1

CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

The inplant training program has started from 16thjune 2017 at MAX
Properties Pvt. Ltd, Virattipathu, Madurai. The total training period is 30 days from
16thjune to 22ndjuly 2017. During this training period analysis, design and
estimation of G+1 residential building has been studied.

The residential building is a building for human habitation, especially one

that consists of a ground floor and one or more upper storey’s. Use of this building
is to grant the protection against wind, weather and to give insurance against
physical insecurity of all kinds. A single-family residential building is most often
called as houses or homes.

The training report deals with analysis, design and estimation of a G+1
residential building. The framed building was analysed through STAAD pro. The
design and detailing are worked out manually and compared with the STAAD pro
results.

1.1 SITE DETAILS

The site selected for G+1 residential building is in virattipathu, Madurai. The
safe bearing capacity of soil is 250kN/m2. The site visit is the first gear in the design
process. A detailed site analysis has to be done so as to understand the features of
the site, which will be very important during the design. The purpose of the site
analysis is to record and evaluate information on the site and its surrounding, and to
use this evaluation in the design response.

1.2 GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS OF THE BUILDING

 Total area of the building = 383.47 sq.m
 Floor height of the building = 3m
 Footing depth = 4.8m
 2

CHAPTER - 2

NATURE OF WORK

S.NO Date Nature of work

1 16.06.2017 In the training period of first 10 days due to the price high in
to sand and insufficient amount of sand required for work, the
26.06.2017 work in the construction site got delayed. So in that course
period the engineer of that site gave an overview of site like
plot area, value of land. Then the engineer gave a brief intro
on the works done from foundation to roof level. Also he
assigned us to calculate the quantity of brick, concrete, mortar,
tile, paint required for a building.
2 27.06.2017 3 masons were constructed the plinth beam for size
0.75x1.25ft with mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 and 10mm diameter rods
were used.
3 28.06.2017 2 masons were constructed the basement brickwork using fly
ash brick work for depth of 2.5ft with mortar ratio of 1:5.
4 29.06.2017 Shoe marking of 2” depth for 17 nos of column and the
columns were constructed for 7ft height with mix ratio of
1:1.5:3 and 12mm rods were used.
5 3.7.2017 Damp proof course of 1” depth for outer and inner 9” and 4.5”
thick wall about 179.25 ft.
6 4.7.2017 Basement backfilling with sand for depth of 2.5ft about 1894.5
Cu.ft.
7 6.7.2017 Outer and inner wall brick work (9”size) for height of 7ft upto
lintel about 981.67Sq.ft and 4.5” wall for toilet about
76.125Sq.ft.
8 11.7.2017 Lintel beam were constructed with concrete mix ratio of
1:1.5:3 for depth of 9” about 150ft and 10mm diameter rods
were used.
 3

9 15.7.2017 Columns were constructed above lintel beam with concrete

mix ratio of 1:1.5:3 about 63ft.
10 17.7.2017 Brickwork above lintel beam was constructed for height of 2ft
about 259.17Sq.ft.
11 18.7.2017 Roof beam was constructed with concrete mix ratio of 1:1.5:3
about 137 Cu.ft
12 19.7.2017
Roof concrete with ratio of 1:1.5:3 for depth 5” about 315.49
to
Cu.ft.
22.7.2017

The above details depict the constructed work and schedule for masons.
During this training period my contribution was to calculate the quantity of
construction material.
 4

CHAPTER - 3

PLANNING

Site planning and design requires the professional to consider a broad range
of concerns in the synthesis of a design concept. There are the physical aspects of
the site itself, the vision or program of the client, the designer’s own creative
inclination, the concept of the community and the interests of the end user. The
zoning requirements are intended to regulate the density and geometry of
development, specifying roadways widths and parking and drainage requirements,
and define natural resource protection areas. A comprehensive understanding and
appreciation of context and the balancing of neighbourhood character and strategic
planning objectives must be the starting point for any design. This requires an
understanding of a proposed development and its relationships to the surrounding
public setting, neighbouring properties, and any identified strategic issue relating to
the site.

3.1 REQUIREMENTS OF SITE PLANNING

Site planning must incorporate an accurate description of:

 Shape, size, orientation of the site and easements.

 Levels and contours of the site and the difference in levels between the site
and surrounding properties.
 The location and the height of the existing building on the site and
surrounding properties.
 The use of surrounding buildings, including location of habitable rooms.
 The location of private open space of surrounding properties and the location
of trees, fences and other.
 Landscape elements.
 Solar access to the site and surrounding properties.
 5

 Street frontage features such as poles, street trees, and footpath and kerb
crossovers.
 The location of shops, public transport services and public open space within
walking distance.
 Movement systems through and around the site.
 Any other notable features or characteristic of the site or surrounding areas.
 Constraints and opportunities such as heritage places.
 Current access to direct sunlight in summer and winter.
 Reduce/minimize total imperious area.
 Demarcate the zone of development.

3.2 SITE LOCATION

The residential building is located at virattipathu, Madurai.

1. The building consists of 1 floor (G+1).

2. Plot dimensions - 22ft x 50ft (6.70 m x 15.24m )
3. Total plot area - 1257.77Sq.ft (383.47 Sq.m)

3.3 GROUND FLOOR PLAN

The total area of the ground floor is 861.37 Sq.ft. It consists of hall, kitchen
and 2 bed room and toilet as shown in figure.

3.4 FIRST FLOOR PLAN

The total area of first floor is 396.40 Sq.ft. It consists of 1 bedroom with
attached toilet as shown in figure.
 6

FIGURE 3.1: GROUND FLOOR PLAN

 7

FIGURE 3.2: FIRST FLOOR PLAN

 8

CHAPTER – 4

ANALYSIS OF FRAME

4.1 ABOUT STAAD Pro

STAAD Pro is a structural analysis and design computer program originally

developed by Research Engineers International in Yorba Linda, CA In late 2005,
Research Engineers International was bought by Bentley systems. An older version
called STAAD –III for windows is used by Iowa State University for educational
purposes for civil and structural engineers.

