /xg] u/L hDdf b'O{ hgf ;b:ox¿
/xg]5g\ . To:tf] 5fglag ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿df 5fglag ul/g]
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws kbflwsf/Lsf] kbLo
x}l;ot ljrf/ u/L pko'Qm JolQm ;dfj]z ul/g]5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhdsf] 5fglag ;ldltsf] sfof{jlw a9Ldf #) -lt;_

lbgsf] x'g]5 . t/, plrt / kof{Kt sf/0f ePdf clVtof/jfnfn]
5fglag ;ldltsf] sfof{jlw a9Ldf csf]{ !% -kGw|_ lbg;Dd yk ug{
;Sg]5 .
-$_ 5fglag ;ldltnfO{ clVtof/jfnfaf6 tf]lsPsf] eQf / ;'ljwf lbOg]

5.
-%_ 5fglag ;ldltn] cfˆgf] 5fglagsf] qmddf cfjZos nfu]sf] s'g} klg
sfuhft lng, x]g{ tyf k|ltlnlk lng jf ;DalGwt ;fjlws
kbflwsf/L, lzIfs, sd{rf/L jf JolQm;+u ;f]wk'5 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u ug'{ ;DalGwt ;a}sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
-^_ 5fgljg ;ldltn] h;dfly ul/g] xf] lgh ;fjlws kbflwsf/LnfO{

lglZrt Dofb tf]sL cfˆgf] ;kmfO{ k]; ug{ df}sf lbg'kg]{5 . t/
tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq lghn] ;kmfO{ k]; gu/]df jf lghl;t ;Dks{ x'g
g;s]df lghnfO{ ;kmfOsf] df}sf lbOPsf] dflgg]5 .
-&_ 5fglag ;ldltn] cfˆgf] sfof{jlw cfkm}n] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
-*_ 5fglag ;ldltn] 5fglag u/L l;kmfl/; ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg

clVtof/jfnf;dIf k]; ug'{ kg]{5 . ;f] k|ltj]bgsf] cfwf/df
203
clVtof/jfnfn] lgod !((=# adf]lhd cfjZos sf/afxL / lg0f{o ug{
;Sg]5 .
!((=-!_ lgnDag ug]{ M -!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws

kbflwsf/LnfO{ lgod !(*=@ df n]lvPsf] s'g} cleof]usf] 5fgljg
ug'{k/]df sf/jfxL lsgf/f gnfu];Dd pQm kbflwsf/LnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn]
lgnDag ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ b]xfosf] cj:yf geO{ ;fwf/0ftM lgnDag
ul/g] 5}g .
-s_ lghnfO{ lgnDag gu/L sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf]

;fjlws kbflwsf/Lsf] sfd ug{ lb+bf em'7f ;a'b k|df0f ;Íng ug{
;Sg] jf cfˆgf] lj?4sf] ;a'b k|df0f ufoa, gi6 / km]/ abn ug{
;Sg] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf, jf
-v_ lghnfO{ lgnDag gu/L sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf]

;fjlws kbflwsf/Lsf] sfd ug{ lb+bf ljZjljBfnosf] xfgL
gf]S;fgL x'g] ;Defjgf b]lvPdf .
-@_ lgnDag /x]sf] cjlwe/ lghn] vfOkfO{ cfPsf] kbflwsf/L kbsf] cfwf
tnj kfpg] 5 . t/ nfu]sf] cf/f]k k|dfl0ft geO{ lghn] ;kmfO kfPdf
lgnDag /x]sf] cjlwdf cfwf tnj lnO{ ;s]sf] eP ;f] s§f u/L /
glnPsf] eP k"/} tna eQf -j[l4 x'g] ePdf ;f] ;d]t_ kfpg]5 .
s;'/bf/ 7x/L kbflwsf/Lsf] kbaf6 x6fOPdf lgnDag ePsf] cjlwsf]
afFsL tna / cGoq kbflwsf/L /x]sf] eP ;f]sf] ;d]t tna kfpg]
5}g .
-#_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] s'g}

;fjlws kbflwsf/LnfO{ lgnDag ubf{ ;fwf/0ftM b'O{ dlxgfeGbf a9L
ug'{x'Fb}g . t/ c;fwf/0f cj:yf ePdf csf]{ Ps dlxgf;Dd lgnDagsf]
cjlw a9fpg ;Sg]5 .
-$_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws kblwsf/L cfˆgf]
kbdf k'gM :yflkt ePdf pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] cjlw k'/f ePdf jf
204
kbLo pQ/bfloTj jxg gu/]sf] 7x/ eO{ ljz]if ;hfo lbOPdf lghsf]
lgnDag ;dfKt x'g]5 .
-%_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] s'g} ;fjlws kbflwsf/L

lgnDag ePsf] cj:yfdf lgnDag km's'jf geP;Dd jf cGo s'g}
Joj:yf geP;Ddsf] nflu pQm kbsf] nflu lgwf{l/t of]Uotf ePsf]
cGo s'g} klg JolQmnfO{ clVtof/jfnfn] pQm kbsf] cjlw tf]sL
sfo{ef/ ;'Dkg ;Sg]5 .
!((=-@_sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:o /x]sf] kbflwsf/L a}7sdf efu lng jl~rt x'g]
M sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:osf] ¿kdf /x]sf] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm
kbflwsf/Ldfly 5fglag ;ldltaf6 5fglag u/]df lgh ;f] sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf efu lngaf6 al~rt x'g]5 .
!((=-#_;kmfO{ k]; ug]{ df}sf lbg' kg]{ M -!_ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf
tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws kbflwsf/LnfO{ 5fglag ;ldltsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt
ePkl5 ;fdfGo ;hfo jf ljz]if ;hfo lbg'kg]{ b]lvPdf ;f] eGbf cl3
sf/afxL ug{ nfluPsf :ki6 cfwf/x¿ ls6fg;fy pNn]v u/L
clVtof/jfnfn] ;DalGwt ;fjlws kbflwsf/LnfO{ sDtLdf & -;ft_ lbg,
a9Ldf !% -kGw|_ lbgsf] Dofb lbO{ cfˆgf] ;kmfO k]; ug]{ df}sf
lbg'kg]{5 . o;/L df}sf lbFbf lghdfly nufOPsf] cf/f]k :ki6 ¿kdf
lsl6Psf] / k|To]s cf/f]k s'g s'g s'/f / sf/0fdf cfwfl/t 5 tyf
k|:tfljt ;fdfGo ;hfo jf ljz]if ;hfo lghnfO{ lsg lbg'gkg]{ xf] ;f]
;d]t v'nfpg' kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|:tfljt ;hfosf ;DaGwdf b]xfosf

cj:yfdf clVtof/jfnfn] b]xfoadf]lhd ug{ ;Sg]5 M
-s_ Dofbleq k|fKt ePsf] ;kmfO ;Gtf]ifhgs b]v]df lghnfO{

cleof]uaf6 ;kmfO{ lbg ;Sg]5 .
205
-v_ Dofbleq k|fKt ePsf] ;kmfOsf] cfwf/df k|:tfljt ;hfo jf
;f] eGbf 36Lsf] ;hfo lbg ;Sg]5 .
-u_ Dofbleq ;kmfO{ k]; gu/]sf] cj:yfdf k|:tfljt ;hfo g}

lbg ;Sg]5 .
206
kl/R5]b – %*
♦k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no
@))= ljZjljBfnocGtu{t tf]lsPsf k/LIffx¿ ;~rfng ug{ Ps k/LIff
lgoGq0f sfof{no /xg]5 .
@)!= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] k|d'v k/LIff lgoGqs x'g]5 .
@)@= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] sfd, st{No / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ljZjljBfnocGtu{t tf]lsPsf cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfoåf/f

;~rflnt ljleGg z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt tyf k|fOe]6
k/LIffyL{x¿sf] tf]lsPadf]lhd k/LIff ;~rfng ug]{ ,
-v_ ;~rflnt k/LIffx¿sf] ljj/0f s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf]

a}7sdf k|:t't u/L lg0f{o u/fO{ k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ug]{ ,
-u_ k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ nAwfª\skq k|bfg ug]{ ,
-3_ txut ;Dk"0f{ cfjZostf k'/f u/L pQL0f{ k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ lghx¿sf]

dfuadf]lhd tf]lsPsf] z'Ns lnO{ 6«fG;lqmK6 k|bfg ug]{ ,
-ª_ pQL0f{ k/LIffyL{x¿nfO{ k|df0fkq ljt/0f ug]{ ,
-r_ tf]lsPsf] cj:yfdf tf]lsPsf k/LIffyL{sf nflu of]Uotf k/LIff

(Qualifying Test) ;~rfng ug]{ ,
-5_ Τk/LIff ;'wf/ tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\ tyf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns
;ldltn] u/]sf lg0f{ox¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ u/fpg] ,
♦
207
-h_ k/LIff tyf k/LIffyL{;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{ ug]{ ,

-h!_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] tf]ssf] Dofbleq k/LIff kmd{ / cfj]bg
egf{ kmf/fd k7fP gk7fPsf] jf/]df hfgsf/L lng] ,

-h@_Dofbleq k/LIff;Fu ;DalGwt sfuhft gk7fpg] ;DalGwt SofDk;sf]
clwsf/LnfO{ sf/jfxLsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg],

-h#_k/LIff kmf/fd ebf{ ljBfyL{ SofDk;df lgodfg';f/ xflh/ x'g' kg]{
Joj:yf cg';f/ xflh/ ePsf] 5 5}g ;f] ?h' ug{ nufpg] /
-em_ tf]lsPsf cGo sfdx¿ ug]{ .
Τ

@)&# c;f/ @^ ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk
208
kl/R5]b – %(
k/LIffyL{sf] lsl;d
@)#= tf]lsPsf cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfoafx]s ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;~rfng x'g]
k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g] k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIffsf] lsl;d tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
@)$= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{ocGtu{t tf]s]sf] k|lqmof

k'/f u/L lgoldt sIffdf ;+nUg ePsf] / ;DalGwt SofDk;n] k/LIffsf
nflu cfjZos ;t{x¿ k'/f u/L of]Uo 3f]lift u/L k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g
tf]lsPadf]lhdsf] kmf/d;lxt z'Ns a'emfPsf k/LIffyL{ lgoldt k/LIffyL{
x'g]5g\ .
@)%= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] ljBfkl/ifbsf] lg0f{o cGtu{t tf]lsPsf

zt{x¿ k'/f u/L k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g JolQmut ?kdf k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{non] tf]s] adf]lhdsf] kmf/fd e/L ;f] ;lxt z'Ns a'emfPsf]
k/LIffyL{n] kmf/fd ebf{ kmd{df pNn]v eP cg';f/ k|fOe]6 tkm{sf] sf]i7df
/]hf nufPsf] x'g' kg]{5 . To;/L kmd{ e/]sf] k/lIffyL{n] kf; u/]sf]
cj:yfdf To:tf] k/LIffyL{sf] dfs{;L6df k|fOe]6 egL pNn]v ul/g]5 .
@)^ dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg pkflw k|fKt ug]{ geO{
:jfWofogsf] cfwf/df pko'Qm txsf] s'g} ljifosf] k/LIff lbg] k/LIffyL{
Sofh'cn k/LIffyL{ x'g]5g\ .
@)&= Sofh'cn k/LIffyL{n] pQL0f{ u/]sf] ljifosf] nAwfª\skq dfq lbOg]5 .
@)*= Sofh'cn k/LIffyL{n] tf]s]adf]lhd z'Ns a'emfpg'kg]{5 .

209
@)(= σ
@)(=sπlgoldt jf k|fOe]6 k/LIffyL{n] cfkm"n] tx kf/ u/]sf] jf k/LIffsf]

glthf k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] Go"gtd * -cf7_ dlxgf k'/f geO{
dflyNnf] txsf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g kfpg] 5}g . ;f] lgod ljk/Lt
k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt ePsf] kfOPdf To:tf] k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIff :jtM /2
x'g]5 .
σ
π
210
kl/R5]b – ^)
k/LIffsf] lsl;d / tt\;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf
@!)= Τ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] cGoyf Joj:yf u/]df afx]s
ljZjljBfnocGtu{t ljleGg z}lIfs txx¿sf] v08ut jflif{s k/LIff
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g]5 .
@!!=Τ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] cGoyf Joj:yf u/]df afx]s

ljZjljBfno cGtu{t ljleGg cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfodf ;~rflnt
z}lIfs txx¿sf] ;qfGt (Semester) k/LIffx¿sf] xsdf tL k/LIffx¿
;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfoåf/f g} ;~rfng x'g]5g\ .
@!@= v08ut jflif{s k|0ffnLadf]lhd ;~rfng x'g] k"0ff{ª\s !)) ePsf]

kf7\of+zsf nflu k/LIffsf] calw cGoyf tf]lsPdf afx]s :gftsf]Q/
txsf nflu $ 306fsf] / :gfts / k|la0ftf k|df0fkq txsf] nflu #
306fsf] x'g]5 .
@!#= v08ut jflif{s k/LIffsf k|To]s kf7\of+zdf 5'§f5'§} pQL0f{ x'g'kg]{5 .
@!$= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg txsf] z}lIfs

sfo{qmdsf] v08ut jflif{s k/LIff k"0f{tM afXo k/LIff x'g]5 .
@!%= v08ut k/LIff x'g] jflif{s k/LIffsf] ljleGg kf7\of+zx¿sf] k"0ff{ª\s

;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] ljBfkl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd
x'g]5 .
@!^= k|To]s v08sf] k/LIffdf pQL0f{ x'g ;f] v08sf nflu lgwf{l/t ;Dk"0f{
kf7\of+zx¿df pQL0f{ x'g'kg]{5 .
Τ
211
@!&= k|yd v08sf kf7\of+zx¿sf] cWoog k'/f eO{ k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{non] ;"rgf k|sflzt u/L tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq k/LIff kmf/fd e/L
k/LIffyL{sf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z ePsf k/LIffyL{ k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt ePdf
jf cg'QL0f{ ePdf klg pQm txsf] låtLo v08sf] sIffdf egf{ eO{ k|j]z
kfpgsf nflu of]Uo x'g]5g . cfk"mn] k/LIff lbg] v08 -jif{_ eGbf
cl3Nnf] k/LIffsf] v08 -jif{_ df k/LIffyL{sf] ;"rLdf ;dfj]z gePsf]
ljBfyL{ qmdzM låtLo, t[tLo÷rt'y{ jif{df egf{ ePdf ;f] egf{ :jtM /2
x'g]5 . To;/L egf{ x'gsf] nflu of]Uo gePsf] JolQmnfO{ egf{ u/]df egf{
ug]{ SofDk;sf] ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L jf sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL
x'g]5 .

@!&sh'g k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g] xf] ;f] k/LIffsf] nflu of]Uo 7xl/Psf
ljBfyL{nfO{ dfq k/lIffyL{sf] ?kdf k/LIff km/fd e/fpg' kg]{5 . cof]Uo
k/LIffyL{nfO{ k/LIff kmf/fd e/fPdf To:tf] kmf/fd e/fpg] ;DalGwt
kbflwsf/L, sd{rf/LnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf] nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltn] lq=lj=s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf l;kmfl/; ug'{ kg]{5
@!*= k/LIff x'g] k|To]s ;}4flGts kf7\of+zsf nflu pQL0ff{ª\s k|ltzt
tf]lsPcg';f/ x'g]5 .
@!(= kf7\of+zsf] ¿kdf Joj:yf ePsf] zf]wkq, 6d{ k]k/ jf cGo o:t} ljifo
eP ltgsf] d"NofÍg / pQL0ff{ª\s k|ltzt ;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifb\\n]
@@)= k|of]ufTds ljifo x'g] z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf] xsdf To:tf ljifox¿sf]
k"0ff{Í ;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
@@!= s'g} Ps v08sf] s'g} Ps ljifo jf ;a} ljifosf] k/LIffdf cg'kl:yt x'g]
k/LIffyL{ ;f] k6ssf] cg'kl:yt /x]sf ljifodf cg'QL0f{ ePsf] dflgg]5 .
t/ ;a} ljifosf] k/LIffdf k"0f{tof cg'kl:yt eO{ Ps} k6s s'g} txsf


@)&# c;f/ @^ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
212
;a} ljifosf k/LIffx¿ pQL0f{ ug]{ ljBfyL{x¿sf] k/LIffkmnsf] xsdf
k/LIffkmn k|sflzt x'Fbf pRrtd b; :yfgsf nflu u0fgf ul/g]5 .

@@!sljZjljBfnocGtu{tsf cfª\lus tyf ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;df
cWoogsf] nflu egf{ ePsf ljBfyL{x¿n] ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf
;ª\sfosf] :jLs[lt glnO{ cWoog/t SofDk; eGbf cGo SofDk;df
:yfgfGt/0f eO{ egf{ x'g / cWoog ug{ kfOg] 5}g . cWoog ;+:yfg jf
;ª\sfosf] :jLs[lt glnO{ :yfgfGt/0f eO{ SofDk;df cWoog u/]sf
ljBfyL{n] k/LIff lbPsf] kfOPdf To:tf] k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIff /2 x'g]5 .

@@!vljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf cfª\lus tyf ;DaGwg k|fKtSofDk;df
cWoog/t ljBfyL{n] Psk6s k/LIff kmf/fd el/;s]kl5 ToxL txsf] ToxL
aif{sf] k'gM k/LIff kmf/fd e/L k/LIff lbPsf] kfOPdf To;/L kl5 e/]sf]
k/LIff kmf/fdsf] cfwf/df lbPsf] k/LIff /2 ul/g]5 .
@@@= cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs txsf] sfo{qmd pQL0f{
eO;s]kl5 k'gM ;f]xL tx / ljifosf] k/LIff lbg kfOg] 5}g . olb pQL0f{
eO;s]sf] ljifodf k'gM k/LIff lbPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf txut kl5Nnf]
k/LIff /2 ul/g]5 .
@@#= ;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifb\\n] lgwf{/0f u/]sf kf7\of+zx¿ ;Dk"0f{sf] k/LIff
lbg'kg]{5 / ;DalGwt jf cGo cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf s'g}
;dfgfGt/ ljifo jf kf7\of+z pQL0f{ eO;s]sf] sf/0fn] ;f] ljifo jf
kf7\of+zsf] k/LIffdf 5'6 lbOg]5}g / txkf/ u/]sf] dflgg] 5}g .
•
@@#s=:gftsf]Q/ txdf zf]wkq lnPsf ljBfyL{x¿n] clGtd jif{sf] k/LIffsf]
k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] # dlxgf cyf{t\ () lbgleq k]; u/]df
To:tf] ljBfyL{nfO{ lgoldt ljBfyL{ dflgg] 5 .

•
213
@@$= l;lgo/ SoflDa|h / ;f] ;/xsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf ljBfyL{nfO{ k|jL0ftf
k|df0fkq tx låtLo v08sf ljifox¿sf] k/LIff Ps} ;fndf lbg'kg]{5 .
o;/L ;lDdlnt ePsf k/LIffyL{n] ;Dk"0f{ txsf] kf7\of+z Ps}rf]6L pQL0f{
ePdf kbs tyf k/LIffkmndf k|sflzt x'g] pRrtd bz :yfgsf]
u0fgfsf nflu of]Uo dflgg]5 .
@@%= s'g} ljBfyL{n] Ps} jif{df tx kf/ ug]{ u/L b'O{j6f jflif{s k/LIff lbg
kfpg] 5}g . o;/L b'O{j6f k/LIff lbPsf] k|dfl0ft ePdf kl5Nnf] k/LIffsf]
k/LIffkmn /2 ul/g]5 .
@@^= s'g} v08df lgoldt / csf]{ s'g} v08df k|fOe]6 k/LIffyL{ eO{ k/LIffdf
;lDdlnt eO{ tx kf/ ug{ kfOg]5}g .
@@&=Τ v08ut k/LIffdf k/LIffyL{n] lgod @@^ adf]lhd leGg ¿kdf k/LIffdf
;lDdlnt ePsf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf k|yd v08sf] k/LIffdf h'g ¿kdf
;lDdlnt ePsf] 5 ;f]nfO{ dfq dfGotf lbOg]5 .

@@&sæk/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] k/LIff kmd{ eg{sf] nflu ;"rgf k|sflzt
u/]kl5 k|To]s SofDk;df cWoog/t ljBfyL{n] cfk"m egf{ x'Fbfsf] avt
sf];{ /lhi6«]zg u/] cg';f/sf] ljifo dfq k/LIff kmf/fddf pNn]v u/L
eg'{ kg]{5 . Psk6s k/LIff kmf/fd e/L ;s]kl5 ;f] ljBfyL{n] k'gM ;f]xL
ljifosf] To;} jif{sf] k/LIff kmf/fd bf]xf]/f] e/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf
To:tf] k/LIffyL{sf] k/LIffkmn /2 ul/g]5Æ .
Τ

214
kl/R5]b – ^!
k/LIff pQ/k'l:tsfsf] d"Nof°g Joj:yf
@@*= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rflnt x'g] ljleGg cWoog ;+:yfg,
;ª\sfocGtu{t txut z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf ljifout pQ/k'l:tsfx¿
ljZjljBfnosf cfª\lus SofDk; jf ;DaGwg k|fKt SofDk;sf ljz]if1
jf cGo :jb]zL jf ljb]zL ljz]if1x¿af6 k/LIf0f, ;Dk/LIf0f / d"NofÍg
u/fOg]5 .
@@(= pQ/k'l:tsf d"NofÍgsf nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o

u/]sf d"NofÍgstf{x¿sf] ;"rLsf] cfwf/df k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non]
k/LIfs, ;'Dk/LIfs / d"NofÍgstf{ lgo'Qm ug]{5 .
@#)= Τ pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0fsf] ;DaGwdf k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldlt / ;Dk/LIf0f

;ldltn] lbPsf] dfu{ lgb]{zgsf cfwf/df k/LIf0f / d"NofÍg sfo{ ;DkGg
ug{ ;DalGwt k/LIfsnfO{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] cfjZos ljj/0f
pknAw u/fpg]5 .
@#!= pQ/k'l:tsfx¿sf] d"NofÍg sfo{df nfk/jfxL jf cGo u}/lhDd]jf/ sfo{

u/]sf] k|dfl0ft ePsf k/LIfsnfO{ ;f]sfo{ ug{af6 tf]lsPsf] ;do;Ddsf
nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] al~rt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@#@= ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltaf6 ;Dk/LIf0f u/fOg]5 / ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] lg0f{o

clGtd x'g]5 .
@##= k|of]ufTdsk/LIff x'g] ljifosf pQ/k'l:tsfx¿sf] ;Dk/LIf0f x'g5 ] }g

k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] ;DaGwdf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf]
lg0f{ocg';f/ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] lgo'Qm u/]sf] afXo k/LIfssf]
d"NofÍg g} clGtd dflgg]5 .
Τ
215
@#$= k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] k'gof]{u;DaGwL Joj:yf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns
;ldltn] tf]s]cg';f/ x'g]5 .

