Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Thermodynamics
Unit Topic: Thermodynamics
Class: Honors Chemistry
Mr. Odom
Lecture Objectives and California Content
Standards
Lesson Objectives
1. Understand that heat energy can be transferred in several different ways and that heat energy
always flows from a hotter substance to colder.
2. Identify the heat transferring mechanisms for many real-life situations.
3. Be able to calculate internal energy changes in many real-life situations, including temperature
change and phase change.
Energy cannot be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one type to another.
Concept Check
What is temperature a measurement of?
hint: the answer is not “heat”
Concept Check
Types of Heat Energy
Heat Transfer: Radiation and
Conduction
Concept Check
Internal Energy (U = Q + W)
Thermo-
dynamics
Internal
Enthalpy
Energy Think of the system as a balloon filled with
gases that are going to react. The balloon
is the system boundary and the gases inside
U=Q+ q= Hess's Bond are the system.
q = mL
W mcΔT Law Enthalpy
1) The reaction between the gases will cause the system to exchange heat (Q) with
the surroundings.
• Chemical reactions will either:
• Release heat to the surroundings (negative Q).
• Absorb heat from the surroundings (positive Q).
Haber
Equation 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2 NH3 (g) + heat
Internal Energy (U = Q + W)
2) The reaction between the gases will cause the system to “exchange
work” (W) with the surroundings.
• Chemical reactions cause either:
• The volume of the system to increase (negative W).
• Work done by the system to the surroundings.
• The volume of the system to decrease (positive W).
• Work done by the surroundings onto the system.
Reverse Haber
Equation
heat + 2 NH3 (g) → 3 H2 (g) + N2 (g)
U = +
Q W
Concept Check
1. Many gases are mixed into a container to react together. The container loses heat to the environment and the
pressure of the container increases. Will the change in internal energy (U) be positive or negative?
2. A closed container absorbs 1452 J of energy during a chemical reaction. If the container also had 1.58 kJ of
work done to it, calculate the internal energy.
3. The internal energy of a system increased by 982 J when it absorbed 492 J of heat. Was work done by or on
the system? How much work was done?
Specific heat values like the ones in this tables are constants that are
specific to different substances. As we can see, water has a relatively
high specific heat. It can take relatively large amounts of heat energy
without raising its temperature significantly.
Since water has a high specific heat capacity, do you think
that it is easy or difficult to raise the temperature of
water? Why?
Concept Check
Specific Heat Capacity: q = mcΔT
q = mcΔT
Specific Heat Capacity:
q = mcΔT
Walk-Through Problem
1) How much energy (in kJ) is required to raise the temperature of 100.0 grams of water from 18 °C to 25 °C?
2) If 6851 J of energy was required to raise a 150.0 gram piece of metal from 298 K to 328 K, what is the specific heat
capacity of the metal in J/g°C?
3) Two cups of water are mixed together. The first cup has 120.0 grams of water at a temperature of 25.0 °C. The second cup
has 90.0 grams of water at a temperature of 55.0 °C. What is the final temperature of the water mixture in °C?
4) After heating up a 100.0 gram piece of metal to 150.0 °C, I place it in a cup of cool water the water has a mass of 215.0
grams and a temperature of 25.0 °C. If the metal and water come to 37 °C, what is the specific heat of the metal in J/g°C?
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjtkPrbx8nhAhUjFTQIHaw8Bb8QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.s
ingaporetech.edu.sg%2Fundergraduate-programmes%2Fmechanical-engineering&psig=AOvVaw19pHwodVmnhG6TL0MxohFK&ust=1555124325739562
• https://physicsworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/The-Sun.png
• https://thumbs.imagekind.com/442879_650/Photosynthesis_art.jpg?v=1491819610
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwidh_vO0cnhAhXEl54KHSPgAl0QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.a
arp.org%2Fhealth%2Fhealthy-living%2Finfo-2017%2Fvegetables-fruit-diet-fd.html&psig=AOvVaw2ZBqGq9OS4Lo8QypK_5N5H&ust=1555126980917851
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjD8Oz_y8nhAhWjwVQKHaCXDEsQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmod
ernize.com%2Fhome-ideas%2F17716%2Fhow-does-thermal-energy-work&psig=AOvVaw3QXcHVbNa-YGP-Fdoz1T62&ust=1555124928952014
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjfjIu64cnhAhUXqp4KHaMkAaIQjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsocrati
c.org%2Fquestions%2Fwhere-is-visible-light-located-on-the-electromagnetic-spectrum&psig=AOvVaw1mIV8DsWoVGnQU0164Qg3j&ust=1555130467216905
• https://www.scienceabc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Finger-high-temperature.jpg
• https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwjPg-
HVntHhAhWj5lQKHXMBAt4QjRx6BAgBEAU&url=https%3A%2F%2Fhmxearthscience.com%2Fatmosphere.html&psig=AOvVaw2k2wdBX58w-
s2UxQJn8sqQ&ust=1555388167933005
• https://d1uvxqwmcz8fl1.cloudfront.net/tes/resources/11109161/5a3bf58c-a3ee-419c-9632-
1c5baf8332ca/image?width=1000&height=190&version=1519313482318