The commercial version STAAD Pro is one of the most widely used structural
analysis and design software. It supports several steel, concrete, and timber design
codes.

It can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static
analysis, 2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric non linear analysis or a buckling
analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic analysis from modal
extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis.

In recent years it has become part of integrated structural analysis and design
solutions mainly using an exposed API called open STAAD to access and drive the
program using a VB macro system included in the application or other by including
open STAAD functionality in applications that themselves include suitable
programmable macro systems. Additionally STAAD Pro has added direct links to
applications such as RAM connection and STAAD. Foundation to provide
engineers working with those applications which handle design post processing not
handled by STAAD Pro itself. Another form of integration supported by STAAD
Pro is the analysis schema of the CIM steel Integration Standard, version 2
commonly known as CIS/2 and used by a number modelling and analysis
applications. The frame is analyzed using STAAD Pro. STAAD Pro is the general
 9

purpose structural analysis and design program with applications primarily in the
building industry, commercial buildings, bridges, highways structures etc. The
purpose of analysis is to determine the bending moment and shear force distribution
at various sections of the structure under any loading conditions. The structure is a
framed structure. A frame consists of beams and columns built monolithically
forming a network. Frame is designed for live load and dead load.

4.2 INPUT DATA FOR STAAD Pro ANALYSIS

No of floor = G+1

Height of each floor =3m

Depth of foundation = 4.87 m

Size of column = 0.23 x 0.23 m

Size of beam at roof level = 0.23 x 0.23 m

UDL on beam = 3.75 kN/m2 and 13.8 kN/m2

Live load = 3 kN/m2

FIGURE 4.1: STAAD 3D MODEL

 10

The figure 4.1 shows the 3D model diagram of the building which is of the G+1
building which includes all the column and the beams of the entire building and
then the supports that have been given to the columns and by this basic diagram the
analysis of the beam and column will be executed.

FIGURE 4.2: RENDERED VIEW

The figure 4.2 shows the 3D rendered view diagram of the building which is of the
G+1 building which includes all the column and the beams of the entire building
and by this basic diagram the analysis of the beam and column will be executed.
 11

FIGURE 4.3: COLUMN DESIGN

 12

FIGURE 4.4: BEAM DESIGN

The figure 4.3 and 4.4 shows the beam and the column design of the building
according to the recommended codes using the STAAD Pro software and mainly it
shows the diameter of the rods to be provided in the column and the beams at the
corresponding spacing and also the geometry, deflection, shear, deflection can be
known.
 13

FIGURE 4.5: DEFLECTION

The figure 4.5 shows the 3D deflection diagram of the building which is of the
G+1 building which includes all the column and the beams of the entire building
with the support condition and it mainly shows the deflection of the building after
loading,
 14

FIGURE 4.6: BENDING MOMENT

The figure 4.6 shows the 3D bending moment diagram of the building which is of
the G+1 building which includes all the column and the beams of the entire building
with the support condition and it mainly shows the bending moment of the building
after loading .
 15

FIGURE 4.7: SHEAR FORCE

The figure 4.7 shows the 3D Shear force diagram of the building which is of the
G+1 building which includes all the column and the beams of the entire building
with the support condition and it mainly shows the shear force of the building after
loading.
 16

CHAPTER – 5

STRUCTURAL MEMBER

5.1 BEAM

A Beam is a structural element that is capable of withstanding load primarily

by resisting against bending. The bending force induced into the material of the
beam as a result of the external loads, own weight, span and external reactions to
these loads is called a bending moment. Beams are characterized by their profile
(shape of cross-section), their length and their material.

Beams are traditionally descriptions of building or civil engineering structural

elements, but smaller structures such as truck or automobile frames, machine
frames, and other mechanical or structural systems contain beam structures that are
designed and analyzed in a similar fashion.

5.1.1 CLASSIFICATIONS OF BEAMS BASEDB ON SUPPORTS

In engineering, beams are of several types:

 Simply supported – a beam supported on the ends which are free to rotate
and have no moment resistance.
 Fixed – a beam supported on both ends and restrained from rotation.
 Over hanging – a simple beam extending beyond its support on one end.
 Double overhanging – a simple beam with both ends extending beyond its
support on both ends.
 Continuous –a beam extending over more than two supports.
 Cantilever –a projecting beam fixed only at one end.
 Trussed – a beam strengthened by adding a cable or rod to form a truss.
 17

5.1.2 DESIGN OF BEAM:

L=3.27m

B=0.23m

D=0.23m

𝑓𝑦 =500N/𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑐𝑘 =20 N/𝑚𝑚2

Step 1: Cross Sectional Dimensions:

Span/depth=10

3270/depth=10

d =327mm≅330mm

D=d+30

=330+30

D=360mm

Step 2: Effective span:

Effective span=clear span+ effective depth

=3.27+0.33

=3.6m

Step 3: Load Calculation:

Dead load=0.23x0.23x25

=1.323KN/𝑚2

Live load=3 KN/𝑚2

 18

Total load=4.323 KN/𝑚2

Factored load, 𝑊𝑢 =1.5x4.323

=6.48 KN/𝑚2

Step 4: Calculation of BM and SF

M=W𝑙2 /8

= (6.48x3.272 ) / 8

M=8.67 KNm

V=Wl/2

= (6.48x3.27)/2

V= 10.60KN

Step 5: Check for depth:

m=280/3𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐

=280/ (3x7)

m=13.33

n=1/ (1+ (𝜎𝑠𝑡 /m𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 ))

=1/ (1+ (275/13.33x7))

n =0.253

j=1-(n/3)