@#$s=lqe'jg ljZjljBfno k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 pQ/k'l:tsfsf]
d"NofÍgsf] nflu k/LIfs lgo'lQm ubf{ ljZjljBfno ;]jfdf
:yfoL÷s/f/sf] ?kdf sDtLdf kfFr jif{;Dd ;DalGwt ljifo k9fPsf]
lzIfsnfO{ dfq lgo'lQm ug'{ kg]{5 .
@#$v=pQ/k'l:tsfsf] d"NofÍg ug]{ lzIfsn] pQ/k'l:tsf k/LIf0f jf d"NofÍg

ubf{ s'g} lgif]lwt j:t' km]nf k/]df ;f]sf] s}lkmot hgfO{ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltdf k]z ug'{ kg]{5 .
@#$u= pQ/k'l:tsfsf] d"NofÍg jf k/LIf0f ug]{ lzIfsn] hfgL hfgL jf unt

?kdf jf nfk/jfxL 9ª\un] cfˆgf] gftf kg]{ k/LIffyL{sf] d"NofÍg u/]sf]
b]lvPdf To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{sf nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltn] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf n]vL k7fpg' kg]{5 .

216
kl/R5]b – ^@
pQ/k'l:tsf tyf k/LIff ;~rfng;DaGwL cGo clen]vsf]
;'/If0f tyf w'Nofpg] Joj:yf

@#%= ;~rfng ul/Psf s'g} k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] $
dlxgf;Dd pQm k/LIffsf pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ ;'/lIft /fVg' kg]{5 / pQm
cjlw gf3]kl5 pQ/k'l:tsfx¿ w'Nofpg ;lsg]5 .

@#^= k/LIff ;~rfng;“u ;DalGwt cGo clen]vx¿ h:t}, k/LIffyL{sf]
kmf/d k/LIff s]Gb|af6 k|fKt ljBfyL{ xflh/L, k/LIff;DaGwL k|ltj]bg;d]t
k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePsf] $ dlxgf;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{5 .
@#&= lgod @#% / @#^ df h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k/LIff;“u ;DalGwt

b]xfosf sfuhftx¿ k/LIffsf] k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePsf] ldltn] @
jif{;Dd ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{5M
-s_ k|fKtfª\s ˆofon /
-v_ clgoldt sfo{ ug]{ k/LIffyL{;Fu ;DalGwt k|dfl0ft sfuhft tyf

k|ltj]bg
dflysf] v08 -s_ / -v_ df plNnlvt sfuhftx¿ k/LIffkmn k|sflzt

ePsf] ldltn] @ jif{ k'/f ePkl5 w'Nofpg ;lsg]5 .
@#*= k/LIff;DaGwL ljleGg sfuhftx¿sf] cfwf/df k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non]

sfod u/]sf] clen]v g} clGtd tyf dfGo x'g]5 .
@#(= s'g} k/LIffyL{n] cfkm"n] kfPsf] k/LIff;DaGwL clen]vsf] sfuhftsf]

;DaGwdf lrQ ga'emL lgj]bg ug{ cfPdf k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non]

217
sfod u/]sf] clen]v / k|f/lDes ;|f]t clen]vlar le8fg u/L jf:tljs
clen]v olsg u/L k|dfl0ft ul/lbg]5 . k|f/lDes ;|f]t clen]v
w'NofO;s]sf] cj:yfdf eg] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] clen]v g}
clGtd / k|fdfl0fs dflgg]5 .
218
kl/R5]b – ^#
k|ZgJoj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf
@$)=Τ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldlt u7g ug]{5 .
@$!=Τ ljZjljBfnocGtu{t ;~rfng x'g] txut z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿sf]

ljifout k|s[ltnfO{ x]/L tf]lsPcg';f/sf] ;ª\Vofdf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltn] k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@$@=Τ k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldltdf ;DalGwt ljifodf ;fwf/0ftof sDtLdf !) jif{

cWofkg sfo{ u/]sf] cg'ejk|fKt lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 a9Ldf % hgf
lzIfsx¿ lgo'Qm x'g]5g\ .
@$#= o; ;ldltsf] kbfjlw ;fdfGotM # jif{sf] x'g]5 . t/ k/LIff ;~rfns

;ldltn] rfx]df csf]{ # jif{sf nflu kbfjlw yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@$$=Τk|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ k|flZgsx¿af6 k|fKt k|Zgx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg sfo{ ljZjljBfnosf]

gLlt lgodcGtu{t /xL ;DkGg ug]{ ,
-v_ k/LIffdf k|of]u ul/Psf k|Zgx¿af/] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nonfO{

k|fKt ePsf u'gf;f tyf q'l6x¿af/] ;"Id cWoog u/L tYo kQf
nufO{ s] s:tf] ul/g' pko'Qm x'G5 cfˆgf] /fo ;lxtsf] l;kmfl/;
s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldlt;dIf lnlvt ¿kdf k|:t't ug]{ ,
-u_ ljifosf] k|s[lt x]/L k/LIfsnfO{ ljz]if lgb]{zg lbg'kg]{ eP ;f]sf]

lj:t[t ljj/0f s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .
Τ
219
-3_ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] dfu]sf cGo ljifox¿df ;'emfj
lbg] /
-ª_ ;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifb\\n] k|Zg;DaGwL u/]sf ;Dk"0f{ lg0f{ox¿sf] kfngf

ug]{ .
@$%= o; kl/R5]bsf] k|of]hgsf nflu k|flZgs x'gsf nflu ;DalGwt ljifodf

sDtLdf % jif{ cWofkg u/]sf] / # jif{ k/LIfs ePsf] lzIfs x'g'kg]{5 .
@$^= Τdfly lgoddf h];'s} n]lvPsf] eP tfklg k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldltn] bIf

7x¥ofO{ l;kmfl/; u/]sf] ;DalGwt ljifodf bIftf xfl;n u/]sf] s'g} klg
JolQmnfO{ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] k|flZgs jf k/LIfs lgo'Qm
ug{ ;Sg]5 .

@$^s k|flZgsaf6 k|Zgkq tof/ ubf{ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] lgb]{zg
cg';f/ gofF sf];{ / k'/fgf] sf];{ -New & Old Course_ sf] 5'§f5'§} k|Zgkq
tof/ ug'{ kg]{5 . 5'§f5'§} k|Zgkq tof/ ug'{kg]{ jf gofF sf];{sf] k|Zgkq
tof/ ubf{ k'/fgf] sf];{sf] kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df tof/ u/]df jf k'/fgf]
sf];{sf] k|Zgkq tof/ ubf{ gofF sf];s { f] kf7\oqmdsf] cfwf/df tof/
u/]sf] k|dfl0ft x'g cfPdf To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxL ug{sf]
nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf
k7fpg' kg]{5 .
Τ

220
kl/R5]b – ^$
pQ/k'l:tsf ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldlt
@$&= s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng
x'g] ljleGg cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfocGtu{tsf txut ljifox¿sf]
k/LIffsf] pQ/k'l:tsf ;Dk/LIf0f ug{ cfjZos ;ª\Vofdf ;Dk/LIf0f
;ldltsf] u7g ug]{5 .
@$*= ΤpQ/k'l:tsf ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltdf k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿sf

cltl/Qm cGo lzIfsx¿sf] klg lgo'lQm ug{ ;lsg]5 .
@$(=Τ ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltdf lgo'Qm x'g] lzIfssf] cg'ej k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldltsf]

;b:o x'gsf nflu cfjZos cg'ej ;/x g} x'g]5 .
@%)= ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] kbfjlw ;fdfGotM # jif{sf] x'g]5 .
@%!= pQ/k'l:tsf ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd

x'g]5 M
-s_ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] cg'/f]wdf k/LIfsx¿af6 k/LIf0f eO{

cfPsf pQ/k'l:tsfx¿df k/LIf0fsf] :t/ pko'Qm eP gePsf]
;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ . ;Dk/LIf0f s'n pQ/k'l:tsfsf] sDtLdf !%
k|ltzt ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ k/LIf0fsf] :t/df Ps¿ktf sfod ug'{sf ;fy} :t/Lo agfpg]

qmddf k|fKtfª\sdf cfjZos ;'wf/ ug'{ af~5gLo eP ;f]sf] sf/0f
k|i6 pNn]v u/L ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
Τ
221
-u_ s'g} k/LIffaf6 ePsf] kl/If0f ;Gtf]ifhgs gePdf To;;DaGwL 7f];
sf/0f k|:t't u/L ;Dk"0f{ pQ/k'l:tsfx¿sf] ;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ .
;DalGwt k/LIfsaf6 ePsf] q'l6 cf}+NofO{ cfjZos ;'wf/ ug{
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf nflu cfjZos ;'emfj tof/ u/L k];
ug]{ .
-3_ ;'wf/sf nflu Wofgfsif{0f u/fpFbf klg k/LIf0f sfo{ ;Gtf]ifhgs

¿kdf gug]{ k/LIfssf] gfd k/LIfssf] ;"rLaf6 x6fpg k/LIff
;~rfng ;ldlt ;dIf ;'emfj k]; ug]{ .
Τ
-ª_ k/LIff k|Zgsf] k|s[lt x]/L k/LIf0fsf nflu ljz]if dfu{bz{g
cfjZos eP ;f]sf] th'{df u/L k/LIfs;dIf dfu{bz{g u/fpg
k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldlt;Fu ;dGjofTds sfo{ ug]{ .
-r_ ;Dk/LIf0fsf cfwf/x¿ ;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o, k/LIff ;'wf/

tyf ;dGjo kl/ifb\\n] u/]sf lg0f{o tyf kf7\oqmd k'l:tsfn] OlËt
u/]sf a'Fbf x'g]5g\ .

-5_ pQ/k'l:tsfsf] ;Dk/LIf0f ug]{ lzIfsn] hfgL hfgL jf unt ¿kdf
jf nfk/jfxL 9ª\un] jf cfˆgf] gftf kg]{ k/LIffyL{sf] pQ/k'l:tsf
;Dk/LIf0f u/]sf] b]lvPdf To:tf] lzIfsnfO{ ljefuLo sf/jfxLsf]
nflu s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L s]Gb|Lo
sfof{nodf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
Τ

222
∝
kl/R5]b – ^%
pQ/k'l:tsf b]vfpg] jf k|ltlnlk
lbg] ;DaGwL Joj:yf
@%@= pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{ jf k|ltlnlk lngsf] nflu lgj]bg lbg'kg]{M -!_ lq=lj=
cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo, k/LIff lgoGq0f dxfzfvf÷s]Gb|Lo k/LIff
;~rfns ;ldltn] k/LIffkmn k|sfzg u/]kl5 k|fKt k|fKtfÍdf lrQ
ga'‰g] k/LIffyL{n] kl/R5]b &@ sf] lgod @(^ df pNn]lvt Dofbleq
k'gof]{usf] nflu lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . To;/L k'gof]{usf nflu lgj]bg
lbPsf ljifosf] k'gof]{u kl5sf] k|fKtfÍ pk/ lrQ ga'e]mdf ;DalGwt
k/LIffyL{n] o; kl/R5]bsf] Joj:yfsf] clwgdf /xL k'gof]{usf] nflu
lgj]bg lbPsf ljifosf] dfq pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{ / k|ltlnlk lgj]bg lbg'
kg]{5 . k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nodf k|j]zkq lnO{ :jo+ pkl:yt eO{
lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 . jf/];dfkm{t lgj]bg lbg, x]g{ / pQ/k'l:tsfsf]
k|ltlnlk dfu ug{ kfOg]5}g .
@= pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] lgj]bg k'gof]{usf] glthf k|sfzg ePsf]

ldltn] !% lbgleq lnO{ ;Sg' kg]{5 .
#= pklgod -!_ adf]lhd lbOg] lgj]bg ;fy k/LIffsf] k|j]zkqsf]

;Ssn k|lt -olb ;Ssn k|lt x/fPsf] 5 eg] k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{noaf6 hf/L ePsf] k|ltlnlk k|j]zkq_ ;lxt ;DalGwt
k/LIffyL{sf] afa'÷afh]sf] gfd / :yfoL 7]ufgf v'n]sf] ljj/0fdf
kmf]6f] /fvL SofDk;sf] l;kmfl/z ;lxt ;DalGwt 8Lg sfof{nosf]
k/LIff lgoGq0f dxfzfvf jf k/LIff zfvf÷k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{nodf lgj]bg lbg' kg]{5 .
∝
@)&) efb| @$ df a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
223
@%#= pQ/k'l:tsf b]vfpg]÷k|ltlnlk lbg] pk;ldltM -!_ lgod @%@ adf]lhd
kg]{ lgj]bgsf] sf/jfxL lsgf/f ;DalGwt 8Lg÷k/LIff lgoGqssf lgb]{zg
/ lgoGq0fdf b]xfosf] pk;ldltn] ug]{5M ljifocg';f/sf] ;ldlt
8Lg÷k/LIff lgoGqsn] agfpg]5 .
-s_ 8Lg jf k/LIff lgoGqsn] tf]s]sf]

;xfos 8Lg jf ;x k/LIff lgoGqs – ;+of]hs
-v_ cfjZostfg';f/ 8Lg jf k/LIff lgoGqsn]

tf]]s]sf] ljifo ljz]if1 – ;b:o
-u_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfo, k/LIff

lgoGq0f dxfzfvf, k/LIff zfvf÷k/LIff
lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] ;DalGwt uf]Ko zfvfsf]
k|d'v sd{rf/L – ;b:o
-@_ pk;ldltn] lq=lj=sfo{sf/L kl/ifbaf6 tf]s]cg'f/sf] a}7s eQf
kfpg]5 .
@%$ pQ/k'l:tsf b]vfpg]÷k|ltlnlk lbg] ;DalGwt cGo zt{x¿M
-s_ pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk ;DaGwL Joj:yfM
-!_ pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu ug]{ JolQmnfO{ k|ltlnlk pknJw

u/fpbf k/LIfssf] kl/ro gv'Ng] u/L pknJw u/fpFg'
kg]{5 .
-@_ pQ/k'l:tsfsf] dfu ug]{ k|To]s JolQmn] cfˆgf] dfq

pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu ug'{ kg]{5 . cGo JolQmsf]
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk dfu ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
224
-#_ pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k/LIfs÷;Dk/LIfssf] gfd x]g{, dfUg kfOg]
5}g . pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlksf] k'gM k/LIf0f÷;Dk/LIf0f ug{
u/fpg kfOg] 5}g .
-$_ pQ/k'l:tsfdf k|bfg ul/Psf] cÍnfO{ ;fj{hlgsLs/0f ug{ jf
cGo pQ/k'l:tsf;Fu t'ngf u/L k/LIff lgoGq0f dxfzfvf,
k/LIff zfvf, k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{no jf cGo s'g} klg
lgsfodf ph'/L ug{ kfOg] 5}g .
-%_ sfof{nosf] tf]s]sf] sa'lnot gfdfdf x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 dfq
lgj]bs k/LIffyL{nfO{ o; kl/R5]b adf]lhdsf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf]
k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg]5 .
-^_ k/LIffkmn /2 ePsf], lgisfl;t jf :ylut ePsf] cj:yfdf
To:tf] k/LIffsf] pQ/k'l:tsf nufot k/LIff ;DaGwL
k|ltj]bg, sfuhfutx¿ x]g{ jf k|ltlnlk pknAw u/fpg]
5}g .
-&_ s'g} ljBfyL{n] o; adf]lhd kfngf ug'{ kg]{ cfr/0f kfngf
gu/L pNnª\3g u/]df b]xfocg';f/ sf/afxL x'g ;Sg]5M
pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|ltlnlk ;fj{hlgsLs/0f u/]df jf cGo
pQ/k'l:tsf;Fu t'ngf u/]sf] kfOPdf To:tf] k/LIffyL{nfO{
lq=lj=åf/f ;~rfng ul/g] s'g} klg k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g
gkfpg] u/L ! jif{;Ddsf] nflu lgisf;g ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-v_ b:t'/ ;DaGwL Joj:yfM -!_ o; kl/R5]badf]lhd pQ/k'l:tsf
x]g{sf] nflu / pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk lnFbf nfUg] z'Ns
sfo{sf/L kl/ifbn] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ hgcfGbf]ng–@ sf 3fOt] ljBfyL{, zf/Ll/s ckfË ePsf /
cGo sf/0fn] z'Ns ldgfxf ;'ljwf kfPsf ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ lbO{
cfPsf] lq=lj=sf] z'Ns ldgfxf ;'ljwf of] kl/R5]b cGtu{t
pQ/k'l:tsf x]g{ jf k|dfl0ft k|ltlnlk dfu ug]{ k|of]hgsf] nflu
nfu' x'g]5}g .
225
kl/R5]b – ^^
k/LIffsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf;DaGwL
Joj:yf
@%%= k|To]s k/LIffyL{n] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'gsf nflu k/LIff lgoGq0f
sfof{non] hf/L u/]sf] k/LIff k|j]zkq k|fKt ug'{kg]{5 .
@%^= k/LIffsf] k|To]s lbg k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff k|j]zkq k/LIff ejgdf cfˆgf]
;fydf /fVg' kg]{5 . ljgf k|jz ] kq k/LIffyL{nfO{ k/LIffdf a:g lbOg]
5}g .
@%&=Τ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] pknAw u/fPsf] k/LIff k|j]zkqsf] k[i7

efudf plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ a'“bfx¿sf] kfngf k/LIffyL{n] ug'{ kg]{5 / k/LIff
k|j]zkqdf plNnlvt ljifox¿df dfq k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff lbg'kg]{5 .
@%*= k/LIffyL{n] s]Gb|fWoIf jf lg/LIfssf] cg'dltljgf cfˆgf] l;6 / k/LIff

k|f/De ePsf] Ps 306f cufj} k/LIff ejg 5f8\g kfpg]5}g .
@%(= k/LIff ejgdf tf]lsPsf] l;6Knfgcg';f/ cfˆgf] :yfgdf /xL k/LIff

lbg'kg]{5 .
@^)= k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff ejgdf lgif]lwt j:t'x¿ n}hfg x'“b}g . s'g} k/LIffyL{n]
To:tf j:t'x¿ nu]df jf ceb|Jojxf/ u/]df s]Gb|fWoIfn] To:tf
k/LIffyL{pk/ sf/afxL ug'{sf ;fy} k/LIff ejgaf6 lgisf;g ug{
;Sg]5 . ;fy} k/LIffyL{n] lgif]lwt j:t'x¿ nu]df jf ♦k/LIff sf]7faf6
pQ/k'l:tsf n'sfO{ nu]df, clgoldt sfo{ u/]sf] jf cGo ceb| Jofjxf/
u/]sf] k|df0f;lxt sf/afxLsf] nflu s]Gb|fWoIf, ko{j]Ifs, k/LIfs jf
Τ
@)%^ ;fn kf}if #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
♦
@)^* ;fn j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
226
;'k/Lj]Ifsaf6 l;kmfl/; e} cfPdf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn]
lgod @^* df pNn]v ePsf] xb;Ddsf] sf/afxL ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@^!= pQ/k'l:tsfsf] cu|efudf plNnlvt ;Dk"0f{ a'“bfx¿sf] k/LIffyL{n] kfngf

ug'{kg]{5 .
@^@= k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff ejg 5f8\g'cl3 cfˆgf] pQ/k'l:tsf ;DalGwt

lg/LIfsnfO{ a'emfpg' kg]{5 .
@^#= pQ/k'l:tsf a'emfO;s]kl5 k/LIffyL{ k/LIffs]Gb|sf] xftfaflx/ hfg'kg]{5 .
@^$= /f]uL, c:j:y jf ckf∙ k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff k|f/De x'g' Ps 306fcufj}

cfˆgf] l:ylt / kl/l:yltaf/] s]Gb|fWoIfnfO{ cjut u/fpg'kg]{5 . k/LIff
k|j]zkqdf plNnlvt ljifox¿df dfq k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff lbg'kg]{5 .
@^%= k/LIffyL{n] k/LIff ejgsf] xftfleq c¿ s;}nfO{ Nofpg' x'Fb}g .
@^^= k/LIffyL{n] tf]lsPsf] efiff, dfWoddf pQ/ lbg kfpg]5 .
@^&= cGwf] jf xftn] n]Vg g;Sg] k/LIffyL{ ePdf To:tf] k/LIffyL{n] n]Vg]
sfddf ;xof]uL /fVg kfpm“ egL s]Gb|fWoIfnfO{ cg'/f]w ug'{kg]{5 .
s]Gb|fWoIfn] l:yltsf] cWoog u/L ;DalGwt k/LIffeGbf a9Ldf Ps
txd'lgsf] pkflw k|fKt u/]sf JolQmnfO{ ;xof]uL n]vssf] ¿kdf /fVg
cg'dlt lbg;Sg]5 .
@^*= Τ k/LIff ;~rfng sfo{df vl6Psf s'g} klg JolQmx¿pk/ k/LIffyL{n] ceb|
Jojxf/, x'nx'Hht, xftkft tyf s'6lk6 h:tf sfo{ ug'{x'Fb}g . s'g}
k/LIffyL{n] To; lsl;dsf] sfo{ u/]df u/]sf] sfo{sf] cg'kftdf s]Gb|Lo
k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] ;DalGwt k/LIff /2 ug'{sf ;fy} lgh
Τ
227
k/LIffyL{nfO{ ! jif{b]lv $ jif{;Dd s'g} klg k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g
gkfpg] u/L lgisf;g ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@^(=Τ k/LIffyL{n] JolQmut jf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf cfˆgf] jf c¿sf] k/LIff layf]Ng]

h:tf sfo{ ug{ kfpg] 5}g . To:tf] sfd ug]{ k/LIffyL{nfO{ sf/afxLsf
lgldQ :yfgLo k|zf;gsf] lhDdf nufOlbg ;lsg]5 .
@&)= k/LIffyL{n] cfk"m ;lDdlnt x'g'kg]{ k/LIffdf cfk}m g} ;lDdlnt x'g'kg]{5 /

c¿nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fpg'x“'b}g . c¿nfO{ ;lDdlnt u/fPsf] k|dfl0ft x'g
cfPdf k/LIffyL{nfO{ k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] a9Ldf $ jif{;Dd
lgisf;g ug]{ lg0f{osf ;fy} kmf}hbf/L cleof]usf] sf/afxL rnfpg
:yfgLo k|zf;gnfO{ lhDdf nufOg]5 / ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} klg
k/LIffdf $ jif{;Dd ;lDdlnt x'gaf6 jl~rt ug{ ;lsg]5 .

