stions

swers
Levels I, II, and III
Bubble Leak Testing
Supplement to
Recommended Practice
No. SNT-TC-lA
Book HB
The American Society
for Nondestructive Testing, IDe.
Compiled by the Bubble Leak Testing Supplement Committee of the Personnel Qualification Division, Education
and Qualification Council of The American Society for Nondestructive Testing.

This publication contains suggested questions and answers in the Bubble Leak Testing Method for use in
conjunction with Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-JAfor Personnel and Qualification Certification in
Nondestructive Testing, available fromASNT.
Published by
The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.
1711 Arlingate Lane
POBox28518
Columbus, OH 43228-0518

Copyright © 1994 by The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this
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publisher.

ASNT is not responsible for the authenticity or accuracy of information herein. Published opinions and statements
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the endorsement or recommendation of ASNT.

IRRSP, Levellll Study Guide, Millerials Evaluauiiii;RDTHiiiiilbook;NondeslructtveTesting Handbook, The NDT

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ISBN 1-57117-113-4

Priuted in the United States of America

First printing 1994

Reprinted 09/00
Revised 12/03

ii
 Table of Contents

References iv

Reference Usage List v

Level I 1
Questions 1
Answers 7

Level II 9
Questions 9
Answers 15

Level III 17
Questions 17
Answers 23

Sample Specification 25
Sample Specification Questions 29
Sample Specification Answers 31

iii
 Recommended Training References
Bubble Leak Testing Method

The following references were used in formulating the questions contained in this book.

A.* McMaster, R.C., ed. Nondestructive Testing Handbook, second edition: Volume l, Leak
Testing, The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Columbus, OH: 1982.

B.* Jackson, Charles N., Jr., and Charles N. Sherlock, technical editors, Patrick 0. Moore,
editor, Nondestructive Testing Handbook, third edition, Volume l, Leak Testing, The
American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc., Columbus, OH: 1998.

C.* ASM Metals Handbook, ninth edition, Nondestructive Evaluation and Quality Control,
Volume 17, ASM International, Metals Park, OH: 1989.

D.* Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume 03.03, Nondestructive Testing. "Standard Test
Method for Leaks Using Bubble Emission Techniques," Standard E 515, American Society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA.

*Available from The American Society for Nondestructive Testing, Inc.

Each question found in this book is followed by letter(s) and page number(s) indicating the
specific recommended reference where the answer may be found. For example:

17. Which of the following factors can most affect the

sensitivity attainable by a pressure bubble leak test.

a. Operator alertness and technique.

b. Size and shape of test specimen.
c. Time and day testing is done.
d. Number of test technicians.
A.393

In this example, the letter "A" refers to Reference A in the list above and "393" is the page in
that edition of Reference A where the answer to the question is located.

iv
 Reference Usage List

Reference A: Total = 118

Level I (42)
Level II (41)
Level III (35)

Reference B: Total = 10
Level I (5)
Level II (3)
Level III (2)

Reference C: Total= 3
Level I (1)
Level II (1)
Level III (1)

Reference D: Total = 0
Level I (0)
Level II (0)
Level III (0)

v
 Level I Questions
Bubble Leak Testing Method

l. Which type of evacuation equipment is one of 5. Which of the following is the basic type of true
the two most widely used for vacuum box bubble defect that would be indicated during a bubble
leak testing? leak test by a continuous flow of bubbles?

a. Diffusion pump. a. A hole or crack through the test boundary.

b. Mercury vapor pump. b. Slag inclusion in center of weld.
c. Helium vapor pump. c. Extended area of surface defects or cracks.
d. Air ejector. d. Lack of fusion at root of weld.
A.425 A.400, 423
B.308 B.260
C.57
2. Before performing a vacuum box bubble leak
test, which of the following should be checked 6. Which of the following is the wrong method of
for required calibration? applying the leak testing bubble solution to the
test surface?
a. Leak detector solution.
b. Evacuation device or equipment. a. Apply by flowing on the surface.
c. Lighting equipment. b. Brush eveuly on the test area.
d. Pressure (or vacuum) gage. c. Apply to test the surface with a fine orifice
A.425 spray.
B.308 d. None of the above.
A.389, 417,420, 427-428
3. Describe how a nouleaking visible surface fold
or crevice, slag inclusion or porosity could 7. How soon should the vacuum box be applied to
appear as a false (virtual) leak indication during a the test surface after application of the bubble
vacuum box bubble leak test. solution?
a. No bubbles would be apparent. a. Allow time for test pressure to reach
b. Short burst of bubbles lasting just a few equilibrium.
seconds. b. 0.5 h.
c. One large bubble every 10 s. c. Within 60 s or as required by the procedure.
d. None of the above. d. None of the above.
A.391 A.425