=1-(0.253/3)

j =0.915

Q = (1/2) 𝜎𝑐𝑏𝑐 nj
 19

= (1/2)x7x0.253x0.915

Q=0.81

M=Qb𝑑 2

d=215mm<330mm (𝑑𝑝𝑟𝑜 )

Hence safe

Step 6: Tension Reinforcement:

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =M/ (𝜎𝑠𝑡 jd)

=8.67x106 / (275x0.916x330)

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =104.3𝑚𝑚2

n =𝐴𝑠𝑡 /𝑎𝑠𝑡

𝑎𝑠𝑡 =201.06

n =1.08≅2 No’s

# adopt 2No’s of 12mm Φ bars

Step 7: Nominal shear:

𝜏𝑣 =𝑉𝑢 /bd

= (10.60x103 )/ (230x330)

𝜏𝑣 =0.139N/𝑚𝑚2

pt % = (100𝐴𝑠𝑡 pro)/ bd

(100𝐴 𝑠𝑡 pro)/bd= (100x104.3)/ (230x330)=0.14

Refer Table 19: IS 456

𝜏𝑐 =0.28N/𝑚𝑚2
 20

𝜏𝑣 <𝜏𝑐

Hence safe

Step 8: Spacing

(𝐴𝑠𝑣 /b𝛿𝑣 ) = 0.4/ (0.87𝑓𝑦 )

100.53/230𝛿𝑣 =0.4/0.87x500

𝛿𝑣 =475mm≅300mm

5.2 COLUMN

Columns are vertical compression members used to transfer the loads of the
structures to the foundation below

 Grouping is done based on the axial load on the column.

 In which 8 groups are designed as columns with axial load and biaxial
bending.
 Design of the column is done based on the method given in SP16 and the
charts are used to find the reinforcements.
 A column may be a short column or long column.
If l/d<12 it is to be designed as short column.
Or If l/d>12 it is to be designed as a long column.

5.2.1 SHORT COLUMN WITH BIAXIAL BENDING

𝑃𝑢 =136.5KN

𝑀𝑢𝑦 =3.27KNm

𝑀𝑢𝑥 =2.37KNm
 21

b =230mm

D=230mm

Step 1: To find minimum eccentricity

𝑒𝑥 =𝑀𝑢𝑥 /𝑃𝑢

= (2.39x106 )/ (136.5x103 )

𝑒𝑥 =17.51mm

There is no additional moment applied.

𝑒𝑦 =𝑀𝑢𝑦 /𝑃𝑢

= (3.27x106 )/ (136.5x103 )

𝑒𝑦 =23.95mm

𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 =𝑃𝑢 x𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛

= 136.5x (23.95x10−3 )

𝑀𝑚𝑖𝑛 =3.26KNm

𝑒𝑦 >20mm

Additional moment is applied here

Step 2: To find area of reinforcement

d’=30mm

d’/D=30/230=0.13≅0.15

𝑃𝑢 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 bD) = (136.5x103 )/ (20x230x230)

= 0.13
 22

𝑀𝑢𝑥 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 b𝐷 2 ) = (2.37x106 )/ (20x230x2302 )

= 0.01

Refer SP16: Chart no: 37

P/𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.02

P=0.02x20

P=0.4%

0.4% is not enough for column& hence assume p=0.8%

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =pbD/100

= (0.8x230x230)/100

𝐴𝑠𝑡 = 423.2 mm2

n = 𝐴𝑠𝑡 /𝑎𝑠𝑡

𝑎𝑠𝑡 = (π/4) x 202

𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 314.15mm2

n =1.34≅2 No’s

Step 3: To find 𝑴𝒖𝒙𝟏 and 𝑴𝒖𝒚𝟏

P/𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.8/20

=0.04

Refer SP16: Chart- 33

𝑀𝑢𝑥1 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 b𝐷 2 ) = 0.07

𝑀𝑢𝑥1 = 0.07x20x230x2302

𝑀𝑢𝑥1 =17.03KNm
 23

y =d’/b=30/230=0.13≅0.15

Refer SP16: Chart 33

𝑀𝑢𝑦1 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏2 𝐷) =0.07

𝑀𝑢𝑦1 =0.07x20x2302 x230

𝑀𝑢𝑦1 =17.03KNm

(𝑀𝑢𝑥 /𝑀𝑢𝑥1 )𝛼𝑛 + (𝑀𝑢𝑦 /𝑀𝑢𝑦1 )𝛼𝑛 ≤1

𝛼𝑛 =𝑝𝑢 /𝑝𝑢𝑧

𝑝𝑢𝑧 =0.45𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝐴𝑐 +0.75𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑐

𝐴𝑔 =𝐴𝑐 +𝐴𝑠𝑡

𝐴𝑔 =230x230

230x230=𝐴𝑐 +423.2

𝐴𝑐 =52478𝑚𝑚2

𝑝𝑢𝑧 = (0.45x20x52478) + (0.75x500x423.2)

𝑝𝑢𝑧 = 630.99KN

𝛼𝑛 = (216.3/630.99)

𝛼𝑛 =0.02

Refer IS 456: pg: no: 71

𝛼𝑛 =1

(9.69𝑋106 /24.33𝑋106 )1 +(4.86𝑋106 /24.33𝑋106 )1

0.589<1

Hence safe
 24

5.2.2 SHORT COLUMN WITH UNIAXIAL BENDING

𝑃𝑢 =436.51KN

𝑀𝑢𝑦 =1.3KNm

𝑀𝑢𝑥 =1.05KNm

b =230mm

D=230mm

Step 1: To find minimum eccentricity

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 = (𝑙𝑒 /500) + (D/30)

= ((3.992x103 )/500) + (230/30)

𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑛 =15.65mm

𝑒𝑥 =𝑀𝑢𝑥 /𝑃𝑢

= (1.05x106 )/ (436.51x103 )