@&)sSofDk; jf cWoog ;+:yfgn] ;~rfng ug]{ k/LIff jf k|j]z k/LIffdf
cfk"m ;+nUg x'g'kg]{ JolQmn] cGo s'g} JolQmnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fO{ ;f]xL
cfwf/df egf{ u/]sf] s'/f k|dfl0ft ePdf To:tf] ljBfyL{ h'g tx / jif{df
cWoog/t ePsf] eP klg ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg k/LIff ;~rfns
;ldlt jf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] lg0f{o u/L ;f] egf{ /2 ug'{
kg]{5 .
Τ

228
kl/R5]b – ^&
ljb]zL lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tf]lsPsf] tx kf/ u/L
ljZjljBfnosf] k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g rfxg] ljBfyL{;DaGwL
Joj:yf
@&!= l;lgo/ SoflDa|h k/LIff jf ef/tLo :6\ofRo'6/L lzIf0f ;+:yfsf ! jif]{
-!)±!_ k4ltcGtu{tsf lk|–o'lgel;{6L jf xfo/ ;]s]G8/L jf ;f] ;/xsf]
k/LIff / ef/t, aª\unfb]z tyf kfls:tfgL :6\ofRo'6/L lzIf0f ;+:yfsf
k4ltcGtu{tsf lk|–o'lgel;{6L jf xfo/ ;]s]G8/L jf OG6/ldl8o6 jf ;f]
;/xsf k/LIffsf] k|yd jif{ k/LIff ptL0f{ u/L cfpg] 5fq–5fqfn]
k|df0fkq :t/sf] bf];|f] jif{df k|j]z lng rfx]df klxn]b]lv lbOcfPsf]
;'lawfcg'¿k Ps z}lIfs jif{;Ddsf] ;dofjlw 5'6 lbO{ To:tf
5fq5fqfnfO{ k|fljlws ljifo / sfg'g ljifoafx]s dfgljsL /
;fdflhszf:q, Joj:yfkg, lzIffzf:q / ;fwf/0f lj1fgsf] k|df0fkq
txsf] bf;|f] jif{df k|j]z lbg ;lsg]5 .
@&@= o;} u/L :gfts / :gftsf]Q/ txdf klg ef/t, aËnfb]z / kfls:tfgL
:6\ofRo'6/L lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 dfgljsL / ;fdflhszf:q, ;fwf/0f lj1fg,
Joj:yfkg ljifodf :gfts jf :gftsf]Q/ txsf] k|yd jif{ k/LIff pQL0f{
u/L ;DalGwt ;ª\sfosf] ;DalGwt txsf] bf];|f] jif{df k|j]z lng rfxg]
5fq5fqfnfO{ klg Ps z}lIfs jif{;Ddsf] ;dofjlw 5'6 lbO{ ;DalGwt
;ª\sfosf] ;DalGwt txsf] bf];|f] jif{df k|j]z lbg ;lsg]5 .
@&#= cf] tyf P n]jn k/LIff lbO{ pQL0f{ ePsf / ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} txdf
k|j]z x'g OR5's ljBfyL{sf nflu tf]lsPcg';f/ k|j]z lbOg]5 .
@&$=Τljb]zL ljZjljBfnosf] tf]lsPsf] tx kf/ u/L ljZjljBfnodf k|j]z lng]

5fq5fqfn] ;DalGwt ljifo tyf txsf lgldQ lgwf{l/t ;Dk"0f{ kf7\of+zdf
Τ
229
ljZjljBfnosf] lgodfg';f/ jflif{s k/LIff tyf k|of]ufTds k/LIff;d]t
lbO{ pQL0f{ x'g' kg]{5 .
@&%= lgod @^*,@^( / @&) df pNn]v ePadf]lhd ;DalGwt txsf] bf];|f]

jif{df k|j]z lng] 5fq5fqfn] ;DalGwt txsf] b'a} v08sf] jflif{s
k/LIff;d]t ;fy;fy} lbg'kg]{5 . o;/L o:tf k/LIffyL{n] k|yd jif{sf] ;a}
k/LIff bf];|f] jif{sf] cWoog cjlwleq lbg' kg]{5 .
@&^= Τ cGo ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} txsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ eO{

ljZjljBfnocGtu{tsf s'g} txdf k|j]z x'g OR5's ljBfyL{sf] ;DaGwdf
;dfg >]0fL sfod ug]{ sfo{ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|af6 x'g]5 / To:tf
ljBfyL{sf nflu k|j]z tyf k/LIffsf nflu ul/g] Joj:yf ;DalGwt
cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] a}7sn] ug]{5 /
;f]xLadf]lhd k|j]z tyf k/LIffsf] ;'ljwf lbOg]]5 .
Τ
230
kl/R5]b – ^*
s[kf°;DaGwL Joj:yf
@&&= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k|To]s txsf] k/LIffdf b]xfosf]
cfwf/df k/LIffyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] k|fKtfÍdf s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf ul/g]5 M -!_
s[kfÍsf] Joj:yfsf nflu kf7\of+znfO{ %) k"0ff{Í;Dd / %! blv !))
k"0ff{Í;Ddsf] b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg ul/g]5 .
-@_ s[kfÍsf] Joj:yfsf] cfwf/ k/LIffyL{n] k|fKt u/]sf] s"n k|fKtfÍ

(Aggregate) nfO{ dflgg]5 .
-#_ s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf v08ut x'g] / k|To]s v08sf nflu 5'§f5'§}

Joj:yf x'g]5 .
-$_ cf+lzs jf k'gM k/LIffsf nflu s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5}g .
-%_ s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf txut Ps v08sf] ;Dk"0f{ kf7\o+fzsf] k/LIffdf Ps

kf7\of+zdf dfq cg'QL0f{ ePsf k/LIffyL{sf nflu dfq nfu" ul/g]5 .
o;/L lbOg] s[kfÍsf] cÍ a9Ldf # / sDtLdf ! cÍ x'g]5 .
k|of]ufTds k/LIffsf] xsdf eg] s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf nfu" x'g]5}g .
-^_ s[kfÍsf] Joj:yfn] k/LIffyL{sf] s'n k|fKtfÍ / >]0fLdf s'g} c;/

kg]{5}g .
@&*= s[kfÍsf] k|lqmofut Joj:yf b]xfocg';f/ x'g]5M
-s_ v08ut k'/f kf7\of+zx¿sf] k/LIffdf k/LIffyL{n] s'n k|fKtfÍsf]

cfwf/df k|yd >]0fL jf ;f]eGbf a9L cÍ k|fKt u/]sf] t/ s'g} Ps
kf7\of+zdf cg'QL0f{ ePdf pQm kf7\of+zsf] k"0ff{Í %! b]vL !)) eP
# cÍ;Dd s[kfÍsf] ¿kdf lbOg] / k"0ff{Í %) ;Dd ePsf]df @
cÍ;Dd s[kfÍ lbOg]5 .
231
-v_ v08ut k'/f kf7\o+fzx¿sf] k/LIffdf k/LIffyL{sf] >]0fL -s'n
k|fKtfÍsf] cfwf/df_ låtLo jf t[tLo /x]sf] / s'g} Ps kf7\of+zdf
cg'QL0f{ ePsf] ePdf pQm kf7\of+zsf] k"0ff{Í %! b]lv !)) ;Dd eP
a9Ldf @ cÍ / k"0ff{Í %) ;Dd eP ! cÍ s[kfÍsf] ¿kdf lbOg]5 .
-u_ s[kfÍsf] ¿kdf lbOg] cÍ s]jn pQL0ff{Ísf] cÍ;Dd dfq ;Lldt

ul/g]5 .
-3_ cg'QL0f{sf] cj:yfaf6 pQL0f{ x'g] cj:yf ePsf k/LIffyL{sf] xsdf

dfq s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5 .
@&(=Τ s[kfÍsf] ;DaGwdf lgod @&$ / @&% df h];'s} Joj:yf ePsf] eP

tfklg s'g} cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] ljBfkl/ifb\\n] tf]lsPsf] txsf]
kf7\of+zx¿df s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf gul/g] egL lg0f{o u/] s[kfÍsf] Joj:yf
nfu" ul/g]5}g .
Τ
232
kl/R5]b – ^(
k/LIffkmn k|sfzg tyf :yug;DaGwL Joj:yf
@*)= k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noåf/f ljleGg cWoog ;+:yfg / ;ª\sfocGtu{t
tf]lsPsf z}lIfs txx¿sf] v08ut k/LIff ;~rfngkZrft\ o; lgoddf
Joj:yf ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmofx¿ k'/f u/L ;~rflnt To:tf k/LIffx¿sf]
k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 .
@*!= k|To]s k/LIffkmn k|sfzgsf nflu k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{o

clgjfo{ x'g]5 .
@*@= k/LIffkmn v08ut¿kdf k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 .
@*#= k/LIffkmn z'4 / k|:6 x'g'sf ;fy} tx kf/ x'g] v08sf] k/LIffkmn
k|sflzt ubf{ pQm txdf pRrtd cÍ k|fKt ug]{ k|yd >]0fLsf bz
k/LIffyL{x¿sf] gfdfjnL tyf ;DalGwt SofDk;sf] gfd ;d]t k|sflzt
ug'{kg]{5 .
@*$= k/LIffdf sf/afxLdf k/]sf k/LIffyL{x¿, k/LIffkmn kl5 k|sflzt x'g]

k/LIffyL{x¿ / nAwfÍkq k|flKt;DaGwL cGo ljifox¿;d]t k/LIffkmn
k|sfzg ubf{ pNn]v x'g'kg]{5 .

@*%= s'g} sf/0faf6 k/LIffkmn :ylut ePsf k/LIffyL{x¿sf] k/LIfkmn
oyfzSo rfF8f] k|sflzt ug'{kg]{5 . k/LIffkmn k|sflzt ePsf] $
dlxgfsf] cjlwleq To:tf k/LIffkmn :ylut ePsf k/LIffyL{x¿sf]
sf/afxL s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltsf] lg0f{oaf6 6'Ëf] nufpg'
kg]{5 .

233
@*^= k/LIffkmn :yugdf k/]sf t/ ljleGg k|ljlws sf/0fn] ubf{ $ dlxgfsf]
cjlwe/ :ylut k/LIffkmn k|sflzt x'g ;Sg] kof{Kt cfwf/ gePsf
k/LIffyL{x¿sf] xsdf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] ljBfyL{sf]
lxtnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL ;Dk"0f{ ljifosf] k/LIff /2 gu/L s'g} To:tf Ps
ljifo jf ljifox¿sf] k/LIff dfq /2 ug{ ;Sg]5 .

@*&= k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] sf/afxLdf k/]sf egL k/LIffkmndf pNn]v
ul/Psf k/LIffyL{sf] ;DaGwdf lgh k/LIffyL{sf] ;lDdlnt ePsf] v08sf]
;Dk"0f{ ljifosf] k/LIff /2 ul/Psf] dflgg]5 t/ k/LIffyL{n] lbPsf]
k|of]ufTds k/LIff eg] /2 x'g] 5}g

234
kl/R5]b – &)
k|fKtf° ;l~rltsf] Joj:yf
@**= lgoldt tyf k|fOe]6 ¿kdf /x]sf k/LIffyL{x¿n] cfkm" ;lDdlnt ePsf]
k/LIffdf k|fKt u/]sf] kf7\of+zut k|fKtfÍsf] ;l~rlt tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
@*(= ;l~rltsf] tf]lsPsf] cjlwe/ ;DalGwt txsf tf]lsPsf ;Dk"0f{ ljifox¿

pQL0f{ x'g g;Sg] k/LIffyL{sf] pQL0f{ ljifox¿sf] k|fKtfÍ /2 x'g]5 /
To:tf k/LIffyL{n] k'gM k/LIffyL{ x'g rfx]df lgoldt k|lqmof k'/f u/L
v08ut k/LIffyL{sf] ¿kdf ;fd]n x'g kfpg]5 .
@()= lgod @** cg';f/ lgoldt k|lqmof eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] lgoldt

k/LIffyL{ eP SofDk;df k'gM k|j]z lnPsf] x'g'kg]{ / k|fOe]6 k/LIffyL{ eP
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] ;"rgfdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
o;/L k'gM k|j]z lng lgoldt k/LIffyL{sf] sIffsf] pkl:ylt clgjfo{
x'g]5}g .
@(!Τ o; kl/R5]bdf h] h:tf s'/f n]lvPsf] eP klg ;DalGwt cWoog

;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf] ljBfkl/ifb\\n] k|fKtfÍ ;l~rltsf nflu cGo s'g}
lsl;dsf] Joj:yf ug]{ lg0f{o u/]sf] eP ;f]xL Joj:yf adf]lhd k|fKtfÍ
;l~rlt ul/g]5 .
Τ
235
kl/R5]b – &!
6«fG;lqmK6 hf/L;DaGwL Joj:yf
@(@= ljZjljBfnocGtu{t ;DalGwt ljBfkl/ifb\n] txut tf]s]sf] ;Dk"0f{
kf7\of+zx¿sf] o; lgodsf] Joj:yfcg'¿k cfjZos k|lqmof k'/f u/L
k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]sf k/LIffyL{af6 lgwf{l/t z'Ns;lxt cfj]bg cfPdf
k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non] 6«fG;lqmK6 lbg]5 .
@(#Τ lgod @(@ cg';f/ hf/L ul/g] 6«fG;lqmK6df ljBfyL{;DaGwL k"0f{ ljj/0f
;fy} lgh;“u ;DalGwt tx, k/LIff, z}lIfs jif{, v08ut ljifout
k|fKtfÍ, tx kf/ ug{ nfu]sf] ;dofjlw s'n ;Dk"0f{ txsf] k|fKtfÍ k|ltzt,
pQL0f{ >]0fL cflb :ki6 pNn]v ul/g]5 .
@($= 6«fG;lqmK6df cg'QL0f{ cÍ b]vfOg] 5}g . k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt eO{ pQL0f{

ePsf] jif{sf] vfsfdf pQL0ff{Í / k|fKtfÍ b]vfOg]5 .
@(%= ;fdfGotM Ps k6s hf/L eO;s]kl5 k'gM 6«fG;lqmK6 hf/L ul/g]5}g . t/

ljBfyL{af6 dgfl;a sf/0f v'nfO{ k|ltlnlk k|fKt ug{ cfj]bg k/]df
tf]lsPsf] z'Ns lnO{ k|ltlnlk h/L ug{ ;lsg]5 .
Τ
236
kl/R5]b – &@
k'gof]{u;DaGwL Joj:yf
@(^= s'g} k/LIffyL{n] cfk"m ;lDdlnt ePsf] v08ut jflif{s k/LIffsf] s'g}
kf7\of+zdf k|fKt u/]sf] cÍ lrQ ga'em] tf]s]sf] z'Ns a'emfO{ k/LIffkmn
k|sflzt ePsf] #% lbgleq k'gof]{usf lgldQ cfj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
@(&Τ lgod @(^ adf]lhd cfj]bg kg{ cfPdf k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{non]
;DalGwt ljifosf] k|Zgkl/is/0f ;ldlt jf ;Dk/LIf0f ;ldltsf s'g} Ps
;b:oåf/f cfj]bg lbg] k/LIffyL{sf] pQ/k'l:tsfsf] k|fKtfÍsf] k'gof{]u
u/fpg]5 .
@(*Τ lgod @(& adf]lhd ul/Psf] k'gof]{uaf6 k|fKtfÍdf s'g} kl/jt{g eP jf

geP b'j} cj:yfdf s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltnfO{ cjut u/fO{
;f]sf] hfgsf/L ;DalGwt k/LIffyL{nfO{ lbOg]5 . To:t} k|of]ufTds
k/LIffsf] k'gof]{u ;DalGwt k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn] tf]s]cg';f/ x'g]5 .
@(( k'gof]{usf lglDt cfj]bg ug]{ Dofb ;dfKt ePsf] ldltn] ^) -;f7L_ lbg
leq k'gof]{usf] glthf k|sfzg u/L ;Sg' kg]{5 .
Τ
237
kl/R5]b – &#
pkflwsf] >]0fL juL{s/0f;DaGwL Joj:yf
@((Τ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g] ljleGg cWoog ;+:yfg,
;ª\sfocGtu{tsf txut k/LIffx¿sf] pkflwsf] >]0fL juL{s/0f ;DalGwt
ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
#))= s'g} cWoog ;+:yfg, ;ª\sfon] ;~rflnt s'g} z}lIfs pkflw k|bfg ul/g]
sfo{qmdsf] xsdf >]0fL juL{s/0fsf] 5'§} Joj:yf ug]{ u/L ;DalGwt
ljBfkl/ifb\\af6 lg0f{o u/fPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]xL Joj:yfadf]lhd >]0fL
juL{s/0f ul/g]5 .
Τ
238
kl/R5]b – &$
Τ
k/LIff z'Ns tyf kfl/>lds;DaGwL Joj:yf
#)!Τ k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{noaf6 ;~rfng x'g] k/LIff;“u ;DalGwt b]xfosf
z'Nsx¿ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 M
-s_ k|sflzt k/LIff tflnsfcg';f/ k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g rfxg]
lgoldt tyf k|fOe]6 k/LIffyL{sf nflu lghn] a'emfpg'kg]{ z'Ns,
-v_ v08 -s_ n] u/]sf] Joj:yfsf] cltl/Qm k/LIffdf ;lDdlnt x'g

rfxg] ;Dk"0f{ k/LIffyL{x¿af6 k/LIff cfj]bg kmf/d / k/LIff
s]Gb|afkt nfUg] z'Ns /
-u_ v08 -s_ / -v_ sf cltl/Qm d"6sf]6{, ;]ldgf/, OG6g{l;k, lkmN8

:68L l/kf]6{, zf]wkqcflb ;DaGwL z'Ns,
#)@Τ lgod #)! adf]lhd tf]lsPsf z'Nssf cltl/Qm k/LIff tyf k/LIffyL{;Fu
;DalGwt cGo ljifox¿df sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd z'Ns lnOg]5
.
#)#Τ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfonfO{ k/LIff ;~rfng ug{ clwsf/ k|Tofof]lht

ePsf] cGo k|s[ltsf] k/LIffsf nflu k/LIff z'Ns sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n]
lgwf{/0f u/]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
#)$Τ k/LIff;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ sfdsf nflu lbOg] kfl/>lds sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6

Τ
239
#)%Τ k/LIff;DaGwL z'Ns / kfl/>lds ;do ;dodf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L
cfjZos eP ;+zf]wg ug{sf lgldQ s]Gb|Lo k/LIff ;~rfns ;ldltn]
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; ug]{5 .
#)^Τ lgod #)% adf]lhd k|fKt /fo tyf l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\n] k/LIff z'Ns tyf kfl/>lds;DaGwL Joj:yfdf cfjZos
;+zf]wg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
240
kl/R5]b – &%
k|df0fkq
#)&= k|df0fkq lbg] Joj:yfM ljZjljBfnoaf6 pRr lzIff xfl;n ug]{ ljBfyL{,
k|lzIffyL{ jf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ b]xfosf ;t{x¿ k'/f u/]kl5 ;DalGwt
pRr lzIffsf] k|df0fkq lbOg]5M
-s_ pRr lzIffsf] k/LIff pQL0f{ u/]kl5 /