4. What is the usual minimum test observation time 8. What is the best procedure to follow if too much
for a bubble leak test? time has passed and the bubble solution has dried
before applying the vacuum box to the test
a. As fast as possible. specimen?
b. Atleast0.17h.
c. No more than 3 s. a. Consider that area tested and move on to the
d. As required by the test specification or next test area.
procedure. b. Clean the test area, reapply the solution and
A.409 then test.
c. Increase test pressure.
d. Add a fluorescent dye to the solution, reapply
and test.
A.427

1
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level I
9. What is the first thing to be done to the test area
before performing any bubble leak test?
a. Clean and visually test the test area.
b. Cool the test specimen to -1 °C (30 °F).
c. All of the above.
d. None of the above.
A.394, 425
10. What procedure should be followed in order to
vacuum box bubble leak a comer weld?
a. It is only necessary to visually test a comer
weld.
b. Double the test pressure.
c. Use some other nondestructive testing method
for comer welds.
d. Use a special vacuum box that fits the
geometry of the test area.
A.423-424
11. What is the surest means to prevent the failure
(implosion) of a vacuum box caused by the
pressure differential created by the evacuation of
the box?
a. Build the box to withstand a full atruosphere
(101 kPa or 14.7 psi) of pressure differential.
b. Monitor the pressure differential with a
vacuum gage installed inside the box.
c. Watch the bubble solution become fluorescent,
indicating that a pressure difference of
102 kPa (29.9 in. Hg) has been reached.
d. It is not possible to evacuate the box enough
to reach a pressure differential high enough to
cause failure.
A.423
12. What may happen if the maximum allowed
(design) pressure for the specimen is exceeded
when pressurizing for a bubble leak test?
a. The test specimen may rupture or explode.
b. The solution may explode.
c. A false leak indication may show.
d. No unusual indication will occur.
A.175-176
13. Which of the following best describes how an
indication of a very large or gross leak would
appear in a vacuum box?
a. Large leaks will not show with this test.
b. A large bubble or bubbles may form briefly or
the solution may be blown away immediately.
c. A continuous series of bubbles would always
appear.
d. None of the above.
A.429
2
14. Which of the following best describes how an
indication of a very small leak would appear
when bubble leak testing?
a. A continuous appearance of several to many
small bubbles at regular intervals or one large
bubble that grows slowly.
b. Small leaks of this nature will not be indicated
by this test.
c. A single small bubble would form.
d. None of the above.
A.396
15. What surface condition can interfere with the
detection of real leakage bubbles or produce a
spurious or false indication of leakage?
a. Coating the surface with leak detector solution
after thorough cleaning.
b. Testing with surface temperature of test
specimen at 70 oc (184 °F).
c. Air trapped in surface defects or grease or dirt.
d. Highly polished test surface.
A.390-391, 394
16. What parameter can directly affect the sensitivity
of any vacuum box bubble leak test? Sensitivity
is the smallest size leakage that may be detected
by this leak test technique.
a. Ambient air dew point temperature is more
than -4 oc (25 °F).
b. Slight residual magnetism in test specimen.
c. Amount of pressure differential created with
the box.
d. Test specimen size.
A.392-393, 427, 429
17. Which of the following factors can most affect
the sensitivity attainable by a pressure bubble
leak test?
a. Operator alertness and technique.
b. Size and shape of test specimen.
c. Time of day testing is done.
d. Number of test technicians.
A.393
18. Which type ofleaking discontinuity is most
likely to go undetected during a pressure bubble
leak test?
a. A discontinuity (such as a crack) that shows
up well on a radiograph.
b. A very small leak or a very large leak.
c. A defect in a mechanically rolled joint.
d. A defect in a welded joint.
A.396, 427, 429
 Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level I

19. When a pipe is blanked for pressurizing using an 23. For safe use without the need of a relief device, a
expandable stopper or plumber's type plug inside vacuum box for bubble leak testing should be
the line, what should be done to prevent blowout designed to permit sustained operation at a
of the plug? vacuum (pressure differential) of about:

a. Reduce pressure to a safe level. a. 30 in. Hg.