𝑒𝑥 = 2.405mm

Step 2: To find area of reinforcement

d’=30mm

d’/D=30/230=0.13≅0.15

𝑃𝑢 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 bD)=(436.1x103 )/(20x230x230)

=0.412

𝑀𝑢𝑥 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 b𝐷 2 ) = (1.05x106 )/ (20x230x2302 )

=0.004

Refer SP16: Chart no: 37

 25

P/𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.02

P=0.02x20

P=0.4%

0.4% is not enough for column & hence p=0.8%

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =pbD/100

= (0.8x230x230)/100

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =423.2𝑚𝑚2

n =𝐴𝑠𝑡 /𝑎𝑠𝑡

𝑎𝑠𝑡 = (π/4) x 122

𝑎𝑠𝑡 =113𝑚𝑚2

n =3.8≅4 No’s

Provide 32mm Φ of 4no’s

Step 3: To find 𝑴𝒖𝒙𝟏 and 𝑴𝒖𝒚𝟏

P/𝑓𝑐𝑘 =0.8/20

=0.04

Refer SP16: Chart - 33

𝑀𝑢𝑥1 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 b𝐷 2 ) = 0.07

𝑀𝑢𝑥1 = 0.07x20x230x2302

𝑀𝑢𝑥1 = 17.03KNm

y =d’/b=30/230=0.13≅0.15

Refer SP16: chart-33

 26

𝑀𝑢𝑦1 / (𝑓𝑐𝑘 𝑏2 𝐷) = 0.07

𝑀𝑢𝑦1 =0.07x20x2302 x230

𝑀𝑢𝑦1 =17.03KNm.

5.3 SLAB

Slabs, used in floors and roofs of buildings mostly integrated with the
supporting beams, carry the distributed loads primarily by bending. Slabs are
generally classified into one way slab and two way slabs

When a slab is spanning in one direction it is designed as one way slab and
when it spans in two directions it is designed as two way slab. It is to be decided
whether a slab to be designed as one way or two way slab based on IS456-2000.

As per guideline, slabs whose ratio of longer span (ly) to the shorter span (lx)
is more than two are considered as one way slabs.

Minimum clear cover to reinforcements in slab depends on the durability

criteria and this is specified in IS 456-2000. Generally 15mm to 20mm cover is
providing for the main reinforcements. Alternate main bars can be cranked near
support or could be bent at 1800 at the edge and then extended at the top inside the
slab as shown in slab main an extra reinforcement plans.

5.3.1 DESIGN OF SLAB

𝑙𝑥 =4.80m; 𝑙𝑦 =5.18m

Step 1: 𝒍𝒚 /𝒍𝒙

=5.18/4.80

=1.08<2
 27

It is a two way slab

Step 2: Depth Calculation

𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑙𝑥 /25

=4800/25

=192≅200mm

D =d+15+ (Φ/2)

=200+15+ (10/2)

=220mm

Step 3: 𝒍𝒆𝒇𝒇 calculation

1) Clear span + d = 4.80+0.2

=5 m

2) Clear span + width of support =4.80+0.23

=5.03m

Take, 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 =5 m

Step 4: Load Calculation

Live load =3.5KN/𝑚2

Dead load=0.15x25

=3.75KN/𝑚2

Floor finish=1KN/𝑚2

Total load=8.25KN/𝑚2

Factored load,𝑊𝑢 =8.25x1.5=12.375KN/𝑚2

 28

Step 5: Moment Calculation

𝟐
𝑀𝒖𝒙 =𝛼𝒙 𝑊𝒖 𝑙𝒆𝒇𝒇

𝟐
𝑀𝒖𝒚 = 𝛼𝒚 𝑊𝒖 𝑙𝒆𝒇𝒇

Refer IS 456: Table 27

𝑙𝑦 /𝑙𝑥 =1.08

𝜶𝑥 =0.0716

𝜶𝑦 =0.0612

𝑀𝑢𝑥 =0.0716x13.375x52

=23.94KNm

𝑀𝑢𝑦 =0.0612x13.37x52

=20.46KNm

Step 6:𝑨𝒔𝒕 Calculation:

𝑀𝑢𝑥 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d (1-(𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 /bd𝑓𝑐𝑘 ))

23.94x106 =0.87x500x𝐴𝑠𝑡 x200(1-(500𝐴𝑠𝑡 /1000x200x20))

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =285.36𝑚𝑚2

𝑎𝑠𝑡 = (π/4) x 102

𝑎𝑠𝑡 = 78.53𝑚𝑚2

Spacing= (𝑎𝑠𝑡 /𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) x 1000

= (78.53/285.36) x 1000

Spacing=275.2≅200mm

Max spacing
 29

1)3d=3x130=290

2)300mm

#Provide 10mm Φ bar @300mm c-c spacing

𝑀𝑢𝑦 =0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 d (1-(𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑡 /bd𝑓𝑐𝑘 ))

d =200-10=190mm

20.46x106 =0.87x500x𝐴𝑠𝑡 x190(1-(500𝐴𝑠𝑡 /1000x120x190))

𝐴𝑠𝑡 =256.18𝑚𝑚2

Min 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =0.12% bD

= (0.12/100) x1000x220

Min 𝐴𝑠𝑡 =264𝑚𝑚2

Spacing = (𝑎𝑠𝑡 /𝐴𝑠𝑡 ) x 1000

= (50/264) x 1000

Spacing=180mm

#Provide 8mm Φ bars @180mm c-c spacing

Step 7: Check for Shear

𝜏𝑣 =𝑉𝑢 /bd

𝑉𝑢 =(𝑊𝑢 x𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑓 )/2

= (13.375x5)/2

𝑉𝑢 =33.44KN

𝜏𝑣 = (33.44x103 )/ (1000x200)