-v_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 s'g} z}lIfs tyf cGo ;t{x¿ tf]lsPsf]df tL
;t{x¿ k'/f u/]kl5 .
#)*= k|df0fkqsf k|sf/ / gfdM -!_ ljZjljBfnosf] pRr lzIffsf] k|df0fkqsf]

lsl;d / ltgsf] gfd o; lgodsf] cg';"rL ! adf]lhd x'g]5 .
-@_ pklgod ! df plNnlvt cg';"rL ! cGtu{tsf k|df0fkqsf] k|sf/,

lsl;d, gfd / ;ª\Vofdf x]/km]/ jf yk36 jf ;+zf]wg jf cGo
Joj:yf k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;efn] cfˆgf] a}7sdf pkl:yt
;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] ;fwf/0f ax'dtsf] lg0foaf6 ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ σ
σ
241
kl/R5]b – &^
dfgfy{ pkflw
#)(= dfgfy{ pkflwsf k|sf/M -!_ P]gsf] bkmf % -v_ df plNnlvt dfgfy{
pkflw b]xfosf] k|sf/sf x'g]5g\M
-s_ dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflw
-v_ ;Ddfgfy{ :gftsf]kflw /
-u_ ;efaf6 :jLs[t cGo dfgfy{ pkflwx¿
-@_ pklgod ! sf] v08 -s_ / -v_ cGtu{tsf dfgfy{ pkflwsf] lsl;d /
ltgsf gfd o; lgodsf] cg';"rL @ adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
-#_ pklgod ! sf] v08 -@_ tyf cg';"rL @ cGtu{tsf dfgfy{ pkflwsf]
k|sf/, lsl;d, gfd / ;ª\Vofdf x]/km]/ jf yk36 jf ;+zf]wg jf cGo
Joj:yf ;efn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df tf]lsPsf] /Lt k'¥ofO{ ug{
;Sg]5 .
-$_ pklgod ! sf] v08 -u_ cGtu{t gofF dfgfy{ pkflwsf] :yfkgf,
gfds/0f / cGo Joj:yf ;efn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df ug{
;Sg]5 . t/ o; k|of]hgsf nflu
-s_ k|fl1s kl/ifb\\n] cfˆgf] s'n ;b:o – ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf %) -

krf;_ k|ltzt k'Ug] u/L cfˆgf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf]
sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO dtaf6 ;efdf l;kmfl/; ug'{kg]{5 .
-v_ ;efn] cfˆgf] s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf %) -krf;_ k|ltzt

k'Ug] u/L cfˆgf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf
b'O{ltxfO dtaf6 lg0f{o ug'{kg]{5 .
242
#!)= dfgfy{ pkflwsf nflu u|fx\o ljlzi6 JolQm M dfgfy{ pkflw o;
lgodadf]lhd of]Uotf k'u]sf ljlzi6 JolQmnfO{ lbg ;lsg]5 . To:tf]
ljlzi6 JolQm g]kfnL gful/s jf ljb]zL gful/s x'g ;Sg]5 .
#!!= dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf] ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rL tof/ ug'{kg]{

Joj:yfM -!_ k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfosf 8Lgn] dfgfy{ ljz]if
pkflwsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rL ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df
b]xfosf cfwf/x¿dWo] s'g} jf ;a} cfwf/ ckgfO{ tof/ ug'{ u/fpg'
kg]{5M
-s_ Τ1fg–lj1fgsf If]qdf df}}lns b]g lbPsf ljåfg g]kfnL gful/s jf

g]kfn;DaGwL 1fg–lj1fgsf] If]qdf df}lns b]g lbPsf ljb]zL ljåfg\
gful/s x'g'k5{ .
-v_ ;do–;dodf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno cGtu{tsf cWoog ;+:yfg jf

;ª\sfosf ljBfkl/ifb\\x¿af6 l;kmfl/; eO{ cfPsf pDd]bjf/x¿
pk/ dfq ljrf/ ul/g]5 .
#!@= dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf nflu pDd]bjf/ dgf]gog ug{ ;Sg] cj:yfM lgod
#!! adf]lhdsf] ;DefJo pDd]bjf/x¿sf] ;"rLdfly ljrf/ u/L ;DalGwt
8Lgn] 1fg, k|ljlw tyf lj1fgsf] If]qdf jf z}lIfs tyf g]kfnsf] /fli6«o
ljsf;sf] If]qdf df}lns b]g lbPsf egL nfu]sf ljlzi6 JolQmnfO{
b]xfosf cj:yfdf dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf nflu ;DefJo pDd]bjf/sf]
¿kdf 5gf]6 ug{ ;Sg]5M
-s_ lgh ljlzi6 JolQmsf] df}lns b]g;DaGwL s[lt k|sflzt eOg;s]sf] eP
k|sfzgof]Uo eGg] nfu]sf] cj:yfdf,
-v_ o; lgod jf sfo{Joj:yf k|0ffnLåf/f c? yk of]Uotf tf]lsPsf] eP ;f]

yk of]Uotf lgh ljlzi6 JolQmdf ePsf] eGg] nfu]sf] cj:yfdf .
Τ
243
#!#= dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf] pDd]bjf/sf] d"Nof°gM -!_ lgod #!@ adf]lhdsf]
pDd]bjf/sf] ;DaGwdf b]xfosf s'/fx¿dfly 5fglag / d"NofÍg u/L 7f];
tyf :ki6 /fo;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug{ cfjZos b]v]df lzIffWoIfn]
ljz]if1x¿sf] Ps d"NofÍg ;ldlt u7g ug{ ;Sg]5M
-s_ pDd]b\jf/ ljlzi6 JolQm xf] xf]Og,
-v_ pDd]b\jf/sf] df}lns b]g;DaGwL s[lt :t/k"0f{ 5 5}g,
-u_ pDd]bjf/sf] df}lns b]g;DaGwL s[lt k|sflzt eOg;s]sf] eP

k|sfzg of]Uo 5 5}g /
-3_ pDd]bjf/nfO{ rflxg] s'g} yk of]Uotf k'u]sf] 5 5}g .
t/ o;/L d"NofÍg ;ldlt u7g ePsf] v08df d"NofÍg ;ldltn]

5fglag / d"NofÍgsf ;DaGwdf ckgfpg'kg]{ ljlw / cfwf/
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
#!$= dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflw k|bfg ug]{ lg0f{o;DaGwL k|lqmofM -!_Τ dfgfy{ ljz]if
pkflwsf] l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfj ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] s'n ;b:o–;ª\Vofsf]
sDtLdf %) -krf;_ k|ltzt k'Ug] u/L ;f] kl/ifb\\sf] a}7sdf pkl:yt
;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf lzIffWoIfsf] k"j{:jLs[lt
lnO{ ;DalGwt 8Lgn] tf]lsPsf] dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf nflu 5gf]6
ePsf pDd]bjf/sf] l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfj k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k|:t't
ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd k|:t't x'g cfPsf] dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf]
l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfj k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] s'n ;b:o–;ª\Vofsf]
;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf k|fl1s
Τ
244
kl/ifb\\sf tkm{af6 lzIffWoIfn] tf]lsPsf] dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf nflu
5gf]6 ePsf] clGtd pDd]bjf/sf] l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfj ;efdf
k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k|:t't x'g cfPsf] dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf]
l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfjsf ;DaGwdf clGtd lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
;efsf] x'g]5 . ;efaf6 cfˆgf] s'n ;b:o–;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf %) -
krf;_ k|ltzt k'Ug] u/L cfˆgf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf] sDtLdf
b'O{ltxfO dtaf6 ;f] k|:tfj kfl/t eO{ lg0f{o ePdf ;f] lg0f{oaf6
tf]lsPsf] ljlzi6 JolQmnfO{ tf]lsPsf] dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflw k|bfg
ul/g]5 .
#!%= ;Ddfgfy{ :gftsf]kflwsf nflu l;kmfl/; -!_ pTs[i6 of]Uotf Pjd\ cToGt
;/fxgLo :yfg k|fKt u/]sf tyf clt k|z+;gLo of]ubfg u/]sf ljlzi6
JolQmnfO{ ;Ddfgfy{ :gftsf]kflw ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|bfg ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ljlzi6 JolQmnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;Ddfgfy{

:gftsf]kflw k|bfg ug]{ l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfj sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf]
k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ lzIffWoIfn] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k|:t't ug]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k|:t't x'g cfPsf] ;Ddfgfy{ :gftsf]kflwsf]

l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfj k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] s'n ;b:o–;ª\Vofsf]
;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf tf]lsPsf] ;Ddfgfy{
:gftsf]kflw k|bfg ug{sf nflu ljlzi6 JolQmsf] gfd;lxtsf] k|:tfa
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] tkm{af6 ;efdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
-$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhd k|:t't x'g cfPsf] ;Ddgfy{ :gftsf]kflwsf]

l;kmfl/;;DaGwL k|:tfj ;efsf] s'n ;b:o–;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf %) -
krf;_ k|ltzt k'Ug] u/L ;f] ;efsf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:ox¿sf]
sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO dtaf6 kfl/t ePdf ;f] lg0f{oadf]lhd tf]lsPsf]
ljlzi6 JolQmnfO{ tf]lsPsf] ;Ddfgfy{ :gftsf]kflw k|bfg ul/g]5 .
245
#!^= k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]vsf] 9f“rf tf]Sg] Joj:yfM -!_
ljZjljBfnoaf6 k|bfg ul/g] k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]vsf] 9fFrf
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df ;efn] tf]Sg]5 .
-@_ k|df0fkq / dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]vdf ljZjljBfnosf] 5fksf] lrGx cª\lst

x'g'sf ;fy} To;df x:tfIf/ ug]{ kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kb :ki6 pNn]v
x'g'kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ / -@_ df h'g;'s} s'/f pNn]v ePsf] eP tfklg k|df0fkq
/ dfgfy{ pkflw gofF ¿kdf gtf]lsP;Dd xfn ;flassf] k|df0fkq tyf
pkflwsf] 9fFrf g} k|of]udf /lx/xg] 5 .
#!&= k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]vsf] d'b|0f / lxkmfhtM -!_ k|df0fkq tyf
dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]v ;Vt] ;'/lIft tyf ;+/lIft 5fkfvfgfdf cToGt
uf]Kotfsf ;fy d'b|0f u/fpg'kg]{5 .
-@_ d'lb|t k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]v k/LIff lgoGqssf] jf lghåf/f
tf]lsPsf] sd{rf/Lsf] lhDdfdf cToGt ;'/Iffsf ;fy e08f/df /fVg'
tyf /fVg nufpg' /lh:6«f/sf] st{Jo tyf lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 .
-#_ d'lb|t k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]vdWo] s]xL jf ;a} rf]/L ePdf
jf x/fPdf jf gi6 ug'{ k/]df jf k|of]udf Nofpg' cg'ko'Qm ePdf jf
cGo o:t} cj:yf k/]df To;af/] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 x'g]
lg0f{oadf]lhd ug'{ u/fpg' /lh:6«f/sf] st{Jo / lhDd]jf/L x'g]5 .
#!*= k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]v x:tfGt/0f ug]{ cj:yfM -!_ k|df0fkq
tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]vsf] x:tfGt/0f jflif{s bLIffGt ;df/f]xdf
ul/g]5 .
t/ jflif{s jf ljz]if bLIffGt ;df/f]xdf x:tfGt/0f x'g g;Sg] jf

g;s]sf] k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]v k/LIff lgoGqsaf6 tf]lsPsf]
;t{ / /Lt k'¥ofO{ h'g;'s} ;dodf klg x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 .
246
-@_ k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflw kfpg u|fXo JolQm ;f] gkfpFb} b]xfj;fg
ePdf lghsf] d/0ff]k/fGt lghsf] k|dfl0ft xsjfnfnfO{ pks'nkltsf]
k"j{:jLs[ltaf6 x:tfGt/0f ul/g]5 .
#!(= k|ltlnlk lbg ;lsg] Joj:yfM x:tfGt/0f eO;s]sf] k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{
pkflw k|n]v x/fPsf] jf rf]l/Psf] jf gi6 jf cGoyf ePsf] sf/0fn]
;DalGwt JolQm jf lghsf] xsbf/sf] cfj]bg k/]df ;f] Joxf]/f k|dfl0ft /
ljZj;gLo ePdf k/LIff lgoGqsn] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPsf] z'Ns
lnO{ jf To:tf] z'Ns 5'6 x'g] cj:yfdf 5'6 lbO{ To:tf k|df0fkq jf
k|n]vsf] k|ltlnlk lbg'kg]{5 .
#@)= k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{ pkflwsf ;DaGwdf ;efaf6 c;fwf/0f lg0f{o ug{
;lsg] cj:yfM ljZjljBfnoaf6 lbOPsf] s'g} k|df0fkq tyf dfgfy{
pkflwsf ;DaGwdf s'g} uDeL/ q'l6 b]lvPdf jf /fli6«o lxtsf nflu
c;fwf/0f cj:yf cfOk/]df To:tf] k|df0fkq jf dfgfy{ pkflw k|n]v
lvRg], lkmtf{ lng], :ylut ug]{ jf vf/]h ug]{ h:tf lg0f{o ug]{ clwsf/
;efnfO{ x'g]5 .
t/ To:tf] lg0f{o ;efn] cfˆgf] s'n ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf

&% -krxQ/_ k|ltzt k'Ug] u/L cfˆgf] a}7sdf pkl:yt ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf]
sDtLdf b'O{ltxfO ax'dtaf6 dfq ug{ ;Sg]5 .
247
kl/R5]b – &&
ljifo ;ldltsf] u7g
#@!= ljifo ;ldltsf] u7gM -!_ ljZjljBfnosf] cWoog ;+:yfg jf
;ª\sfocGtu{tsf z}lIfs tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{qmdsf ljifox¿sf nflu
k|fl1s lgsfosf ¿kdf sfd ug{ k|To]s cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf
b]xfosf ;b:ox¿ ePsf] Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L ljifo ;ldlt x'g]5g\M–
-s_ ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo ljefusf k|d'v cWoIf
:ki6Ls/0fM
;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo ljefuLo k|d'v g/x]sf
cGo ljifox¿df ;fdfGotM kbut h]i7tfsf]
cfwf/df 8Lgaf6 lgo'Q lzIfs cWoIf x'g]5 .
-v_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf ljleGg txdf k|fWofkg

ug]{ lzIfsx¿dWo]af6 a9Ldf !% hgf ;b:o
-u_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf lzIfsx¿

dWo]af6 a9Ldf b'O{ hgf ;b:o
-3_ ljZjljBfnoaflx/sf ljifo;DaGwL

ljz]if1 a9Ldf ltg hgf ;b:o
Τ
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf ;b:ox¿sf] dgf]gog cWoIfsf] /fo lnO{
8Lgn] ltg jif{sf nflu ug]{5 .
π
-#_ cWoIfn] ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 PshgfnfO{ ljifo ;ldltsf] ;lrj e}
sfd ug{ tf]Sg]5 .
Τ
248
kl/R5]b – &*
ljifo ;ldltsf] / cWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/
#@@= ljifo ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M k|To]s ljifo ;ldltsf] sfd,
-s_ Τz}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿df gofF ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug'{kg]{ ;DalGwt ljleGg

ljifox¿ 8Lg;dIf k]; ug]{ ,
-v_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿df ;dfj]z eO/fv]sf ;DalGwt ljifox¿dWo]

vf/]h, PsLs[t jf cGo Joj:yf ug'{kg]{ ljifosf ;DaGwdf
8Lg;dIf l;kmfl/; ug]{ ,
-u_ z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿cGtu{t /x]sf ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] kf7\oqmd

;do–;dodf k'g/fjnf]sg u/L To;df ;+zf]wg, kl/is/0f /
kl/dfh{g cflb u/L kf7\oqmd th'{df ug]{ jf u/fpg] ,
-3_ th'{df ePsf ljleGg ljifosf] kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0fsf nflu k|fl1s

kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/; k7fpg ljBfkl/ifb\\ jf cWoog ;+:yfg jf
;ª\sfodf k|:tfj k7fpg] ,
-ª_ ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;df k|fl1s kl/ifb\\af6 lgwf{/0f ePsf

;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] kf7\oqmd k|efjsf/L tyf :t/k"0f{ ¿kn]
sfof{Gjog ug{ u/fpg cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf ;'emfj jf
l;kmfl/; k7fpg] ,
π
Τ
249
-r_ Τ;DalGwt ljifo;DaGwL k|fWofkg / cg';Gwfgsf] :t/ clej[l4 ug]{
u/fpg] ljlwsf] ljsf;sf nflu sfd ug]{ u/fpg] ,
-5_Τ;DalGwt ljifosf] k|fWofkg, cg';Gwfgsf] :t/ / k|efjsfl/tfaf/]
cg'udg / ;dLIff ug]{ u/fpg] ,
-h_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] k|j4{gsf nflu lzIfsx¿sf] lgldQ
j[lQljsf; tyf k|fl1s sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug]{ u/fpg] ,
-em_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf nflu clgjfo{ jf ;fGble{s kf7\ok':ts,
kf7\o;fdfu|L / oGq, pks/0f, /f;folgs kbfy{ / cGo
cfjZostfx¿ klxNofO{ ljZjljBfno tyf ;DaGwgk|fKt
SofDk;x¿sf] k':tsfno / k|n]vfno, ;+u|xfno / k|of]uzfnf
cflbdf ltgnfO{ /fVg nufpg] Joj:yf ug]{ ,
-`_ k/LIffsf nflu k|flZgsx¿, k|Zg ;+zf]wgstf{, k/LIfsx¿, /
;Dk/LIfsx¿sf] ;"rL k/LIff lgoGqssf] cg'/f]wdf cWoIfn] k7fpg]
jf k7fpg nufpg] ,
-6_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf ljz]if1x¿sf] gfdfjnL ;]jf cfof]u / cGo
ljleGg lgsfox¿sf] cg'/f]wdf cWoIfn] k7fpg] jf k7fpg
nufpg] ,
-7_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf k/LIffsf] lsl;d tf]Sg, x]/km]/ ug{,
k/LIff;DaGwL ljz]if ;t{x¿ / cGo Joj:yf ug{ cWoog;+:yfg jf
;ª\sfodf cg'/f]w k7fpg] ,
-8_ ;DalGwt ljifox¿sf] cWoog, k|lzIf0f / cg';Gwfgsf nflu egf{
x'g rflxg] of]Uotf jf k"j{of]Uotf tf]Sg] k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df l;kmfl/;
k7fpg cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf k|:tfj k7fpg] ,
-9_ ljBfkl/ifb\\af6 k|fKt lgb]{zg kfng ug]{ ,
Τ
250
-0f_ 8Lg jf k/LIff lgoGqs jf kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L
lgb]{zs / ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt ljleGg lgsfox¿ / kIfx¿n] dfu]sf
jf cfk"mn] plrt 7fg]sf /fo jf ;'emfj cWoIfn] k7fpg] /
-t_ ljZjljBfnosf cGo lgod, sfo{k|0ffnL jf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL /
lgb]{zgdf tf]lsPsf cGo sfd ug]{ u/fpg] .
#@$= ljifo ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M ljifo ;ldltsf]
cWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7snfO{ lg/Gt/tf / lgoldttf lbg] ,
-v_ ljifo ;ldltsf] clwsf/ If]qleq kg]{ z}lIfs tyf cg';Gwfg;DaGwL
ljifox¿ k7gkf7g x'g] SofDk;sf ljefux¿ / s]Gb|Lo ljefux¿l;t
;Dks{ / ;DaGw a9fpg], hfgsf/L cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ / To:tf
lgsfox¿df lg/LIf0f ug]{ ,
-u_ ljifo ;ldlt;DaGwL tf]lsPsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ ,
-3_ 8Lgaf6 k|Tofof]lht clwsf/ k|of]u ug]{ /
-ª_ tf]lsPsf cGo sfd ug]{ u/fpg] .
#@$= ljifo ;ldltsf] Joj:yfkgsf nfluM ljifo ;ldltsf] Joj:yfkg / sfd
sf/afxLsf nflu :yfg / cGo cfjZos Joj:yf 8Lgaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd
x'g]5 .
#@%= lgb]{zg kfng ug'{kg]{ afWotfM -!_ ljifo ;ldltn] ljBfkl/ifb\\af6 k|fKt
lgb]{zg kfng ug'{kg]{5 .
251
kl/R5]b – &(
ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldlt
#@^= ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldltM -!_ ljifo ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6
ljifo ;ldltsf] cWoIfsf] l;kmfl/;df 8Lgaf6 dgf]gLt @ hgfb]lv $
hgf;Dd ;b:o /x]sf] Ps :yfoL ;ldlt /xg]5 . ;f] :yfoL ;ldltsf]
cWoIftf ljifo ;ldlts} cWoIfn] ug]{5 .
-@_ ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ b]xfoadf]lhd

x'g]5M
-s_ ljifo ;ldltsf] sfd / st{JonfO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf k|efjsf/L ;Ifd

tyf pkfb]os agfpFb} n}hfgsf nflu k"jf{wf/, cfjZostf, ;]jf /
;'ljwfsf] ;[hgf / ljsf;;DaGwL sfd lgoldt ¿kdf ug]{
u/fpg],
-v_ ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7s c;fwf/0f / ljz]if kl/l:ylt jf cToGt