𝜏𝑣 =0.167N/𝑚𝑚2
 30

pt % =(100𝐴𝑠𝑡 pro)/bd

𝐴𝑠𝑡 pro = (𝑎𝑠𝑡 /spacing)x1000

= (79/200) x 1000

Ast pro =392.6𝑚𝑚2

%pt = (100x392.6)/ (1000/200)

%pt=0.196

Refer IS456: Table 19

𝜏𝑐 =0.32N/𝑚𝑚2

𝜏𝑐 <𝜏𝑣

Hence safe

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑝𝑟𝑜 <(𝑙/𝑑)𝑚𝑎𝑥

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑝𝑟𝑜 = (4800/200) = 24

𝑙/𝑑)𝑚𝑎𝑥 = Basic Value (BV) x Modified Factor (MF)

𝑓𝑠 =0.58x𝑓𝑦 x (𝐴𝑠𝑡 req/𝐴𝑠𝑡 pro)

=0.58 x 500 x (242/263.33)

𝑓𝑠 =253.94

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑚𝑎𝑥 =20x1.6=32

(𝑙/𝑑)𝑝𝑟𝑜 <(𝑙/𝑑)𝑚𝑎𝑥
 31

5.4 PILE FOUNDATION

A pile is basically a long cylinder of a strong material such as concrete that is

pushed into the ground to act as a steady support for structures built on top of it.

Pile foundations are used in following situations:

1. When there is a layer of weak soil at the surface. This layer cannot support
the weight of the building, so the loads of the building have to bypass this
layer and be transferred to the layer of stronger soil or rock that is below the
weak layer.
2. When a building has very heavy, concentrated loads, such as in a high rise
structure, bridge, or water tank.

5.4.1 DESIGN OF PILE FOUNDATION

a) Service load on one pile =423.76 KN

Ultimate load=1.5*423.76

=635.64KN

Length of pile=4.9m ≈5m

Fck =20 N/mm2

Fy =500N/mm2

b) LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENTS

Pu = [0.4*fck*Ag+(0.67fy-0.4fck) Asc]

635.64*10^3=(0.4*20*(π/4*2302)+[(0.67*500)-(0.4*20)]Asc

635.64*10^3=332.4*10^3+327Asc

Asc =927mm2
 32

But minimum longitudinal steel for piles <30D=(30*230)<9000mmis (6900).

Asc =1.25%of c/s of pile.

=(1.25/100)*( π /4*2302)

=519.34mm2

Provide 6 no’s of 12mm diameter (Asc=678.5mm2) with a clear cover of 50mm.

c) LATERAL REINFORCEMENT:

Lateral reinforcement in the central portion of pile =0.2% of gross volume.

Using 8mm ties,

Volume of one tie =50[6(230-100)]

=39000mm3

Volume of pile per pitch length = (230*230*p)

=52900p/mm3

39000 =[(0.2/100)*52900p]

P =368mm

Maximum permissible pitch =D/2

=230/2 =115mm

Hence, provide 8mm dia ties@115mm centres.

d) LATERAL REINFORCEMENT NEAR PILE HEAD:

Spiral reinforcements is to be provided inside the main reinforcement for a length of

(3*230)=690mm

Volume of spiral =0.6% of gross volume.

Using 8mm dia helical ties (As =50mm2)

 33

Volume of spiral per mm length=[(0.6/100)*( π/4)*2302]

=249.28mm3

If P=pitch of spiral with d =(230-100-40)

=90mm

P = circumference of spiral/249.28

= (π*90*50)/249.28

=56.71mm

Provide 8mm dia spiral @ a pitch of 55mm for a length of 690mm near the pile
head, the spiral is enclosed inside of the main reinforcement.

e) LATERAL REINFORCEMENTS NEAR PILE ENDS:

Volume of ties=0.6%of gross volume for a length=3D= (3*230) = 690mm

Using 8mm dia ties, (As=50mm2)

Volume of each tie= 50[6(230-100)] =39000mm3

If P=pitch of ties, 39000 = (0.6/100)* ( π/4*2302)*p

P = 156mm

Provide 8mm dia ties @150mm centres for a distance of 690mm from the end of the
pile both @top and bottom.

f) SPACER FORKS AND LIFTING HOLES:

Provide spacer forks in pairs of steel using 25mm dia bar spacers
@1500mm centres. Provide 32mm dia holes @1500mm from ends.
 34

TABLE 5.1 MAXIMUM BENDING MOMENT AND AXIAL FORCE

DETAILS OF BEAM AND COLUMN

S.no Member Beam Length Breadth Depth Max Axial Ast req
no. M M m Moment force Sq.mm
kNm KN
Beam at
Top:816.98
1 GF roof 44 4.34 0.23 0.23 54.03
Bot:738.49
level
Beam at FF Top:386.87
2 80 3.28 0.23 0.23 13.885
roof level Bot:163.01
Uniaxial
3 35 3 0.23 0.23 436.508 1331.06
column
Biaxial
4 31 3 0.23 0.23 223.716 1143.7
column
Two way
5 3.05 4.49 0.15 242
slab

TABLE 5.2 REINFORCEMENT DETAILS

S.no Member Main Reinforcement Shear reinforcement

Beam at GF
1 4 nos of 12 mm ϕ @ 345 c/c 2 legged 8 mm ϕ @ 85 mm c/c
roof level
Beam at FF
2 3 nos of 10 mm ϕ @ 195 c/c 2 legged 8mm ϕ @ 85 mm c/c
roof level
Uniaxial 4 nos of 12 mm ϕ (equally
3 8 mm ϕ rectangular ties @ 190mm c/c
column distributed)
4 nos of 20 mm ϕ (equally
4 Biaxial column 8 mm ϕ rectangular ties @ 230mm c/c
distributed)
Main rod:
Distribution rod:
5 Two way slab 4 nos of 10 mm ϕ @ 300mm
4 nos of 8 mm ϕ @ 270 mm c/c
c/c
 35

CHAPTER-6

ESTIMATION AND COSTING

Estimation is the technique of calculating or computing the various quantity

and expected expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project. Estimation
gives an idea of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined i.e., whether
the project could be taken up within the funds available or not. Estimation gives an
idea of time required for the completion of work.