;dofefjsf] sf/0fn] x'g g;Sg] cj:yfdf kof{Kt / plrt sf/0f
hgfO{ cljnDa gu/L gx'g] ljifo ;ldltsf] clwsf/If]qleqsf] sfd
ug]{ ,
-u_ cfjZostfg';f/ ;do ;dodf a}7s a;L ljifo ;ldltsf] sfd

lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ug]{ u/fpg] /
-3_ ljifo ;ldltaf6 lgb]{lzt sfdx¿ ug]{ .
-#_ ljifo ;ldlt tyf To;sf] a}7ssf nflu nfu" x'g] lgodx¿ /
l;4fGtx¿ Jojxf/tM nfu" x'g ;Sg] xb;Dd ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL
;ldltsf] xsdf klg ;fdfGotM k|of]u ug'{kg]{5 .
252
-$_ ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldltn] cfkm"n] u/]sf sfdx¿, lg0f{ox¿ tyf
cGo ;DalGwt ljifoj:t'x¿sf] ljj/0f Pjd\ k|ltj]bgsf] hfgsf/L
;dLIff / cg'df]bgsf nflu nuQ} ;DkGg x'g] ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7sdf
k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 . t/ ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldltsf lg0f{ox¿ plrt
tyf kof{Kt sf/0fsf] cfwf/df dfq ljifo ;ldltn] cg'df]bg ug]{5 .
253
kl/R5]b – *)
Τljifo ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw
#@&= a}7s clgjfo{ ¿kn] a:g'kg]{ Joj:yfM -!_ ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7s k|To]s
cfly{s jif{df sDtLdf @ -b'O{_ k6s x'g'kg]{5 . t/ Ps a}7s / csf]{
nuQ}sf] a}7ssf lar ^ dlxgfeGbf a9L cGt/ x'g'x'Fb}g .
-@_Τljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7s lgoldt ¿kn] cfjZostfg';f/

;do–;dodf a:g]5 .
#@*= a}7ssf nflu u0fk"/s ;ª\VofM ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7s a:gsf nflu
tTsfn axfn /x]sf] ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf krf; k|ltzt ;b:ox¿sf]
pkl:yltnfO{ u0fk"/s dflgg]5 . To:tf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof gk'uL a}7s
a:g ;Sg]5}g .
t/ u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof gk'uL a}7s a:g g;sL k'gM af]nfOPsf] a}7ssf]

lgldQ tTsfn axfn /x]sf] ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] sDtLdf t]lQ; k|ltzt
;b:osf] pkl:yltnfO{ a}7s a:gsf lgldQ u0fk"/s dflgg]5 .
#@(= a}7s a:g] :yfgM a}7s cWoIfn] tf]s]sf] :yfgdf a:g]5 .
##)= a}7s;DaGwL ;"rgfM -!_ a}7s a:g] ldlt, ;do, :yfg / a}7sdf 5nkmn
ul/g] ljifo;d]t :ki6 ¿kn] ls6fg u/L ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7ssf] xsdf
a}7s a:g'eGbf sDtLdf !) -b;_ lbgcufj} / ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL
;ldltsf] xsdf a}7s a:g'eGbf sDtLdf # -ltg_ lbgcufj} cWoIfsf]
cg'dlt lnO{ ;b:ox¿nfO{ lnlvt ;"rgf k7fpg'kg]{5 .
Τ
254
-@_ ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldltsf] cfsl:ds a}7s af]nfpg'kg]{ ljz]if
cj:yf k/]df cWoIfn] 5f]6f] ;dod} klg ;b:ox¿nfO{ a}7s a:g'kg]{
sf/0f;lxtsf] ;"rgf lbO{ To:tf] cfsl:ds a}7s af]nfpg ;Sg]5 .
Τ
##!= k|:tfj;DaGwL ljlwM a}7sdf 5nkmnsf nflu k|:t't x'g] k|:tfjx¿
cWoIfaf6 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
##@= lg0f{o ug]{ tl/sfM a}7ssf] lg0f{o pkl:yt ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] ax'dtaf6
x'g]5 .
###= lg0f{osf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{ Joj:yfM -!_ a}7ssf] lg0f{osf] clen]v

cWoIfn] tf]s]adf]lhdsf] 9fFrfdf /flvg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd ul/Psf lg0f{ox¿dWo] s'g} lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em\g]
;b:on] 5f]6s/Ldf lg0f{o k'l:tsfdf s}lkmot hgfO{ x:tfIf/ ug{
kfpg]5 .
##$= lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/M a}7ssf] lg0f{o k|dfl0ft ug]{ clwsf/
cWoIfnfO{ x'g]5 .
##%= lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk k7fpg'kg]{ Joj:yfM a}7ssf] lg0f{osf] k|ltlnlk

;b:ox¿ / cfjZostfg';f/ ljZjljBfnosf ;DalGwt lgsfox¿df
k7fOg]5 .
##^= a}7sdf cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]M -!_ a}7sdf s'g} JolQmnfO{ klg cWoIfn]
cfdGq0f ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-@_ a}7sdf dt lbg] sfdafx]s o; lgodsf] cwLgdf /xL dGtJo k|s6 ug{
jf af]Ng jf 5nkmn / ax;df efu lng cfdlGqt JolQmnfO{ 5'6
x'g]5 .
Τ
255
t/ ko{j]Ifssf] ¿kdf /xg] cfdlGqt JolQmnfO{ a}7sdf ko{j]If0f ug]{
;'ljwf dfq k|fKt x'g]5 .
##& Τ;lrjfnoM ljifo ;ldltsf] ;lrjfno ;DalGwt s]Gb|Lo ljefu jf

;DalGwt 8Lg sfof{nodf /xg]5 .
##*= clgjfo{ ljifosf] ljifo ;ldltM -!_ cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfocGtu{t

clgjfo{ ¿kn] k9fO x'g] ljifosf ljifo ;ldltx¿sf] u7g b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g]5M–
-s_ ;DalGwt ljifosf bIftf k|fKt
JolQmx¿af6 ;fdfGotM k|fWofks
jf ;xk|fWofks cWoIf
-v_ kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb|sf sfo{sf/L

lgb]{zs ;b:o
-u_ ;ª\sfo / cWoog ;+:yfgsf] k|s[lt x]/L

k|To]saf6 k|lltglwTj x'g] u/L sDtLdf
!) hgf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt lzIfs ;b:o
-3_ ljZjljBfno aflx/sf ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt

ljz]if1x¿dWo]af6 a9Ldf % hgf ;b:o
##(= a}7s eQfM cGo lgoddf Joj:yf ePdf afx]s ljifo ;ldlt tyf ljifo
;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldltsf] a}7sdf efu lnPafkt cWoIf, ;b:o tyf
cfdlGqt JolQmnfO{ ;d]t k|lta}7s eQf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd
lbOg]5 .
Τ
256
#$)= Τ lgodsf] JofVof / afwf km'sfpg] clwsf/M of] lgodsf] JofVof ug]{
clwsf/ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\nfO{ / ljifo ;ldlt;+u ;DalGwt lgod k|of]u
ubf{ k/]sf afwf–c8\sfp k'msfpg] clwsf/ ;DalGwt 8LgnfO{ x'g]5 .
#$!= cGo s'/fx¿sf xsdfM o; kl/R5]bdf n]lvPsf s'/fx¿sf] xsdf o;}

kl/R5]badf]lhd / o;df gn]lvPsf s'/fx¿df nfu" ug{ ;lsg] xb;Dd
k|fl1s kl/ifb\\;Fu ;DalGwt kl/R5]bsf k|fjwfgx¿ nfu" x'g]5g\ .
#$@= sfo{k|0ffnL jf Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL agfpg ;Sg] Joj:yfM o; lgodsf]

kl/R5]b &&, &*, / &( sf] p2]Zo k"lt{ ug{ lzIffWoIfn] sfo{k|0ffnL jf
Joj:yfkg k|0ffnL agfpg ;Sg]5 .
Τ
257
kl/R5]b – *!
:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] u7g / p2]Zo
#$#= SofDk; :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] u7gM k|To]s SofDk;df Ps :jtGq
ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] -o;kl5 o'lgog elgPsf]_ u7g x'g]5 .
-s_ t/ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno SofDk;, sLlt{k'/df k7gkf7g ug]{ ;Dk"0f{
ljBfyL{x¿sf nflu Pp6} o'lgog x'g]5 .
-v_ s'g} SofDk;df hlt;'s} ;ª\sfo jf cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf
ljifox¿sf] k7gkf7g x'g] ePdf klg Pp6} o'lgog x'g]5 .
#$$ Τ :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] p2]ZoM SofDk;df /xg] :jtGq ljBfyL{
o'lgogsf] p2]Zo b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ cfˆgf] SofDk;df ljBfyL{x¿sf] xs, lxtsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{gsf lgldQ
lg/Gt/ sfo{/t /xg],
-v_ ljBfyL{ ;d'bfosf] af}l4s / rfl/lqs ljsf;sf nflu pko'Qm sfo{qmd
th'{df ug]{ / ;f]sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{
-u_ SofDk;leq k7gkf7gsf nflu pko'Qm jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{ u/fpg],
-3_ ljBfyL{x¿df cg'zf;g sfod /fVg],
-ª_ ljBfyL{ zlQmnfO{ af}l4s Pjd\ /rgfTds Πtyf cltl/Qm lqmofsnfkdf
pTk|]l/t u/fpg],
-r_ SofDk;df z}lIfs tyf ;+:yfut ljsf;sf nflu ;b}j lqmofzLn
/xg] /
-5_ tf]lsPsf cGo sfo{x¿ ug]{ .
Τ
Π
@)^( r}q @# ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
258
kl/R5]b – *@
Τ:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] ;b:otf, ;fwf/0f ;ef /
sfo{;ldlt
#$%= ;b:oM -!_ SofDk;df cWoog/t k|To]s ljBfyL{ ;DalGwt o'lgogsf]
;b:osf] ¿kdf btf{ x'g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd o'lgogdf btf{ ePsf] ljBfyL{sf] ;b:otf lgh
SofDk;df lgoldt ¿kn] cWoog u?Gh]n sfod /xg]5 .
:ki6Ls/0fM
SofDk;df lgodfg';f/ egf{ eO{ cWoog/t ljBfyL{ ;f] z}lIfs jif{÷;qsf
nflu lgoldt ljBfyL{ dflgg]5 .
Π
-#_ sfo{;ldltdf /x]sf kbflwsf/L / ;b:o ljBfyL{x¿ h'g tx / ljifosf]
lgoldt ljBfyL{sf] x}l;otdf lgjf{lrt ePsf x'g ;f]xL txsf] clGtd
jif{÷;]d]i6/sf] ;}4flGts k/LIff lbO ;s]kl5 sfo{ ;ldlts]f kbflwsf/L
/ ;b:o kb :jtM ;dfKt ePsf] dflgg]5 .
ϕ
-$_:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] lgjf{rgdf sfo{;ldltdf pDd]bjf/L lbg
rfxg] ljBfyL{sf] pDd]bjf/L btf{ ug]{ clGtd ldlt;Dddf @* jif{
ggf3]sf] x'g'kg]{5 . t/ of] k|fjwfg of] lgod nfu' ePkl5sf] bf]>f]
lgjf{rgb]lv jf lj=;+= @)&@ ;fn j}zfv ! ut]kl5 x'g] lgjf{rgsf
xsdf dfq nfu' x'g]5 .
Τ
Π
ϕ
@)^( r}q @# ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
259
#$^= ;b:otf z'NsM -!_ k|To]s ljBfyL{sf] ;b:otfafktsf] Go"gtd jflif{s
z'Ns sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\af6 tf]lsPadf]lhd x'g]5 .
#$&= ;fwf/0f ;efM -!_ k|To]s o'lgogsf] Ps ;fwf/0f ;ef x'g]5 . ;fwf/0f
;efdf o'lgogsf ;b:osf] ¿kdf /x]sf ;DalGwt ;a} ljBfyL{x¿n] efu
lng kfpg]5g\ .
-@_ k|To]s jif{ sDtLdf Psk6s ;fwf/0f ;efsf] a}7s a:g]5 . t/

o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltn] cfjZos 7fg]df h'g;'s} avt ;fwf/0f ;efsf]
a}7s af]nfpg ;Sg]5 .
-#_ ;fwf/0f ;efsf ;b:ox¿n] o'lgogsf] kbflwsf/Lsf] jf s'g} kbsf

nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g / dtbfg lbg jf lgjf{rgdf efu lng kfpg]5 .
-$_ ;fwf/0f ;efn] sfo{;ldltnfO{ o'lgogsf] gLlt / sfo{qmdsf ;DaGwdf

lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg]5 .
#$*= sfo{;ldltM k|To]s SofD;df o'lgogsf] Ps sfo{;ldlt /xg]5 .
-s_ Π sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rg uf]Ko dtbfgåf/f x'g]5 .
-v_Πsfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rgdf dtbfg ubf{ cWoIf, ;lrj / sf]iffWoIfsf]

dtbfg Ps JolQm Ps dtsf] cfwf/df x'g] lgjf{rg k4ltaf6 x'g]5
. ;b:ox¿sf] xsdf hDdf lgjf{lrt x'g] ;b:ox¿dWo] %) k|ltzt
;b:ox¿sf] nflu k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 / afFsL %) k|ltzt
;b:ox¿sf] lgjf{rg ;dfg'kflts k|0ffnLaf6 x'g]5 . pkfWoIf / ;x
;lrjsf] lgjf{rg lgjf{lrt cWoIf, ;lrj, sf]iffWoIf / ;b:ox¿sf]
;lxtsf] ;ldltn] ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 k|ToIf lgjf{rg k|0ffnLaf6 ug]{5 .
Π
260
-u_Π;dfg'kflt lgjf{rgsf] nflu dtbfg ubf{ k|To]s dtbftfn] ;DalGwt
adf]lhd;ª\3, ;ª\u7g jf ;d"xsf] gfddf dtbfg ug'{ kg]{5 . o;/L
adf]lhd;ª\3, ;ª\u7g jf ;d'xsf] k|fKt dt k|ltztsf] cfwf/df
lgjf{rg ;ldltaf6 ;DalGwt adf]lhd;ª\3, ;ª\u7g jf ;d"xn] k|fKt
u/]sf] ;b:o ;ª\Vof tf]lsPkl5 lgjf{rgsf] l;nl;nfdf k]z ul/Psf]
jGb ;"rLdf pNn]lvt ljBfyL{sf] gfdfjnL leq /xL ;DalGwt ljBfyL{
adf]lhd;ª\3, ;ª\u7g jf ;d'xsf] tkm{af6 lgjf{rg ePsf] ldltn] &
lbgleq lgjf{rg ;ldltnfO{ ;b:osf] gfd pknJw u/fO{ ;s]kl5
;dfg'kflts tkm{sf] ;b:o kbdf lgjf{lrt ePsf] dflgg]5 . o;/L
;dfg'kflts tkm{ lgjf{lrt ePsf] ;b:osf] kbfjlw g;lsGb} s'g}
sf/0fn] kb l/Qm x'g cfPdf jf+sL cjlwsf nflu ;f]xL k|+s[of cg';f/
;+/Ifsn] kbk"lt{ ug]{5 .
-3_ Πsfo{ ;ldltsf] kbfjlw lgjf{rg ePsf] ldltn] ;fwf/0ftofM @ jif{sf]

x'g]5 . t/ s'g} sf/0fjz lgwf{l/t ldltdf lgjf{rg x'g g;s]df a9Ldf
^÷^ dlxgfsf nflu sfo{;ldltsf] kbfjlw lq=lj= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\n]
yk ug{ ;lsg]5 .
-ª_Π:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] k|ToIf lgjf{rgdf pDd]bjf/ ePsf] JolQm

;dfg'kflts tkm{af6 lgjf{lrt x'g kfpg] 5}g .
#$(= sfo{;ldltM sfo{;ldltdf b]xfoadf]lhdsf kbflwsf/L / ;b:o /xg]5g\M
-s_ΠcWoIf ! hgf
-v_ΠpkfWoIf ! hgf
-u_ ;lrj ! hgf
Π
261
-3_ ;xfos ;lrj ! hgf
-ª_ sf]iffWoIf ! hgf
-r_ ;b:ox¿ ^ hgf

Π
dfly v08 -r_ df h];'s} n]lvPsf] ePtfklg SofDk;df b'O{;o ;Dd
ljBfyL{ ;+Vof ePsf]df kbflwsf/L ;lxt P3f/ hgf, b'O{;o Psb]lv
Psxhf/;Dd ljBfyL{ ;+Vof ePsf]df kbflwsf/L ;lxt kGw| hgf,
Psxhf/ Psb]lv ltgxhf/ ljBfyL{ ;+Vof ePsf]df kbflwsf/L ;lxt
pGgfO; hgf, ltg xhf/ Psb]lv dfly ljBfyL{ ;ª\Vof ePsf]df
kbflwsf/L ;lxt PsfO; hgfsf] sfo{;ldlt x'g]5 .
#%)= u0fk"/s ;ª\VofM ;fwf/0f ;ef / sfo{ ;ldltsf] a}7ssf nflu o'lgogsf]
u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ;fwf/0f ;efsf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof ;fdfGo ax'dtnfO{ dflgg]5 . t/

sfo{;ldltsf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof eg] b'O{ltxfO x'g'kg]{5 .
-v_ sf/0fjz klxn] a}7sdf sfo{;ldltsf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof b'O{ltxfO

gk'u]df ;f]xL ;DaGwdf csf]{ k6s a}7s a:bf u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof ;fdfGo
ax'dtnfO{ dflgg]5 .
#%!= l/Qm kbsf] k"lt{ M l/Qm kbsf] k"lt{ b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ s'g} sf/0fjz ΠcWoIfsf] kb l/Qm x'g cfPdf ΠpkfWoIfn] cWoIfsf]

sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg]5 .
-v_ ;lrjsf] kb l/Qm x'g cfPdf ;xfos ;lrjn] sfo{ef/ ;DxfNg]5 .
Π
262
-u_ cGo kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] kb l/Qm x'g cfPdf sfo{;ldltn] sfo{;ldltsf
;b:ox¿dWo]af6 kbk"lt{ ug]{5 .
-3_ lgod #%# adf]lhd sfo{;ldltsf] lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj kfl/t

ePdf lgjf{rgåf/f sfo{;ldltsf] u7g x'g]5 .
263
kl/R5]b – *#
Τ
:jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rg tyf sfd,
st{Jo / clwsf/
#%@= sfo{;ldltsf] u7gM o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltsf] u7g k|lqmof b]xfoadf]lhd
x'g]5M
-s_ o'lgogsf] lgjf{rgsf nflu SofDk; k|d'vn] Ps lgjf{rg clws[t /

;xof]uLx¿ cfjZostfg';f/ tf]Sg]5 .
-v_ lgjf{rg clws[tn] lgjf{rg;DaGwL sfo{ljlw th'{df u/L lgjf{rg

u/fpg]5 .
-u_ s'g} kbflwsf/L jf ;b:on] kfPsf] dt a/fa/ ePdf lgjf{rg clws[tn]

uf]nf k|yfåf/f lg0f{o ug]{5 .
-3_ lgjf{rgdf ljBfyL{x¿n] cfˆgf] ;ª\ul7t jf :jtGq jf JolQmut¿kdf

pDd]bjf/L lbg ;Sg]5g\ .
#%#= sfo{;ldltsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/M o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltsf] sfd,

-s_ sfo{;ldltn] lgod #$$ df pNn]v ePsf p2]Zox¿sf] kl/k"lt{sf nflu

sfd ug]{,
-v_ sfo{;ldltn] kbflwsf/Lx¿ / ;b:ox¿sf] sfd / st{Jo lgwf{/0f ug]{ /
Τ
264
-u_ SofDk;n] ljBfyL{ lxt;Fu ;DalGwt s'g} ;ldltsf] u7g ubf{ To;df
o'lgogsf] ;efklt jf lghn] tf]s]sf] sfo{;ldltsf] ;b:on] k|ltlglwTj
ug]{5 .
#%$= a}7ssf] sfo{ljlwM o'lgogsf] ;fwf/0f ;ef tyf sfo{ ;ldltsf]

a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ;fwf/0f ;ef tyf sfo{;ldltsf] a}7ssf] cWoIftf sfo{;ldltsf]