Estimation is required to invite the tenders and quotations and to arrange

contract. Estimation is also required to control the expenditure during the execution
of work .Estimation decides whether the proposed plan matches the funds available
or not. The estimation work is handled by units of quantity in cubic feet (Cu.ft) and
square feet (Sq.ft) and otherwise length, breadth, depth in feet (ft).

6.1 Detailed Estimate for the proposed construction of a residential

building at MAX G.V site, Virattipathu, Theni main road, Madurai.

SNO DESCRIPTIONS NOS L B D QTY TOTAL

QTY
GROUND FLOOR
1 Pile drilling excavation for
119.68
pile foundation (9"
cu.ft
diameter) 17.00 0.44 0.00 16.00 119.68
Pile
2 R.C.C 1:1.5:3 for pile
20mm size jelly and tor
153.00
steel
Cu.ft
Pile 17.00 0.75 0.75 16.00 153.00

3 R.C.C.1:1.5:3 for Earth

beam using 20mm size jelly
 36

and Tor steel including

shuttering and centering
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 1.25 107.81
Cross beam 2.00 15.50 0.75 1.25 29.06
Cross beam 1.00 10.00 0.75 1.25 9.38
162.89
Cross beam 1.00 17.75 0.75 1.25 16.64
Cu.ft
162.89
4 Brick workupto basement:
fly ash brick masonry with
CM 1:5 and 9" thick outer
wall alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 2.50 215.63
9" thick inner wall 2.00 15.50 0.75 2.50 58.13 325.79
9" thick inner wall 1.00 10.00 0.75 2.50 18.75 Cft
9" thick inner wall 1.00 17.75 0.75 2.50 33.28
325.79
5 column upto basement
R.C.C column using 20mm 17.00 0.75 0.75 2.50 23.91 23.91
size jelly and tor steel Cft
6 Sand filling for basement
Bed room 1 1.00 10.00 11.00 2.50 275.00
kitchen cum Dining 1.00 6.25 16.25 2.50 253.91
Portico 1.00 7.75 10.00 1.50 116.25
Bed room 2 1.00 10.00 10.00 2.50 250.00
1564.53
Hall 1.00 17.00 15.75 2.50 669.38
cu.ft
` 1564.53
7 Damp proof course
outer wall alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 2.50 215.63
Inner wall 2.00 15.50 0.75 2.50 58.13
Inner wall 1.00 10.00 0.75 2.50 18.75
Inner wall 1.00 17.75 0.75 2.50 33.28 325.79
 37

325.79 cu.ft
8 R.C.C.Column 1:1.5:3 upto
lintel
using 20mm size jelly and
66.94
Tor steel.
cu.ft
Column 17.00 0.75 0.75 7.00 66.94
9 Brick work in cm 1:6, 9”tk
upto lintel using 1st class
chamber bricks.
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 7.00 603.75
Inner wall 1.00 10.25 0.75 7.00 53.81
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 0.75 7.00 85.31
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 0.75 7.00 85.31
Inner wall 1.00 10.00 0.75 7.00 52.50
4.5" inner wall 1.00 6.63 0.38 7.00 17.62
4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 0.38 7.00 12.97

738.68
Deduction
Cu.ft
D/f MD-Main Door -1.00 3.50 0.75 7.00 -18.38
D-1 -2.00 3.00 0.75 7.00 -31.50
D-2 -2.00 2.50 0.75 7.00 -26.25
W-1 -1.00 5.25 0.75 4.50 -17.72
W-2 -4.00 3.50 0.75 4.50 -47.25
KW -2.00 3.50 0.75 3.00 -15.75
Opening -1.00 3.00 0.75 7 -15.75
738.68
10 P.C.C 1:4:8 for Flooring
concrete.
Bed room 1 1.00 10.00 11.00 0.42 46.20
kitchen cum Dining 1.00 6.25 16.25 0.42 42.66
 38

Portico 1.00 7.75 10.00 0.42 32.55

Bed room 2 1.00 10.00 10.00 0.42 42.00
Hall 1.00 17.00 15.75 0.42 112.46 275.86
275.86 cu.ft
11 R.C.C lintel beam 1:1.5:3
using 20mm size jelly and
tor steel
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 0.75 64.69
Cross beam 2.00 15.50 0.75 0.75 17.44
Cross beam 1.00 10.00 0.75 0.75 5.63
Cross beam 1.00 17.75 0.75 0.75 9.98
101.01
4.5" cross beam 1.00 6.63 0.38 0.75 1.89
cu.ft
4.5" cross beam 1.00 4.88 0.38 0.75 1.39
101.01
12 R.C.C column 1:1.5:3 upto
roof level using 20mm size
24.67
jelly and Tor column.
cu.ft
Column 17.00 0.75 0.75 2.58 24.67
13 Brick work in cm 1:6, 9”tk
upto roof level using 1st
class chamber bricks.
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 2.58 222.53
Inner wall 1.00 10.25 0.75 2.58 19.83
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 0.75 2.58 31.44
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 0.75 2.58 31.44
Inner wall 1.00 10.00 0.75 2.58 19.35
4.5" inner wall 1.00 6.63 0.38 2.58 6.50
4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 0.38 2.58 4.78
Deduction
Ventilation -1.00 2.50 0.75 2.00 -3.75 332.12
 39