Π
cWoIfn] ug]{5 .
-v_ sfo{;ldltsf] a}7s cfjZostfcg';f/ ΠcWoIfsf] lgb]{zgdf ;lrjn]

af]nfpg]5 .
-u_ ;fwf/0f ;efsf lgldQ sDtLdf !% lbg / sfo{;ldltsf] lgldQ

sDtLdf @ lbg cufl8 5nkmn x'g] ljifox¿;d]t pNn]v u/L ;"rgf
lbg'kg]{5 .
-3_ a}7s;DaGwL cGo k|lqmofx¿ sfo{;ldltn] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 .
#%%= lg0f{o M lg0f{o lng] k|lqmof b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ax'dtåf/f ePsf] lg0f{onfO{ ;fwf/0f ;ef jf sfo{;ldltsf] lg0f{o

dflgg]5 .
-v_ kIf–ljkIfdf dt a/fa/ ePdf ΠcWoIfn] lg0ff{os dt lbg]5 .
#%^= cljZjf;sf] k|:tfjM b]xfosf] k|lqmof k'/f u/L o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltsf

lj?4 cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj k|:t't ug{ ;lsg]5 M
Π
265
-s_ s'n ;fwf/0f ;b:o ;ª\Vofsf] @% k|ltzt ;b:osf] x:tfIf/ u/L
sfo{;ldlt jf sfo{;ldltsf] s'g} ;b:o jf kbflwsf/L lj?4 sf/0f
;lxtsf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj o'lgogsf] sfof{no;dIf k]; ug{
;lsg]5 .
-v_ dfly v08 -s_ adf]lhd cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj btf{ ePkl5 To;sf] !%
lbgleq ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg' kg]{5 .
-u_ cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj ;fwf/0f ;efsf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vofsf] b'O{ltxfO

ax'dtåf/f cg'df]bg ePdf kfl/t ePsf] dflgg]5 .
-3_ dfly h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg sfo{ ;ldlt u7g ePsf]
;fwf/0ftM ^ dlxgf;Dd s'g} lsl;dsf] cljZjf;sf] k|:tfj Nofpg
;lsg]5}g .
#%&= cfly{s Joj:yfM o'lgogsf] cfly{s Joj:yf b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ ;fwf/0f ;b:on] a'emfPsf] ;b:otf z'Ns cGoyf Joj:yf ePdf afx]s
SofDk;n] a'lemlnO{ o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltnfO{ !-Ps_ dlxgfleq
x:tfGt/0f ug]{5 .
-v_ dfly v08 -s_ adf]lhd k|fKt x'g cfPsf] /sd / sfo{;ldltn] cGo
;|f]taf6 k|fKt u/]sf] /sd s'g} a}s
+ jf ljQLo ;+:yfdf vftf vf]nL %
lbgleq hDdf ug'{kg]{5 .
-u_ dfly v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] vftf ;~rfng ;efklt jf lghn] tf]s]sf]
sfo{;ldltsf kblwsf/L jf ;b:ox¿dWo]af6 ! hgf / sf]iffWoIfsf]
;+o'Qm b:tvtaf6 x'g]5 .
266
-3_ ΤcfDbfgL vr{sf] ljlwjt\ lx;fa /fVg'kg]{5 / ;f]sf] n]vf k/LIf0f
Π
lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] lgoldt n]vf kl/If0f k|lqmofåf/f u/fO{ k|fKt
k|ltj]bg To;kl5 a:g] ;fwf/0f ;efdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 . klxnf] jif{sf]
n]vf k/LIf0f u/fPsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt geP ;Dd /sd lgsf;f lbg
SofDk; k|zf;g afWo x'g]5}g .
#%*= ;+/IfsM -!_ o'lgogsf] ;+/Ifs ;DalGwt SofDk;sf SofDk; k|d'v jf

lk|lG;kn jf tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L jf clwsf/L x'g]5 .
-@_ sfo{;ldlt jf ;fwf/0f ;efn] u/]sf] lg0f{ox¿sf hfgsf/L ΠcWoIfn]

;+/IfsnfO{ % lbgleq lbg'kg]{5 .
-#_ kl/R5]b *) sf] lgod #$! df pNn]v ePsf p2]Zox¿ k'/f ug]{
u/fpg] qmddf ;+/Ifsn] cfjZos /fo;Nnfx / ;xof]u lbg]5 .
-$_ ;+/Ifsn] sfo{;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df o'lgogsf ΠcWoIfsf] / sfo{

;ldltn] cGo kbflwsf/L tyf ;b:ox¿sf] /flhgfdf :jLs[t ug]5
{ .
-%_ ;+/Ifsn] lgjf{rg ;DaGwdf p7]sf ljjfbsf] clGtd lg0f{o ug]{5 .
-^_ pklgod % adf]lhd ;+/Ifsn] u/]sf] lg0f{odf lrQ ga'em] ;f]pk/

ljZjljBfnosf] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]sf] JolQm jf ;ldltn] k'g/fj]bg
;'gL lg0f{o ug]{5 .
Τ
Π
267
kl/R5]b – *$
ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf
#%(= P]g / lgod kfng ug'{kg]{ M ljBfyL{n] P]g, lgod, ljZjljBfnosf]
cfª\lus SofDk; jf s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfosf] sfo{k|0ffnL, lgb]{zg,
;"rgf / kl/kq cflb kfng ug'{kg]{5 .
#^)= z}lIfs sfo{qmddf ;l/s x'g'kg]{ M ljZjljBfnodf jf SofDk;df egf{

kfPsf lgoldt ljBfyL{n] ;DalGwt z}lIfs sfo{qmddf tf]lsPadf]lhd
;l/s eO{ To;df ;d'QL0f{ x'g cWoog/t Pjd\ k|oTg/t /xg'kg]{5 .
#^!= ljZjljBfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug'{kg]{M cfk"m cWoog/t ljZjljBfnosf] ul/df,

k|lti7f / dof{bfsf] clej[l4sf nflu ljBfyL{n] ;Sbf] of]ubfg, ;xof]u /
;b\efjgf /fVg'k5{ .
#^@= kf/:kl/s ;DaGw / ;xof]u ug'{kg]{ M Ps ljBfyL{n] csf]{ ljBfyL{df

;';DaGw, ;b\Jojxf/, ;xof]u, ;b\efjgf tyf lzi6frf/ hfu[t
u/fpg'k5{ .
#^#= ljBfyL{ cg'zf;gdf /xg'kg]{M ljZjljBfnosf] xftf jf If]qleq / aflx/

ljBfyL{ cg'zf;gdf /xg'k5{ .
#^$= ljBfyL{x¿n] lzIfs / kbflwsf/LnfO{ cfb/ ug'{kg]{M ljBfyL{x¿n]

kbflwsf/L, lzIfs / sd{rf/LnfO{ cfb/;"rs ;Daf]wg / Jojxf/
ug'{k5{ .
#^%= jf:tljs tYo k|sfz ug'kg]{ M ljZjljBfnodf egf{ kfpg, s'g} 5fqj[lQ,
kbs jf ;x'lnot jf cGo s'g} clwsf/ jf sfd kfpg ljBfyL{n] cfˆgf]
hGdldlt, hGd:yfg, 7]ufgf, z}lIfs pkflw jf cGo s'/f 9fF6\g' jf
n'sfpg' jf l5kfpg' jf em'6f] ljj/0f lbg' jf cGo o:t} cjf~5gLo /
cg'lrt sfd s'/f ug'{ u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
268
#^^= ljZjljBfnosf] xftfleq ug{ gx'g]M ljBfyL{n] ljZjljBfnosf] xftfleq
b]xfosf sfd s'/f ug'{ u/fpg' x'“b}gM
-s_ SofDk; k|d'v jf clwsf/k|fKt clwsf/Lsf] k"j{:jLs[ltljgf ;fj{hlgs

;ef, k|bz{gL, v]ns"b, gfrufg, gf6s, rnlrq k|bz{g, ;f+:s[lts jf
dgf]/~hg sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf jf ;~rfng ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-v_ s'g} 3fts xftxltof/ / cjf~5gLo jf lgif]lwt dfnj:t';lxt

pkl:yt x'g' jf e]nf ug'u{ /fpg' ,
-u_ x"nx'Hht, bjfj, k|efj, hah{:tL, tf]8kmf]8, cZnLn, Ozf/f / s'6kL6,

x/xdfnf, ufnLunf]h, ceb| Jojxf/ / 3]/fp ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-3_ z}lIfs / k|fl1s jftfj/0fdf c:j:ytf jf k|lts"ntf Nofpg' jf

Nofpg nufpg' ,
-ª_ kmf]xf]/d}nf / cGo b"lift sfd ug'{ u/fpg' ,
-r_ lgif]lwt If]qdf k|j]z ug'{ u/fpg' /
-5_ ljZjljBfnosf] SofDk; jf s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfosf] k|d'vaf6

lgif]lwt egL tf]lsPsf] cGo sfd ug'{ u/fpg' .
#^&= SofDk;sf] sIff / k|of]uzfnf cflbdf ;lDdlnt x'g gkfpg] M Ps

SofDk; jf lzIf0f ;+:yfdf egf{ lnO{ jf glnO{ ljgf:jLs[lt s'g} ljBfyL{
jf JolQmn] klg csf]{ s'g} SofDk;df cWoog jf cEof; cflbsf nflu
;lDdlnt x'g' x'Fb}g .
#^*= ljZjljBfnosf] ;DklQdf xflg–gf]S;fgL k'¥ofpg' gx'g] M ljBfyL{n]

ljZjljBfno jf To;sf] s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfosf] ejg, kmlg{r/,
k':ts, k'l:tsf, ;fdfu|L, oGq, pks/0f, cf}hf/, dfnj:t'nufot
269
u}/crn Pjd\ rn ;DklQsf] lxgfldgf, xflg gf]S;fgL jf b'¿kof]u ug'{
u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
#^(= ljZjljBfnosf kbflwsf/L tyf lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{ cg'lrt bjfa lbg'

gx'g] M s'g} kblwsf/L jf lzIfs jf sd{rf/L jf ljBfyL{ jf cGo s'g}
JolQmnfO{ dfgl;s jf zf/Ll/s si6 lbg] dg;fon] s'g} cg'lrt sfd
s'/f ug'{ u/fpg' x'Fb}g .
#&)= cg'dlta]u/ sIff k|j]z ug{ / 5f]8\g gx'g] M lzIfsn] k|fWofkg jf dfu{bz{g
jf lgb]z{ g lbO/x]sf] sIff, k|of]uzfnf jf cGo s'g} :yfgdf lghsf]
cg'dlt glnO{ ljBfyL{n] k|j]z ug'{ jf ToxfFaf6 lg:sg' x'Fb}g .
#&!= z'Ns jf cGo cltl/Qm /sd ;doleq} ltg'{kg]{ M ljZjljBfno, To;sf]

SofDk; jf cGo s'g} lgsfon] nufPsf] z'Ns jf cGo /sd ;DalGwt
ljBfyL{n] tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq lgoldt ¿kn] ltg'{k5{ .
#&@= kl/rokq ;fydf /fVg'kg]{M ljBfyL{n] ljZjljBfnosf] SofDk; jf s'g}

;ª\u7g jf lgsfodf k|j]z ubf{ jf /xFbfsf] ;dodf cfˆgf] kl/rokq
cfkm";fy} /fVg] ug'{k5{ . ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfon]
ljBfyL{sf nflu s'g} lsl;dsf] kf];fs nufpg tf]lsPsf] /x]5 eg] ;f]
kf];fsdf SofDk; jf sIff k|j]z ug'{kg]{5 .
#&#= k':tsnufot cGo aSof}tf a'emfpg' kg]{M SofDk; jf ljZjljBfnosf] s'g}

;ª\u7g jf lgsfodf cfˆgf] cWoog jf ;q jf cjlw ;dfKt ePkl5
ljBfyL{n] cfkm"n] k':tsfnoaf6 lnO/fv]sf] k':ts jf cGo j:t' jf
a'emfpg afFsL /x]sf] /sd jf cGo aSof}tf tf]lsPsf] Dofbleq
a'emfpg'k5{ .
270
kl/R5]b – *%
cfrf/ ;+lxtf;DaGwL sf/afxL / ;hfo
#&$= sf/afxL / ;hfo M -!_ o; lgodsf] kl/R5]b *$ df plNnlvt s'g}
cfrf/ ;+lxtf / ljZjljBfnosf] cGo lgod / sfo{k|0fnL s'g} ljBfyL{n]
pNnª\3g u/]df pNnª\3g u/]sf] cfrf/;+lxtfsf] k|s[lt, lsl;d / dfqf
x]/L To:tf pNnª\3gstf{ ljBfyL{nfO{ cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s sf/afxL
u/L b]xfosf] s'g} Ps jf ;f]eGbf a9L ;hfo lbg ;lsg]5 .
-s_ r]tfjgL,
-v_ lnlvt gl;xt,
-u_ xflg–gf]S;fgL jf Ifltk"lt{sf] k"/} jf cf+lzs /sd,
-3_ a9Ldf !% lbg;Dd sIff jf k|of]uzfnf ;d]taf6 lgnDag,
-ª_ s'g} lgwf{l/t ;dosf nflu SofDk; jf ljefuaf6 lgisf;g,
-r_ SofDk; jf ljefudf lglZrt cjlwsf nflu eljiodf z}lIfs

sfo{qmddf k|j]zsf nflu /f]Ssf /
-5_ ljZjljBfnodf s'g} lglZrt cjlwsf nflu cWoog ug{ gkfpg]

u/L lgisf;g .
-@_ pklgod ! sf] v08 -5_ afx]s cGo plNnlvt ;hfo ug]{ clwsf/
;DalGwt ljBfyL{ btf{ ePsf] jf cWoog/t SofDk; jf ljefu jf
ljZjljBfnosf] s'g} ;ª\u7g jf lgsfosf] k|d'vnfO{ x'g]5 .
271
-#_ Τ pklgod -!_ sf] v08 -5_ sf] ;hfo lbg'k/]df pklgod -@_ df
tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L jf clwsf/Lsf] l;kmfl/;df sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] ug{
;Sg]5 .
-$_ pklgod -!_df plNnlvt Æsf/afxLÆ sf] k|lqmof jf tl/sf pklgod -

@_ / -#_ df tf]lsPsf] kbflwsf/L jf clwsf/L cfk}mn] tf]Sg jf
Jojl:yt ug{ ;Sg]5 .
#&%= sfo{k|0ffnL jf ;"rgf k|sflzt ug{ ;Sg] M o; lgodsf] kl/R5]b *$ df

h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg SofDk; k|d'v jf lk|lG;kn jf ljefuLo
k|d'v jf ;DalGwt kbflwsf/L jf clwsf/Ln] ljBfyL{n] kfng ug'{kg]{ yk
cfrf/;+lxtf jf kfng ug'{kg]{ ;t{sf ;DaGwdf sfo{k|0ffnL jf ;"rgf
hf/L ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf] ;"rgfdf plNnlvt cfrf/ ;+lxtf jf zt{
pNnª\3g ug]{ ljBfyL{dfly o;} lgodsf] kl/R5]b *% df plNnlvt
;hfo lbg ;lsg]5 / To:tf] ;hfo lbg kfpg] clwsf/L ;f]xL kl/R5]b
*% df pNn]v ePadf]lhd x'g]5 .
Τ
272
kl/R5]b – *^
k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL Joj:yf
#&^= k'g/fj]bg nfUg]M -!_ o; lgodsf] kl/R5]b *% cGtu{t lgod #&$ sf]
pklgod -@_ adf]lhd ;hfo kfPsf] ljBfyL{n] ;f] ;hfosf] ;"rgf kfPsf]
ldltn] !) -b;_ lbgleq lzIffWoIf;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 . To:tf]
k'g/fj]bgdfly 5fglag u/L clGtd lg0f{o lbg lzIffWoIfaf6 Ps ;ldlt
u7g x'g]5 .
-@_ o; lgodsf] kl/R5]b *% cGtu{t lgod #&$ sf] pklgod -#_

adf]lhd ;hfo kfPsf] ljBfyL{n] ;f] ;hfosf] ;"rgf kfPsf] ldltn] !%
-kGw|_ lbgleq k'g/fj]bg cfof]u;dIf k'g/fj]bg ug{ ;Sg]5 .
-#_ pklgod -!_ / -@_ cGtu{t k/]sf] k'g/fj]bg ;'Gg] lzIffWoIfåf/f ul7t
;ldlt jf k'g/fj]bg cfof]un] k'g/fj]bg k/]sf] ;fwf/0ftM #) -lt;_
lbgleq k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL sf/afxL 6'ª\UofO{ ;Sg'kg]{5 .
-$_ pklgod -!_,-@_ / -#_cGtu{t k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL cGo sfo{ljlw

lzIffWoIfåf/f ul7t ;ldlt jf k'g/fj]bg cfof]un] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5 .
273
kl/R5]b – *&
;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;
#&&= ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk; b]xfoadf]lhd x'g]5M
-s_ dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q, Joj:yfkg, lzIffzf:q, sfg'g ;ª\sfo /

lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{tsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿
;~rfng ug]{ u/L ljZjljBfno lgodcGtu{t ul7t ;~rfns
;ldltaf6 ;~rfng x'g] SofDk;x¿ .
-v_ OlGhlgol/ª, lrlsT;fzf:q, s[lif tyf kz'lj1fg / jglj1fg cWoog

;+:yfgcGtu{tsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ljZjljBfno lgodcGtu{t ul7t
;~rfns ;ldltaf6 ;~rfng x'g] SofDk;x¿ .
-u_ cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;ª\sfox¿cGtu{tsf z}lIfs sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng

ug]{ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/af6 :jLs[t k|fKt u/L ;f] :jLs[ltdf plNnlvt
;t{x¿ k'/f u/L ;f]xLcg'¿k ;~rfns ;ldlt u7g u/L ljb]zL
;ª\ul7t ;+:yfx¿af6 ;~rfng x'g] SofDk;x¿ .
#&*= cfj]bg lbg'kg]{M ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;DaGwg k|fKt ug{ rfxg] k|:tfljt

SofDk;n] tf]lsPsf] 9fFrfdf tf]lsPadf]lhd b:t'/ a'emfO{ lgDgadf]lhd
cfj]bg lbg'kg]{5M
-s_ :jb]zL ;+:yf ePdf ;~rfns ;ldltn] /
-v_ ljb]zL ;+:yf ePdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] :jLs[lt ;lxt cg';"rL #

adf]lhdsf] ljj/0f v'nfO{ To:tf] ljb]zL ;ª\ul7t ;+:yfsf] ;~rfns
;ldltsf] tkm{af6 cflwsfl/s JolQmn] .
274
kl/R5]b – **
;DaGwg lbg] k|lqmof
#&(= 6f]nL u7g ul/g] M -!_ lgod #&& sf] v08 -v_ / -u_ adf]lhdsf
SofDk;x¿ ;~rfng ug{ lgod #&* adf]lhd cj]bg kg{ cfPdf
pks'nkltsf] k"j{:jLs[lt lnO{ lzIffWoIfn] ;DalGwt ljz]if1x¿ ePsf]
6f]nL u7g u/fO{ ;f] 6f]nLaf6 k|:tfljt SofDk;sf] ;+efJotf cWoog
u/fpg]5 . ;f] 6f]nLn] :ynut cWoog ug'{sf ;fy} cfjZos b]v]df
cfj]bs ;+:yfn] ;~rfng u/]sf cGo SofDk;x¿sf] ;d]t cWoog u/L
k|ltlqmof, /fo / ;'emfj ;lxt k|ltj]bg k|:t't ug]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] ;DefJotf cWoog 6f]nLn] k|:t't u/]sf]

k|ltj]bg lzIffWoIfn] ;DalGwt 8LgsxfF k7fO{ 8Lgn] ;DalGwt
ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/; ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg lzIffWoIf;dIf k|:t't
ug'{kg]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ cGtu{t k|fKt k|ltj]bgpk/ 5fglag u/L pko'Qm ePdf
lzIffWoIfn] SofDk;nfO{ tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{
:jLs[lt lbg]af/]sf] k|:tfj sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:t't ug]{5 .
-$_ pklgod -#_ adf]lhdsf] k|:tfjdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cfjZos b]vd

] f
cGo ;t{x¿ tf]sL tf]lsPsf] z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ SofDk;nfO{
c:yfoL :jLs[lt lbg]5 .
#*)= c:yfoL ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{M sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cg';"rL % df plNnlvt

zt{sf cltl/Qm cfjZos 7fg]df cGo zt{;d]t tf]sL a9Ldf @ -b'O{_
jif{sf nflu c:yfoL ;DaGwg k|bfg ug{ ;Sg]5 t/ To:tf] ;DaGwg
k|bfg ug'{cl3 lgDg k|lqmof k'/f u/]sf] x'g'kg]{5 .
275
-s_ z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ePsf] Ps dlxgfleq SofDk;n] z}lIfs
sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f ;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg lzIffWoIf / ;DalGwt 8Lg;dIf
k7fpg'kg]{5 .
-v_ v08 -s_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bg k|fKt ePsf] # dlxgfleq 8Lgn]

ljz]if1x¿sf] 6f]nL agfO{ ;f]af6 :ynut cWoog u/fO{ ;f] k|ltj]bg
ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;;lxt lzIffWoIf;dIf k7fpg' kg]{5 .
-u_ v08 -v_ adf]lhd k|fKt k|ltj]bgpk/ cWoog u/L lzIffWoIfn] ;DaGwg
lbg] af/]df k|:tfj sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k]; ug]{5 .
#*!= :yfoL ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{M -!_ c:yfoL ;DaGwgsf] cjlw ;dfKt x'g'eGbf
;fdfGotof ^ dlxgfcl3 SofDk;n] To; cjlw;Dd ePsf] sfd–
sf/afxLsf] ljj/0f ;DalGwt cWoog ;+:yfg jf ;ª\sfodf k7fpg]5.
o;/L ljj/0f k|fKt ePkl5 ;DalGwt 8Lgn] ;DalGwt ljz]if1x¿ ePsf]
6f]nLaf6 SofDk;sf] :ynut lg/LIf0f u/fO{ ;f] 6f]nLaf6 k|fKt k|ltj]bg
ljBfkl/ifb\\;dIf k|:tfjsf] ¿kdf k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhdsf] k|ltj]bgsf ;DaGwdf SofDk;nfO{ :yfoL

;DaGwg lbg] s'/fsf] l;kmfl/; ljBfkl/ifb\\n] u/]df ;f] l;kmfl/;sf]
cfwf/df k|:tfj agfO{ lzIffWoIfn] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k]; ug]{5 .
-#_ pklgod -@_ adf]lhd k|:tfjdf sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] 5nkmn u/L kfl/t
u/]df ;DalGwt SofDk;nfO{ cfjZos ;t{x¿ tf]sL sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n]
:yfoL ;DaGwg k|bfg ug]{5 / ljZjljBfno ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sdf
;f]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{5 .
t/ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cfjZos 7fg]df :yfoL ;DaGwgsf] ;§f cGo

cfjZos zt{x¿;d]t tf]sL c:yfoL ;DaGwgsf] cjlw @ jif{sf nflu
yk ug{ ;Sg]5 .
276
#*@= lg/LIf0f ug{ kfpg] M sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] h'g;'s} ;dodf ;DaGwg k|fKt
SofDk;sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ u/fpg ;Sg]5 .
#*#= :ynut cWoog ug'{kg]{ M ;DalGwt 8Lgn] c:yfoL ;DaGwgk|fKt u/]sf

SofDk;sf] c:yfoL ;DaGwg cjlw ;dfKt x'g'cl3 sDtLdf ^ -5_ dlxgf
/ :yfoL ;DaGwgk|fKt u/]sf SofDk;sf] sDtLdf @ -b'O{_ jif{df Psk6s
:ynut cWoog u/fO{ ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] l;kmfl/;;lxt
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k|:t't ug'{kg]{5 .
#*$= ;DaGwg :yug tyf vf/]h x'g ;Sg] M -!_ SofDk;n] ;DaGwgk|Kt ug{sf
lgldQ tf]lsPsf] s'g} zt{ k'/f gu/]df jf ;f]cg'¿k cfr/0f gu/]df jf
ljZjljBfno P]g, lgod, cfb]z jf lgb]{zgljk/Lt sfo{ u/]df sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\n] ;DaGwg :yug jf vf/]h ug{ ;Sg]5 . t/ o;/L ;DaGwg
vf/]h jf :yug ug'{cl3 SofDk;nfO{ ;kmfO{ lbg] dfgfl;a df}sf
lbOg]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd :yfoL ;DaGwg :yug jf vf/]h ug]{ u/L
sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\sf] lg0f{o ePdf To:tf] lg0f{o ePkl5 a:g]
ljZjljBfno ;efsf] klxnf] a}7sdf ;f]sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg'kg]{5 .
#*%= ;DaGwg :yug ePdf cWoog k'/f u/fpg'kg]{M ;DaGwg :yug ePdf
To:tf] SofDk;n] gofF ljBfyL{x¿ egf{ ug{ kfpg] 5}g t/ egf{ eO;s]sf
ljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoog ;f] tx k'/f ug{ nfUg] cjlw;Dd ;~rfng
u/fpg'kg]{5 . pQm cjlwdf ;DaGwg gjLs/0f gePdf ;DaGwg :jtM
vf/]h x'g]5 .
#*^= ;DaGwg vf/]h ePdf bfloTj a]xf]g'{ kg]{ M -!_ ;DaGwg vf/]h ePsf]
SofDk;n] z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ kfpg]5}g / z}lIfs sfo{qmddf
cWoog/t ljBfyL{x¿sf] cWoog k'/f u/fpg] bfloTj a]xf]g'{kg]{5 .
-@_ ;DaGwg vf/]h ePsf] SofDk;n] cfk"mnfO{ ljZjljBfnoaf6 lgMz'Ns

k|fKt ePsf ;a} k|sf/sf rn–crn ;DklQ -hUuf, ejg, k|of]uzfnf,
277
k':tsfno, ;jf/L ;fwg, z}lIfs ;fdfu|L cflb_ df SofDk;sf] :jfldTj
/xg] 5}g / To:tf] rn–crn ;DklQ ljZjljBfnonfO{ lkmtf{ ug'kg]{5 .
#*&= ljZjljBfno hjfkmb]xL g/xg] M ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;n] u/]sf] s'g}

k|sf/sf] cfly{s tyf cGo sfd sf/afxL, sf/f]jf/ / bfloTjk|lt
ljZjljBfno lhDd]jf/ x'g]5}g .
#**= cIfo sf]if /fVg'kg]{ M lgod #&& sf] v08 -v_ adf]lhdsf] k|To]s
SofDk;sf nflu ?= @%,)),))).– -klRr; nfv_ / lgod #&& v08 -u_
;d"xsf] k|To]s SofDk;sf nflu ?= %),)),))).– -krf; nfv_sf] cIfo
sf]if ljZjljBfnon] tf]s]sf] ljQLo ;+:yfdf /fVg'kg]{5 . pQm sf]ifsf]
;fFjf vr{ ug{ kfOg] 5}g t/ Aofh /sd vr{ ug{ ;lsg]5 .
#*(= vr{ a]xf]g'{ kg]{ M ;DaGwgk|fKt ePsf jf ;DaGwg sfod ug{ rfxg] lgod
#&& sf] v08 -v_ / -u_ ;d"xsf SofDk;x¿n] ;DefJotf cWoog,
lg/LIf0f, cWoog jf lg/LIf0f 6f]nLsf ;b:ox¿sf] e|d0f, cfjf;, b}lgs
vr{ tyf cg/]l/odafkt nfUg] ;Dk"0f{ vr{ a]xf]g'{kg]{5 .
#()= sfo{qmd yk ug{ ;lsg] M ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;n] z}lIfs sfo{qmd yk ug{

rfx]df lgod #&* adf]lhd cfj]bg lbO{ lgod #&( sf] k|lqmof k'/f
ePkl5 yk z}lIfs sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{ ;Sg]5 .
#(!= cfjZos cfb]z lgb]{zg lbg ;Sg] M sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] cfjZos 7fg]df
o; kl/R5]bdf pNn]v ePcltl/Qm cGo yk cfb]z jf lgb]{zg lbg
;Sg]5 / o;/L sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] lbPsf] cfb]z jf lgb]{zg kfng ug'{
;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf] st{Jo x'g]5 .
#(@= ;t{x¿ tf]Sg ;Sg] M ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;sf] ;~rfns ;ldltsf] u7g /

;~rfng;DaGwL cGo ;t{x¿ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]adf]lhd x'g]5g\ .
278
kl/R5]b – *(
ljljw
#(#= 5fksf] cfsf/ M -!_ ljZjljBfnosf] 5fksf] cfsf/ if6\sf]0fsf] x'g]5 .
dflylt/ kms]s
{ f] lqsf]0f cf;dfgL /ª\sf] x'g]5 . c+u|]hLdf 'Tribhuvan
University Organised 1956 A.D. Incorporated 1959 A.D. Kathmandu Nepal'
egL n]lvg]5 . tnlt/ kms]{sf] lqsf]0f l;Gb'/ /ª\sf] x'g]5 / g]kfnLdf
Úlqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ª\ul7t @)!@ lj=;+= :yflkt @)!^ lj=;+=
sf7df08f}+ g]kfnÚ egL n]lvg]5 .
-@_ if6\sf]0fsf] lardf -5 kq ePsf]_ sdnsf] k"mn /xg]5 / sdnsf]

k"mnsf] dWo:yfgdf l;ld|s /ª\sf] uf]nfsf/ / uf]nfsf/sf] lardf T
cª\u|]hL j0f{dfnfsf] df]gf]u|fd /xg]5 .
-#_ ljZjljBfnosf] 5fksf] k|of]u ljZjljBfnosf] sfdsf] l;nl;nfdf dfq

ul/g]5 .
-$_ ljZjljBfnosf] 5fk k|of]u x'g] sfuhkqdf b:tvt ug]{ JolQm sDtLdf
;xfos k|fWofks jf ;xfos k|zf;s ;/xsf] clws[t x'g]5 .
#($= Τ lqe'jg ljZjljBfnosf] ;ª\lIfKt gfd g]kfnLdf lq=lj= / cª\u|]hLdf T.U.

/xg] 5 .
#(%= vf/]hL / jrfpmM -!_ lqe'jg ljZjljBfno P]g, @)@* adf]lhd ag]sf
ljZjljBfno ;ª\u7g, ;ef, k|fl1s kl/ifb\\, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\, ljBf
kl/ifb\\ ljz]if pkflw, ;Ddfgfy{ :gftsf]kflw, ljifo ;ldlt, k/LIff,
k|df0fkq, ljBfyL{ o'lgog tyf cfrf/;+lxtf / SofDk;nfO{ ;DaGwg
lbg];DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ lgodx¿ / ;f]cGtu{t ag]sf k/LIff;DaGwL
ljlgodx¿ nufot cGo ;DalGwt ;a} lgodx¿ vf/]h ul/Psf 5g\ .
Τ
279
-@_ pklgod -!_ adf]lhd eP u/]sf ;a} sfo{x¿ o;} lgodadf]lhd eP
u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-#_ P]g / o; lgod tyf o; lgodcGtu{t aGg] sfo{k|0ffnLsf] p2]Zol;t

gaflemg] u/L tf]lsPadf]lhd ug]{ jf k|rngdf ePsf s'/fx¿ o;}
lgodcg';f/ eP u/]sf] dflgg]5 .
-$_ o; lgodcg';f/ sfd ubf{ u/fpFbf s'g} afwf–c8\sfp k/]df To:tf]

afwf–c8\sfp km'sfpg] clwsf/ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\nfO{ x'g]5 .
t/ kl/R5]b *!, *@, *#, sf] k|of]hgsf nflu afwf–c8\sfp km'sfpg]

clwsf/ ;f]xL kl/R5]bdf pNn]v ePsf] ;+/IfsnfO{ / kl/R5]b *$,*%
/ *^ sf] k|of]hgsf] nflu pks'nkltnfO{ x'g]5 .
#(^= lgodx¿sf] JofVof M -!_ cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s oL lgodx¿sf]

JofVof ug]{ clGtd clwsf/ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\nfO{ x'g]5 . o;/L sfo{sf/L
kl/ifb\\åf/f ul/Psf] clGtd JofVofnfO{ dfu{bz{gsf] ¿kdf lnOg]5 .
t/ ;efsf] a}7s ;~rfng eO/x]sf] avt of] lgodsf] JofVof ug'{kg]{
cj:yf ePdf a}7ssf] cWoIftf ul//x]sf] cWoIfnfO{ o; lgodsf]
JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ x'g]5 / lghsf] lg0f{o clGtd x'g]5 .
-@_ pklgod -!_ df h'g;'s} s'/f n]lvPsf] eP tfklg kl/R5]b *!, *@ /

*# sf] k|of]hgsf nflu JofVof ug]{ clwsf/ ;+/IfsnfO{ x'g]5 / ;f]
JofVofdf lrQ ga'em]df ;DalGwt kIfn] sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\df k'gM lgj]bg
ug{ ;Sg]5 . sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] tf]s]sf] JolQmn] jf ;ldltn] JofVof
ug]{5 . ;f] JofVof clGtd / dfGo x'g]5 .

#(&= ljlgod agfpg ;Sg] M cGoyf n]lvPsf]df afx]s o; lgodsf]
p2]Zok"lt{ ug{ sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\n] ljlgod agfpg ;Sg]5 .

280
cg';"rLx¿
281
cg';"rL – !
-lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ª\u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g ;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf]
kl/R5]b &% sf] lgod #)* ;“u ;DalGwt_
k|df0fkq
b]xfosf] cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{t b]xfosf k|df0fkqx¿ sfod ul/Psf 5g\ M
s[lif / kz'lj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgM
-s_ k|fljlws k|df0fkqM
-!_ s[liflj1fg k|jL0f (Technician Certificate in Agriculture)
-@_ kz'lj1fg k|jL0f (Technician Certificate in Animal Science)
-v_ :gftsM
!= s[lifzf:qL, kz'lj1fgzf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Agriculture)

B.Sc. (Ag.)
@= lj=le=P:;L= P08 P=Pr\=
-u_ :gftsf]Q/M
!= Pd=P:;L= Plu|sNr/ (M.Sc. Agriculture)
@= Pd=P:;L= Plgdn ;fOG; (M.Sc. Animal Science)
282
♥
#= (Master of Veterinary Science (M.V.Sc.)
⊗
$= M.Sc. Aquanculture
•-3_ ljBfjfl/lw Ph.D.
jglj1fg cWoog ;+:yfgM
!= jglj1fg k|jL0f (Technician certificate in Forestry)
-v_ :gfts
!= jglj1fg :gfts (Bachelor's Degree in Forestry) B.Sc.

(Forestry)
λ
@= jg lj1fgfrfo{ (Master of Science in Forestry) (M. Sc.
Forestry)
#= ⊗ ljBfjfl/lw (Ph.D.)
$ ⊗= Pd= lkmn= (M. Phil.)
♥
@)^! ;fn cfiff9 @( ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
⊗
@)^! ;fn cfiff9 @( ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
•
@)%( ;fn cfiff9 #@ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
λ
@)%& cfiff9 #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
⊗
@)^) ;fn cfiff9 @) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
283
% ⊗= Pd= P:;L= sDo'lg6L km/]:6«L (M. Sc. Community Forestry)
^ ⊗ Pd= P:;L =jf6/ ;]8 Dofg]hd]06 (M. Sc. Water Shed

Management)
&=⊗ Pd= P:;L= Pu|f] km/]:6«L (M. Sc. Agro Forestry)
*=⊗ Pd= P:;L= gg\ l6Da/ km/]:6 k|f]8S6;\ (M. Sc. Non Timber Forest
Products)
(=⊗Pd= P:;L= g]r'/n l/;f];{ Dofg]hd]G6

P08 ?/n 8]enkd]G6 (M. Sc. Natural Resources
Management and Rural Development)
OlGhlgol/ª cWoog ;+:yfgM
-s_OlGhlgol/ª k|jL0fM(Diplomain Engineering)
-v_ :gfts
!= OlGhlgol/ª zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Engineering) B.E.
@= Master of Science in Engineering M.Sc. Engg.
#= ljBfjfl/lw Ph.D.
Ρ
@)%& ;fn cfiff9 #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
⊗
@)^! ;fn kf}if @* ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 @)%& ;fnb]lvg} nfu"
x'g] u/L ;+zf]wg
284
Ρ
$= gu/of]hgf lj1fgfrfo{ ( M.Sc. in Urbanplanning)
⊗
%=Bachelor's Degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering
∅
^= Master of Science in Civil Engineering
lrlsT;fzf:q cWoog ;+:yfgM
!= lrlsT;fzf:q k|jL0f (Technician Certificate in Medical Science)

cfo'j]{b, gl;{ª, ;fdfGo lrlsT;f, x]Ny Nofj, kmfd]{;L, /]l8of]u|fkmL,
:oflg6]zg, klAns x]Ny_
-v_ :gfts
!= lrlsT;f :gfts ( Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of

Surgery) (MBBS) (Bachelor of Ayurvedic
Medicine and Surgery) (BAMS)
@= gl;{ªzf:q (Bachelor's Degree in Nursing) B.N.
#= :jf:Yo zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Public health) B.P.H.
$= Bachelor of Optometry (B. Optom)
%⊕ Bachelor of Dental Surgery(B.D.S.)
∅
@)^! ;fn kf}if @* ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
⊕
@)%* ;fn cfiff9 @@ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
285
^=⊕ Bachelor of Pharmacy (B.Pharma)
⊕
&= Bachelor of Science inRadiological Technology (B.Sc.R.T.)
♦
*= Bachelor's in Nursing (Psychiatry)
-u_ :gftsf]Q/ tx
!= Doctor of Medicine in pthalmology, M.D.(Opthalmoloth)
@= Post Graduate Diploma in Child Health D.C.H.
#= Post Graduate Diploma in Otolaryngology and Otology D.L.O.
$= Post Graduate Diploma in Obstetrics and GynaecologyD.G.O.
%= Doctor of Medicine In General Practice M.D. (General Practice)
^= Post Graduate Diploma in Anaesthesiology D.A.
&= Post Graduate Diploma In Medical Radio-diagonosis D.M.R.D.
*= Master in Science Public Health, M.Sc.Ph.
(= Doctor of Medicine in Internal Medicine M.D. (Internal

Medicine)
!)= Doctor of Medicine in General Surgery M.S. (General Surgery)
♦
@)^) ;fn cfiff9 @) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 ;+zf]wg
286
!!= Doctor of Medicine in Obstentrics and Gynaecology M.D
(Obst.&Gynae.)
⁄
!@= Bachelor of Aurvedic and Modern Medicine and Surgery B. A.
M. M.S.
⁄
!#= Master in Nursing .N. : Adult,
<
!$= Otorhinologrynogology M.S.
!%= Pathology M.D.
<
!^= Anesthesiology M.D.
Τ
!&= Doctor of Medicine in Paediatrics M.D. (Paediatrics)
!*= Doctor of Medicine in Psychiatry M.D. (Psychiatry)
λ
!(= Master of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery M.S. (Ortho.)
@)= Master of Radio-Diagnosis M.D. (Radio Daignosis)
@!= Master of Public Health (M.P.h.)
⁄
@)%@ cfiff9 @# ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
<
@)%# cfiff9 #! ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
Τ
@)%# kmfNu'0f #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
λ
@)%% cfiff9 #! ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
287
@@= M. Phil in Clinical Psychology
@#= Bachelor of Optometry (B. Optom)
⊕
@$= Research Based M.Sc.
∅
@%= Doctor of Medicine in Clinical Anatomy (M.D. Clinical
Anatomy)
∅
@^= Doctor of Medicine in Clinical Pharmacology (M.D. Clinical
Pharmacology)
∅
@&= Doctor of Medicine in Clinical Physiology (M.D. Clinical
Physiology)
∅
@*= Doctor of Medicine in Dermatology, (M.D. Dermatology
Veneriology and Leprology Veneriology and Leprology)
@(= Doctor of Medicine in Microbiology (MD Microbiology)
#)= Doctor of Medicine inBiochemistry (MD Biochemistry)
#!= Doctor of Medicine in Forensic Medicine (MD Forensic

Medinice)
⊕
@)%( cfiff9 #@ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
∅
@)^@ cfiff9 @( ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
∅
@)^@ cfiff9 @( ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
288
∅
#@= Master in Medical Laboratory Technology Microbiology
(MMLT Microbiology)
##= Master of Chirurgie, Surgical Gastroenterology ( MCh.Surgical

Gastroenterology)
#$= Master of Chirurgie, Urology (MCh.Urology)
#%= Master of Chirurtie, Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery (MCh.

Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery)
#^= Master of Chirurgie, Neurosurgery (MCh.Neurosurgery)
lj1fg tyf k|ljlw cWoog ;+:yfgM
-s_ lj1fg k|jL0f (Proficiency Certificate in Science) I.Sc.
-v_ lj1fg zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Science) B.Sc.
-u_ k|ljlw zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Technology) B. Tech. (Food)
-3_ lj1fgfrfo{ (Master's Degree in Science) M.Sc.
-ª_ Pd= lkmn= (Master's of Philosophy) M.Phil.
-r_ ljBfjfl/lw (Doctor of Philosophy) Ph.D.
-5_ dxfljBfjfl/lw (Doctor of Science) D.Sc.
-h_ Post Graduate Diploma in computer Science
289
-em_ Master of Sceince in Biodiversity and Environmental
Management
-`_ Post graduate Diploma in Mountain Risk Engineering.
b]xfosf ;ª\sfox¿df b]xfosf k|df0fkqx¿ sfod ul/Psf 5g\M
lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo
-s_ lzIffzf:q k|jL0f ( Proficiency Certificate in Education)
-v_ lzIffzf:q zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Education) B.Ed

.
-u_ lzIffrfo{ (Master's Degree in Education) M.Ed.
-3_ Pd\= lkmn\= (Master of Philosophy) M.Phil.
-ª_ Master of Philosophy in Education (M.Phil.in Education)
-r_ ljBfjfl/lw (Doctor of Philosophy) Ph.D.
dfgljsL tyf ;fdflhszf:q ;ª\sfo
-s_ snf k|jL0f (Proficiency Certificate in Humanities and Social Sciences )

I.A.
-v_ snf zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Humanities and Social

Sciences) B.A.
.
-u_ snfrfo{{ (Master's Degree in Humanities and Social Sciences) M.A.
-3_ Pd= lkmn\==(Master of Philosophy) M.Phil.
290
-ª_ ljBfjfl/lw (Doctor of Philosophy) Ph.D.
-r_ nlntsnf k|jL0f(Proficiency Certificate in Fine Arts)
-5_ nlntsnf zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Fine Arts)
-h_ dxfljBfjfl/lw (Doctor of Literature) D.Litt.

-em_ k':tsfno lj1fg zf:qL Bachelor in Library Science
λ
-`_ Post graduate Diploma in Women's Studies
:
-6_ Library and Information Science- Master's Degree
k':tsfno tyf ;"rgf lj1fg
:
-7_ Jornalism and Mass Communication- Master's Degree
kqsfl/tf tyf cfd ;~rf/
-8_ Strategic Studies Master's Degree ;fdl/s cWoog
:
-9_ Philosophy Master's Degree bz{gzf:q
:
-0f_ Buddhist StudiesMaster's Degree jf}4 ljifos cWoog
-t_ ⊕ Post Graduate Diploma in Rural Development Master's Degree
-y_ ⊗ Post Graduate Diploma in Community Nutrition Master's Degree
λ
@)%# ;fn cfiff9 #! ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
:
@)%^ ;fn cfiff9 #@ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
⊕
@)%* ;fn cfiff9 @@ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
⊗
@)%( ;fn cfiff9 #@ ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
291
-b_∅ Post Graduate Diploma in Nepal American Studies Master's
Degree
-w_ ∇ Bachelor in Film Studies

∇
-g_ Master in Fine Arts (MFA)
-k_ Master of Arts in Conflict, Peace and Development
-k_∇ Post Graduate Diploma in Counselling
Joj:yfkg ;ª\sfo
-s_ Jofkf/k|zf;g k|jL0f (Proficiency Certificate in Business

Administration)
-v_ Jofkf/k|zf;g zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Business

Administration) B.B.A.
-u_ Jofkf/k|zf;g zf:qfrfo{ (Master's Degree in Business

Administration) M.B.A.
-3_ Joj;fozf:q k|jL0f(Proficiency Certificate in Business Studies)
-ª_ Joj;fozf:q zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Business Studies) B.B.S.
-r_ Joj;fo zf:qfrfo{ (Master's Degree in Business Studies) M.B.S.
-5_ hg–k|zf;gfrfo{ (Master's Degree in Public Administration) M.P.A.
∅
@)^@ ;fn cfiff9 @( ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
∇
@)^) ;fn cfiff9 @) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
292
-h_ Pd= lkmn (Master of Philosophy) M. Phil.
-em_ ljBfjfl/lw (Doctor of Philosophy) Ph.D.
Π
-`_ Bachelor's Degree in Hotel Management (B.H.M.)
-6_ Bachelor's Degree in Travel and Tourism Management B.T.T.M.
↔
-7_ ;"rgf Joj:yfkg zf:qL (Bachelor's Degree in Information
Management) (BIM)
-8_ Master of Travel and Tourism Management (M.T.T.M.)
-9_ ⊗ Post Graduate Diploma in Police Science
sfg'g ;ª\sfo
-s_ sfg'g zf:q (Bachelor's Degree in Law) B.L / L.L.B. Degree
-v_ sfg'g zf:qfrfo{ {(Master of Laws) L.L.M.