332.12 cu.ft
14 R.C.C Roof slab 1:1.5:3
5”tk using 20mm size jelly
661.13
and Tor steel.
cu.ft
GF area 1.00 20.50 32.25 661.13
15 First floor column upto 8.00 0.75 0.75 7.00 31.50
31.50c.ft
lintel
first floor brick work upto
16 lintel
618.59
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 7.00 603.75
cu.ft
Inner wall 1.00 17.00 0.75 7.00 89.25

4.5" inner wall 1.00 6.63 0.38 7.00 17.62

4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 0.38 7.00 12.97
Deduction
D-1 -2.00 3.00 0.75 7.00 -31.50
D-2 -2.00 2.50 0.75 7.00 -26.25
W-2 -4.00 3.50 0.75 4.50 -47.25
618.59
17 First floor lintel concrete
Outer walls alround 1.00 115 0.75 0.75 64.69
cross beam 1.00 16.25 0.75 0.75 9.14
4.5" cross beam 1.00 6.63 0.38 0.75 1.89
77.11
4.5" cross beam 1.00 4.88 0.38 0.75 1.39
cu.ft
77.11
18 First floor column upto roof 8.00 0.75 0.75 2.58 11.61
11.61cu.ft
level
19 first floor brick upto roof
outer walls around 1.00 115 0.75 2.58 222.53
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 0.75 2.58 31.44
 40

4.5" Inner wall 1.00 6.63 0.38 2.58 6.50

4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 0.38 2.58 4.78
Deduction 261.50
Ventilation -1.00 2.50 0.75 2.00 -3.75 cu.ft
261.50
20 First floor roof slab 1.00 286.75 286.75
concrete sq.ft
21 Weathering course with
broken brick jelly concrete
mixed with lime & top
476.00 sft
laying pressed tiles set in
CM (1:3) mix including
open terrace 1.00 17.00 28.00 476.00
supplying and fixing teak
wood door &window frame
with paneled shutters
including all fittings 24.5 Sft
22 etc.,complete
MAIN DOOR 1.00 3.5 7.00 24.5

supplying and fixing

country wood door
23 &window frame with
paneled shutters including
all fittimgs etc., complete
D-1 3.00 3.00 7.00 63.00
D-2 3.00 2.50 7.00 52.50
W-1 1.00 5.25 4.50 23.63
268.625
W-2 6.00 3.50 4.50 94.50
sft
KW 2.00 3.50 3.00 21.00
 41

VENTILATOR 2.00 3.50 2.00 14.00

268.63
Floor finishing with marble
flooring with all
24 completely etc.,
Bed room 1 1.00 10.00 11.00 110.00
kitchen cum Dining 1.00 6.25 16.25 101.56
Bed room 2 1.00 10.00 10.00 100.00
579.31
Hall 1.00 17.00 15.75 267.75
Sft
579.31
25 ceiling plastering in cm 1:3
, 1/2"tk with smooth plaster
579.31 sft
as per item no.24 579.31
26 wall plastering in cm 1:5,
3/4"tk with smooth plaster
GF plastering upto lintel
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 7.00 805.00
Inner wall 1.00 10.25 7.00 71.75
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 7.00 113.75
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 7.00 113.75
Inner wall 1.00 10.00 7.00 70.00
4.5" inner wall 1.00 6.63 7.00 46.38
4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 7.00 34.13
Deduction
D/f MD-Main Door -1.00 3.50 7.00 24.50
D-1 -2.00 3.00 7.00 21.00
D-2 -2.00 2.50 7.00 17.50
W-1 -1.00 5.25 4.50 23.63
W-2 -4.00 3.50 4.50 15.75
 42

KW -2.00 3.50 3.00 10.50 1388.63

Opening -1.00 3.00 7 21.00 sq.ft
1388.63
ground floor lintel
plastering
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 0.75 86.25
Cross beam 2.00 15.50 0.75 11.63
Cross beam 1.00 10.00 0.75 7.50
Cross beam 1.00 17.75 0.75 13.31
4.5" cross beam 1.00 6.63 0.75 4.97 127.32
4.5" cross beam 1.00 4.88 0.75 3.66 Sft
127.32
GF plastering from lintel to
roof
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 2.58 296.70
Inner wall 1.00 10.25 2.58 26.45
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 2.58 41.93
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 2.58 41.93
Inner wall 1.00 10.00 2.58 25.80
4.5" inner wall 1.00 6.63 2.58 17.09
4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 2.58 12.58
Deduction
Ventilation -1.00 2.50 2.00 5.00 467.47
467.47 s.ft
first floor plastering upto
lintel
Outer walls alround 1.00 115.00 7.00 805.00
1058.75
Inner wall 1.00 17.00 7.00 119.00
Sft
4.5" inner wall 1.00 6.63 7.00 46.38
 43

4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 7.00 34.13

Deduction
D-1 -2.00 3.00 7.00 21.00
D-2 -2.00 2.50 7.00 17.50
W-2 -4.00 3.50 4.50 15.75
1058.75
First floor lintel plastering
Outer walls alround 1.00 115 0.75 86.25
cross beam 1.00 16.25 0.75 12.1875
4.5" cross beam 1.00 6.63 0.75 4.9725
4.5" cross beam 1.00 4.88 0.75 3.66
107.07
107.07 s.ft
First floor plastering from
lintel upto roof
outer walls around 1.00 115 2.58 296.70
Inner wall 1.00 16.25 2.58 41.93
4.5" Inner wall 1.00 6.63 2.58 17.11
4.5" inner wall 1.00 4.88 2.58 12.59
Deduction 373.32 sft
Ventilation -1.00 2.50 2.00 5.00
373.32
3522.56
3522.56 sft
27 white washing and colour
washing with distemper 2
coats for interior surface &
snowcem for exterior
surface over one coat of
 44

primer

Qty as per item No.(25) 579.31

Qty as per item No.(26) 3522.56
4101.87 4101.87
28 Provision for Cupboard
arrangements using water
proof plywood including
L.S.
nails, hinges, screws,
Fevicol & necessary fittings
etc, complete.
29 Provision for Unforeseen
L.S.
item of works.