Π
-u_ ljBfjfl/lw Ph.D.
-3_ • snfzf:qL, sfg'g zf:qL (B.A., L.L.B.)
Π
@)%# ;fn kmfNu'0f #) ut] a;]sf] lq= lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
↔
@)%& ;fn cfiff9 #) ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
⊗
@)^! ;fn cfiff9 @( ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf
•
@)^* j}zfv * ut] a;]sf] lq=lj= ;efsf] a}7saf6 yk Joj:yf .
293
cg';"rL – @
-lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;ª\u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL lgod, @)%) sf]
kl/R5]b &% sf] lgod #)( ;Fu ;DalGwt_
dfgfy{ ljz]if pkflwsf k|sf/ / gfdM
dfxfljBfjfl/lw -ljlzi6_ D. Litt. jf D.Sc. (Special)
;Ddfgfy{ :gftsf]kflwsf k|sf/ / gfdM
-s_ dxfljBfjfl/lw Doctor of Laws (LL.D)
-v_ dxfljBfjfl/lw Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.)
-u_ dxfljBfjfl/lw Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)
294
cg';"rL – #
-kl/R5]b *& sf] lgod #&* -v_ ;Fu ;DalGwt_
ljZjljBfno;Fu ;DaGwgsf lgldQ lbOg] cfj]bgdf k|:t't ul/g'kg]{ vf;–vf;

s'/fx¿M
!= k|:tfljt SofDk;sf] gfdM
@= SofDk; /xg] :yfgM
#= SofDk;df ;~rfng x'g] sfo{qmdx¿M– -k|To]s sfo{qmdsf] ljj/0f

lgDglnlvt zLif{scGtu{t k|:t't ug'{xf];\ ._
-s_ sfo{qmdsf] gfdM
-v_ tx -:gfts, :gftsf]Q/, ljBfjfl/lw, kf]i6u|ofh'o6 l8Knf]df_
-u_ l8u|L . l8Knf]df
-3_ k|j]zsf lglDt cfjZos k"j{zt{x¿M
-ª_ sfo{qmdsf] ;dofjlwM
-r_ egf{ ul/g] ljBfyL{x¿sf] ;ª\VofM
-5_ z}lIfs ;qsf] k|f/DeM
-h_ o; k|sf/sf] sfo{qmd ljZjljBfnodf xfn df}h"b 5 <
295
b|i6JoM k|:tfljt sfo{qmd gofF vfnsf] xf] / ljZjljBfnodf o;sf
lglDt cjZos kg]{ :jLs[t kf7\oqmd 5}g eg] s[kof gofF sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug'{kgf{sf] cf}lrTodf k|sfz kfg'{sf ;fy} k|j]z /
Uo|fh'P;g;DaGwL k"j{;t{x¿ klg v'nfpg'xf];\ . ;fy} k|To]s kf7\of+z -
sf];{_ / sfo{qmdsf lglDt cfjZos kg]{ y]l;;, OG6g{l;k, P6frd]G6,
kmLN8js{ OToflb s'/fsf] klg lj:t[t ljj/0f lbg'xf];\ .
$= cfª\lus ljifo If]q -l8l;lKng_ / ljefux¿sf gfdM
%= k|of]uzfnfx¿sf gfd / k|To]s k|of]uzfnfdf /xg] pks/0fx¿sf] ;"rLM
^= z}lIfs sfo{qmdsf lgldQ cfjZos ef}lts ;'ljwf–h:t}, lzIf0f c:ktfn,

sfo{zfnf, v]tvlnxfg, jghª\un OToflbsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fM
&= k|To]s ljifoIf]q jf ljefucGtu{t sfd ug]{ ljleGg txsf lzIfs,

k|fljlws / sd{rf/Lx¿sf] b/aGbL ;ª\Vof, k|To]s ljifoIf]qcGtu{t /xL k'/f
;do / cf+lzs ;do sfd ug]{ lzIfs, sd{rf/L OToflbsf cg'kft tyf
pgLx¿sf gful/stf, z}lIfs of]Uotf / k]zfut cg'ejx¿sf] ljj/0f,
*= SofDk;sf] ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgf,
(= ;ª\u7gfTds ;+/rgfn] lglb{i6 u/]sf] k|To]s PsfO{df sfd ug]{

sd{rf/Lx¿sf kb / ;ª\VofM
!)= k':tsfno ;]jf -k':tsfnodf /flvg] pks/0fx¿sf] ljj/0f;lxt_ tyf

k':tsfnodf sfd ug]{ Jofj;flos, k|fljlws / cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf]
b/aGbLM
!!= sDo"6/ / ;"rgf ;]jfM
!@= sfo{zfnfx¿M
296
!#= OG:6'd]G6]zg ;]jfM
!$= cfjf; Joj:yfM
-s_ 5fqfjf; – 5fq / 5fqf -5fqfjf;df pknAw ;]jf tyf

;'ljwfx¿_
-v_ lzIfs tyf sd{rf/L cfjf;
!%= v]ns"b / dgf]/~hg ;]jf tyf ;xlqmofsnfk -sf]–sl/So'n/_ Joj:yfkgM
!^= :jf:Yo ;]jfM
!&= oftfoft ;]jfM
!*= cg';Gwfg, k/fdz{ -sG;N6]G;L_ tyf j[lQljsf; sfo{qmdx¿M
!( ;~rfns ;ldlt -u7g, sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/_ / ;f] ;ldltsf

kbflwsf/L / ;b:ox¿sf] gfdfjnLM–
@)= ;fdflhs–cfly{s ljsf; k|of;x¿df b]g lbg] sfo{qmd lqmofsnfkx¿M
@!= g]kfnleq / aflx/sf ;+:yfx¿l;tsf] ;DaGw -lnª\s]h_M
@@= SofDk; :yfkgfsf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / cGo ;+:yf;Fu ePsf]

;Demf}tfsf] k|ltlnlk yfg ! -Ps_ / g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;DalGwt ljefusf
btf{ ePsf] k|df0fkq / tT;DaGwL ljj/0f ;+nUg ug'{kg]{5 .
@#= tkfO{sf] ;+:yfn] cGo d'n'sx¿df o; k|sf/sf sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{

cfPsf] 5 < 5 eg], tkfO{+sf] ;+:yfn] ljlwjt\ ;DaGwg -PlkmlnPzg_
sfod u/] pk/fGt sfo{qmdx¿ ;~rfng ub}{ cfPsf ;DalGwt
d'n'sl:yt ljZjljBfno . lzIf0f ;+:yfx¿sf gfd / ;~rflnt
297
sfo{qmdx¿sf ;"rLx¿ k|:t't ug'{xf];\ . ;~rflnt sfo{qmdx¿nfO{
;DalGwt d'n'ssf P]gsfg'gsf] dfGotf k|fKt k]zfut ;+:yfx¿ -
:6fRo6l/_ k|f]km]zgn cu{gfOh]zG;sf] dfGotf 5 jf 5}g, ;f] s'/fsf]
:ki6 pNn]v ug'{xf];\ .
@$= SofDk; :yfkgfsf lglDt ef}lts, z}Ifl0fs / ;]jfd"ns ;'ljwfx¿

;d]6]sf] sfo{of]hgf -Knfg ckm PSzg_, sfo{qmdx¿sf] ;Dkfbgsf lglDt
lzIfs Pjd\ k|ljlws / cGo sd{rf/Lx¿sf] k|fjwfg, ;do tflnsf,
nfut / cfo;|f]t -;f];]{h ckm kmlG8ª_ .
cg';"rL – $
-kl/R5]b *& sf] lgod #&* ;+u ;DalGwt_
;DaGwg;DaGwL z'Nsx¿
SofDk;sf] k|sf/ nfUg] z'Ns

v u
!= Ps cWoog ;+:yfgcGtu{t Aofrn/,df:6/
jf :tfgsf]Q/ l8Knf]df :t/sf] sfo{qmd
;~rfng ug]{ SofDk; :yfkgf u/L
;~rfng ug{ :jLs[ltsf lgldQ cfj]bg
z'NsM
-s_ klxnf] Ps sfo{qmd -h:tf]M Aofrn/

txsf] Pd=aL=aL=P;=, aL=Pg=, aL=8L=P;=,aL=P=
Pd=P;=,aL=Pd=Pn=6L=, aL=kL=Pr=aL=O{=-l;len_,
aL=O{=-Onf]lS6«sn_, aL=O{= -d]sflgsn_, aL=O{=
-cfls{6]Sr/_, la=O{= -On]S6«f]lgS;_, aL=P:;L= -s[lif_,
aL=P:;L= -kz'lj1fg_, aL=P:;L=-jglj1fg_, aL=eL=
P:;L=/ P=Pr= cflb, df:6/ txsf] Pd= P;=
298
-hg/n ;h{/L_, d= P;= -cA:6«]l6«S; P08ufOgf]snhL_,
Pd=8L= cKyfNdf]nhL_,Pd=8L=-hg/n d]l8l;g_, Pd=P;
-Pu|f]gdL_ Pd=P;= -kz'lj1fg_ Pd=P;=-xl6{sNr/_
cflb, :gftsf]Q/ l8Knf]df:t/ l8k\=Og=cA:6«]l6«S;,
ufOgf]snhL / Pg]:y]l;of]nhL
cflb ?=@),))),– ?= #),))).–
-v_ Aofrn/ jf df:6/ txsf]

k|To]s yk sfo{qmd ?=!@,))).– ?=!*,))).–
-u_ :gftsf]Q/ l8Knf]df :t/sf]

k|To]s yk sfo{qmd ?=*,))).– ?= !@,))).–
@= jflif{s ;DaGwg z'Ns
-s_ klxnf] Ps sfo{qmd ?=@),))).– ?= #),))).–
-v_ yk Jofrn/ jf df:6/

:t/sf] k|To]s sfo{qmd ?=!@,))).– ?= !*,))).–
-u_ yk :gftsf]Q/ l8Knf]df

:t/sf] k|To]s sfo{qmd ?=*,))).– ?= !@,))).–
#=
-s_ jflif{s ;]jf z'Ns k|ltljBfyL{ ?= @,))).– ?= #,))).–
-v_ ;x"lnotk|fKt g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿nfO{

;]jf z'Ns nfUg] 5}g .
$= gofF sfo{qmdsf] kf7\oqmd :jLs[lt z'Ns

-ljZjljBfnocGtu{t :jLs[t kf7\ofqmd
gePsf] gofF kf7\ofqmd :jLs[t ug'{kg]{_
299
k|To]s sfo{qmdsf lgldQ PskN6 dfq ?=!@,))).– ?= !*,))).–
%= lg/LIf0f z'Ns -k|To]s k6s_

lg/LIf0fsf nflu ?=*,))).– ?= !@,))).–
b|i6JoM
cfj]lbt sfo{qmd . sfo{qmdx¿ :jLs[t gePdf klg z'Nsx¿ lkmtf{ x'g]5}g .
cg';"rL – %
-kl/R5]b ** sf] lgod #*) ;+u ;DalGwt_ ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;n] kfngf
ug'{kg]{ zt{x¿M
!= egf{sf] lgldQ Go'gtd of]Uotf / cfwf/ ljZjljBfnon] lgwf{/0f

u/]cg';f/ x'g]5 .
@= g]kfnLx¿sf lgldQ ;x'lnot b/df egf{ ul/g] 5fq–5fqfx¿dWo]

ljZjljBfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ 5fqfx¿sf lgldQ Go"gtd :yfg
;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{5 .
#= k7gkf7gsf] Go"gtd :t/ ljZjljBfnon] tf]s]cg';f/ x'g'kg]{5 .
$= kf7\oqmd lgwf{/0f / k/LIff ;~rfng ljZjljBfnon] ug]{5 .
%= g]kfnLx¿sf lgldQ ;x"lnot b/df egf{ ug{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf egf{ x'g]
5fq–5fqf;Fu ljZjljBfnoaf6 cfª\lus SofDk;sf lgldQ lgwf{/0f
u/]sf]eGbf a9L z'Ns b:t'/ lng kfOg]5}g . olb To:tf] z'Nsdf yk36
ug'{k/]df ljZjljBfnosf] k"j{:jLs[lt lng'kg]{5 .
^= ljZjljBfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] ;DaGwg z'Ns / cGo z'Ns b:t'/x¿

a'emfpg'kg]{5 .
300
&= ljZjljBfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 9fFrfdf ljBfyL{x¿sf] k|ult d"NofÍg ug]{
/ d"NofÍgsf] clen]v /fVg'kg]{5 .
*= ljZjljBfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]sf] 9fFrfdf SofDk;sf] z}lIfs, ef}lts, cfly{s

/ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ljj/0f Pjd\ tYof+sx¿ ljZjljBfnonfO{ pknAw
u/fpg'kg]{5 .
(= ljZjljBfnon] ;do ;dodf dfu]sf] ljj/0f tyf ;"rgf pknAw

u/fpg'k]{5 .
!)= ;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;n] k|ltjif{sf] cfDbfgL vr{sf] n]vf k/LIf0f

:jLs[ltk|fKt n]vfk/LIfsaf6 u/fO{ ;f]sf] k|ltj]bg ljZjljBfnonfO{
pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 .
!!= lzIfs, k|fljlws tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sd{rf/Lx¿sf] Go"gtd of]Uotf

ljZjljBfnon] lgwf{/0f u/]cg';f/ x'g'kg]{5 .
.
!@= ljZjljBfnosf lgsfo -h:t}M ljZjljBfno ;ef, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\,
ljBfkl/ifb\\, ljifo ;ldlt_ jf ljZjljBfnon] u7g u/]sf] ;ldltsf]
;b:odf lgjf{lrt jf dgf]gLt cfkm\gf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/LnfO{ ;f]
lgsfo jf ;ldltsf] ;b:o eO{ sfo{ ug]{ cg'dlt lbg tyf ;f] lgsfo jf
;ldlt;DaGwL sfo{df ;+nUg x'g jf ljZjljBfnon] cfof]hgf u/]sf]
ljrf/ uf]i7L, sfo{zfnf,a}7s cflbdf cfdlGqt ePdf lzIfs sd{rf/LnfO{
;f] uf]i7L jf a}7sdf ;xefuL x'g / k/LIffdf k/LIfs, ;'kl/j]Ifs,
ko{j]Ifs,lg/LIfs, ljz]if1 eO{ sfo{ ug{ cg'dlt lbg] / ;f] sfo{ ubf{
SofDk;df pkl:yt x'g g;s]df ;f] cjlwsf lgldQ tnaL sfh
v6fpg'kg]{5 .
!#= ljZjljBfnoaf6 ;~rfng ul/g] k/LIffsf] k|of]hgsf lgldQ

;DaGwgk|fKt SofDk;n] cfˆgf] xn sIff sf]7f, k|of]uzfnf, sfo{zfnf /
cGo ef}lts ;'ljwf pknAw u/fpg'kg]{5 .
301
!$= k|fl1s / Joj;flos dof{bf ;DaGwsf cfrf/ ;+lxtfsf] kfngf ug]{ tyf
cfkm\gf lzIfs tyf sd{rf/Laf6 ;f]sf] kfngf ug{ nufpg'kg]{5 . k|fl1s
/ Joj;flos dof{bf kfng gug]{ / o;sf] ljk/Lt sfo{ ug]{ lzIfs
sd{rf/LdfyL cg'zf;g;DaGwL sf/afxL ug'{kg]{5 .
!%= SofDk;sf] ;~rfng / Joj:yfkg;DaGwL cfGtl/s k|lqmof / cfwf/x¿

lgwf{/0f ug]{, cfkm\gf lzIfs / sd{rf/Lsf] cfrf/ ;+lxtf, ;]jfsf zt{
Pjd\ clwsf/ st{Jo lgwf{/0f ug]{, ;f]sf] kfng ug]{ u/fpg] / ;f]sf]
;"rgf ljZjljBfnonfO{ lbg'kg]{5 . ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfrf/;+lxtf lgwf{/0f
ug]{, kfng u/fpg] / ;f]sf] ;"rgf ljZjljBfnonfO{ lbg'kg]{5 .
302
d'b|sM
lqe'jg ljZjljBfno 5fkfvfgf
sLlt{k'/, sf7df8f},+ g]kfn .
kmf]g g+= $##!#@), $##!#@!

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lqe'jg ljZjljBfno

;+u7g tyf z}lIfs k|zf;g;DaGwL lgod

2= ;ª\u7g tyf s]Gb|Lo sfof{no *

3= cWoog ;+:yfg tyf ;+sfo (

7= cg';Gwfg s]Gb| $&

13= ljBfyL{ sNof0f kl/ifb\\ ^(

16= clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg &&

18= ;efsf] a}7s *!

19= ;efsf] a}7s sfof{jnL ;"rLsf] qmd *&

20= ;efsf], a}7ssf] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof / sfo{qmd *(

22= ;efsf] a}7sdf af]Ng] / pQ/ lbg] Joj:yf (*

23= ;efsf] a}7sdf lgodfklQ;DaGwL Joj:yf !))

24= ;efsf] a}7sdf lg0f{o lng] Joj:yf !)!

26= ;efsf] a}7sdf k|:tfj vf/]h jf /2 tyf

29= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] ;b:odf dgf]gog !!!

30= k|fl1s kl/ifb\sf] j}7s !!@

32= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf]] u0fk"/s ;ª\Vof / sfo{qmd !!^

33= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df k]; x'g] k|:tfj !!*

34= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\df lg0f{o lng] k|lqmof !@#

36= lgodfklQ -k|fl1s kl/ifb\\_ !@(

37= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7s :yug / ;dflKt !#)

38= k|fl1s kl/ifb\\sf] a}7ssf nflu cfrf/ ;+lxtf !#@

40= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ !#&

41= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] u7g !$#

42= ljBfkl/ifb\\sf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ !$%

45= s'nklt !%#

47= pks'nklt !%$

48= lqe'jg ljZjljBfno ;]jf cfof]usf] cWoIf Pjd\ ;b:o !%&

49= lzIffWoIf !^!

51= 8Lg !^*

52= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs !&^

53= cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw s]Gb|sf] sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs !*)

55= SofDk; k|d'v !*#

56= k/LIff lgoGqs !*&

57= sfo{sf/L lgb]{zs, kf7\oqmd ljsf; s]Gb| !(@

60= sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\åf/f lgo'Qm jf tf]lsPsf] ;fjlws

63= k/LIffsf] lsl;d / tt\;DaGwL cGo Joj:yf @!!

65= pQ/k'l:tsf tyf k/LIff ;~rfng;DaGwL cGo

66= k|ZgJoj:yfkg ;ldltsf] Joj:yf @!(

67= pQ/k'l:tsf ;+k/LIf0f ;ldlt @@!

69= k/LIffsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ljBfyL{x¿sf] cfrf/

70= ljb]zL lzIf0f ;+:yfaf6 tf]lsPsf] tx kf/ u/L

72= k/LIffkmn k|sfzg tyf :yug;DaGwL Joj:yf @##

75= k'gof]{u;DaGwL Joj:yf @#&

77= k/LIff z'Ns tyf kfl/>lds;DaGwL Joj:yf @#(

79= dfgfy{ pkflw @$@

81= ljifo ;ldltsf] / cWoIfsf] sfd, st{Jo / clwsf/ @$(

82= ljifo ;ldltsf] :yfoL ;ldlt @%@

83= ljifo ;ldltsf] a}7s;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @%$

85= :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] ;b:otf, ;fwf/0f ;ef / sfo{;ldlt @%(

86= :jtGq ljBfyL{ o'lgogsf] sfo{;ldltsf] lgjf{rg

88=cfrf/ ;+lxtf;DaGwL sf/afxL / ;hfo @&!

89= k'g/fj]bg;DaGwL Joj:yf @&#

93= cg';"rLx¿ @*!

!= ;ª\lIfKt gfd / k|f/DeM -!_ o; lgodsf] gfd ælqe'jg ljZjljBfno

-@_ of] lgod t'?Gt nfu" x'g]5 .

@= kl/efiffM -!_ ljifo jf k|;ª\un] csf{] cy{ gnfu]df o; lgoddfM

-3_ æ;b:o–;lrjÆ eGgfn] ;ef, sfo{sf/L kl/ifb\\ / ljifo ;ldltsf]

-em_ æah]6Æ eGgfn] ;efdf k|:t't x'g] ljZjljBfnosf] / dftxtsf

-`_ æjflif{sÆ k|ltj]bg eGgfn] ljZjljBfnosf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg

-6_ ælgodÆ eGgfn] P]gcGtu{t ag]sf lgodx¿ ;Demg'k5{ .

-7_ ækbflwsf/LÆ eGgfn] P]g lgodcGtu{tsf kbflwsf/L

-8_ æk/LIff lgoGqsÆ eGgfn] k/LIff lgoGq0f sfof{nosf] k|d'v