Damp proof course

outer wall around 1 115 0.75 0

ENGINEER

6.2 Abstract Estimate for the proposed construction of a residential building

at MAX G.V site, Virattipathu, Theni main road, Madurai

S.NO Description of works Qty Rate Per Amount

1 Pile drilling excavation for
119.68 18 Cu.ft 2154.24
pile foundation (9" diameter)
2 R.C.C 1:1.5:3 for pile 20mm
153 60 Cu.ft 9180
size jelly and tor steel
 45

3 R.C.C.1:1.5:3 for Earth beam

using 20mm size jelly and Tor
162.89 400 Cu.ft 65156
steel including shuttering and
centering
4 fly ash brick masonry with
CM 1:5 and 9" thick outer 325.79 138 Cu.ft 44959.02
wall alround
5 R.C.C column using 20mm
23.91 400 Cu.ft 9564
size jelly and tor steel
6 Sand filling for basement 1564.53 50 Cu.ft 78226.5
7 Damp proof course 325.79 18 Sq.ft 5864.22
8 R.C.C.Column 1:1.5:3 upto
lintel using 20mm size jelly 66.94 400 Cu.ft 26776.00
and Tor steel.
9 Brick work in cm 1:6, 9”tk
upto lintel using 1st class 738.68 200 Cu.ft 147736
chamber bricks.
10 P.C.C 1:4:8 for Flooring
275.86 100 Cu.ft 27586
concrete.
11 R.C.C lintel beam 1:1.5:3
using 20mm size jelly and tor 101.01 400 Cu.ft 40404
steel
12 R.C.C column 1:1.5:3 upto
roof level using 20mm size 24.67 400 Cu.ft 9868
jelly and Tor column.
13 Brick work in cm 1:6, 9”tk
upto roof level using 1st class 332.12 200 Cu.ft 66424
chamber bricks.
14 R.C.C Roof slab 1:1.5:3 5”tk
661.13 200 Sq.ft 132226
using 20mm size jelly and Tor
 46

steel.
15 First floor column upto lintel 31.5 400 Cu.ft 12600
16 first floor brick work upto
77.11 200 Cu.ft 15422
lintel
17 First floor lintel concrete 11.61 400 Cu.ft 4644
18 First floor column upto roof
261.5 400 Cu.ft 104600
level
19 first floor brick upto roof 286.75 200 Cu.ft 57350
20 First floor roof slab concrete 476 200 Cu.ft 95200
21 Weathering course with
broken brick jelly concrete
mixed with lime & top laying 24.5 100 Sq.ft 2450
pressed tiles set in CM (1:3)
mix including open terrace
22 supplying and fixing teak
wood door &window frame
with paneled shutters 268.63 1100 Sq.ft 295493
including all fittings
etc.,complete
23 supplying and fixing country
wood door &window frame
with paneled shutters 579.31 450 Sq.ft 260689.5
including all fittimgs etc.,
complete
24 Floor finishing with marble
flooring with all completely 1388.63 120 Sq.ft 166635.6
etc.,
25 ceiling plastering in cm 1:3 ,
127.32 50 Sq.ft 6366
1/2"tk with smooth plaster
26 wall plastering in cm 1:5, 467.47 45 Sq.ft 21036.15
 47

3/4"tk with smooth plaster

27 white washing and colour
washing with distemper 2
coats for interior surface & 4101.87 8 Sq.ft 32814.96
snowcem for exterior surface
over one coat of primer
28 Painting with doors and
646 24 Sq.ft 15504
windows
29 Supplying and affix ceramic
& Glazed tiles set in CM(1:3)
213 25 Sq.ft 5325
mix including pointing &
finishing with white cement
30 construction of staircase
including RCC waist slab ,
Sq.ft 50000
step brick work &plastering
works etc., complete
31 Provision for electrification of
L.S. 80000
the building
32 Provision for plumbing and
L.S. 90000
sanitary work arrangements
33 Provision for rain water
L.S. 20000
harvesting pit arrangements
34 Provision for septic tank
L.S. 50000
arrangements
35 Provision for borewell
including errection of
submersible motor pump & L.S. 70000
PVC water line pipe
arrangements complete.
36 Provision for Cupboard L.S. 70000
 48

arrangements using water

proof plywood including
nails, hinges, screws, Fevicol
& necessary fittings etc,
complete.
TOTAL AMOUNT 21,65,478.19

Total cost of Rs. 21,65,478.19 /-

 49

CHAPTER -7

DISCUSSION

We can conclude that there is a difference between the theoretical and

practical work done. As the scope of understanding will be much more when
practical work is done. As we get more knowledge in such a situation where we
have great experience doing the practical work

This practical training was helpful to develop and gain lot of knowledge
about the calculation of the construction material quantity, analysis and design
aspects of structural elements. The analysis and design of the G+1 building has been
done with respect to the codal recommendation. It is helpful to understand the
STAAD Pro results and then the whole quantity of different items of a project such
as steel, concrete, etc., had been estimated during training. Through this work we
were now in a position to easily arrive at the quantities of materials that are required
for construction of concrete structures.

All the information gathered during the training will be useful in the future.
 50

REFERENCE

1. IS 456-2000 “Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete”, New

Delhi.
2. SP-16 “Design aids for reinforced concrete to IS 456-1978”, published by
B.I.S, New Delhi.
3. N.KrishnaRaju, “Advanced Reinforced concrete design”, CBS Publishers
and Distributors, New Delhi.
4. P.C Varghese, Advanced Reinforced Concrete Design.
5. B.C Punmia, Soil mechanics and foundation, New Delhi-6.