b. Install a stop bar to prevent blowout of the b. 15 psi.
plug. c. 102 kPa.
c. Test at night when the plant or site is d. all of the above.
unoccupied. A.419, 423
d. None of the above.
A.433, Fig. 25
24. A vacuum box for bubble testing should be
equipped with:
20. When performing a bubble leak test, the reason
for periodically checking a leak detector solution a. a transparent viewing window.
against a known path leak would be to: b. rapid evacuation equipment.
c. a pressure gage (if mounted inside) or a
a. determine the viscosity of the solution. vacuum gage (if mounted outside), or a
b. measure the size of the leak. combination pressure/vacuum gage.
c. verify that the leak still existed. d. all of the above.
d. verify that the solution functioned as required. A.423-424
A.397, 427
25. Which of the following test materials may safely
21. Which of the following is the reason a large or be used for immersion bubble leak testing
gross leak may go undetected during a bubble provided they are not detrimental to the
leak test? component being tested?

a. Vacuum box bubble testing will not enable the a. Water with wetting agent.
detection of large leaks. b. Carbon tetrachloride.
b. Use of the wrong test equipment. c. Acetone.
c. The bubble solution may be blown away d. Refrigerant 12.
before detectable bubbles can be seen. e. All of the above.
d. lllumination by ultraviolet light shows no A.403-404
defect.
A.396, 427
26. If static bubbles appear in the area of interest
during a vacuum box bubble leak test:
22. 1Which of the following is correct with respect to
vacuum box bubble leak testing? a. the test area should be cleaned and
reexamined to determine if this is a spurious
a. Test sensitivity decreases with decrease in or false indication.
pressure differential. b. this should be reported as a leak.
b. The size and the frequency of the bubbles c. the test area should be cleaned and
have no relationship to the leak size and reexamined at a lower pressure differential.
character. d. the area of interest should be considered free
c. Bubble test solution is generally required to ofleaks.
have a high specific gravity. A.428
d. All of the above.
A.393

3
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Levell

27. If a few small bubbles rapidly form in the area of 31. To be sure that all test areas are leak tested when
interest during a vacuum box bubble test and vacuum box bubble testing, overlap successive
then terminate almost inunediately (in a few settings of the vacuum box by at least:
seconds):
a. the depth of the rubber gasket.
a. this is indicative of a real small sporadic leak. b. 50% of the box length.
b. this means the bubble solution is no good and c. 51 mm (2 in.) or more.
as a result the test must be repeated. d. no overlap is required.
c. this is indicative of either a false or virtual leak. A.429
d. none of the above. B.308
A.390-391
32. When performing a bubble test to detect very
28. Which of the following is the reason that very small leaks, the leak detector solution should be
small leaks go undetected during a bubble leak applied to the test surface:
test?
a. in a light coating relatively free of bubbles.
a. The barometric pressure is too low. b. without surface precleaning.
b. The vacuum box is too small. c. in a thick foam.
c. The operator is observing the test area for too d. at least 300 s before observation of the
short a period of time. solution.
d. The rubber gasket on the vacuum box is worn. A.415, 419-420
A.390
33. Acceptable methods of applying leak detector
29. An area that has been bubble leak tested is solution are:
considered to be free of leaks within the
sensitivity of the test method when: a. brushing.
b. spraying.
a. the vacuum gage on the vacuum box reads c. squirt bottle.
93 k:Pa (27 .6 in. Hg). d. all of the above.
b. there are no bubble indications of leakage A.420
observed.
c. there are no spurious or false leak indications. 34. After a vacuum box is positioned, the operator
d. the vacuum gage reading drops to 99 k:Pa should observe the leak detector solution as the
(29 .3 in. Hg) in 10 s. box is first evacuated in order to:
A.410, 428
a. not overlook small leaks that tend to blow
30. For bubble leak testing in an enclosed heated through the detector solution instead of
area, which of the following would be considered forming visible bubbles.
relevant? b. check on the vacuum reading.
c. not overlook large or gross cracks that tend to
a. The ambient temperature drops to 20 oc blow the detector solution away.
(94 °F). d. none of the above.
b. The formation of one or more small bubbles A.429
which do not repeat.
c. The vacuum or pressure dial gage reading. 35. A tag or sticker attached to the glass face or metal
d. Rainy and windy weather. case of a pressure or vacuum dial gage used in
A.420 bubble leak testing would normally show the:

a. manufacturer's serial number and date of

manufacture.
b. company property inventory number and date
inventory due.
c. date calibrated, date calibration due and
identity of calibrator.
d. job number, foreman's initials and date.
A.201-211

4
 Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level I

36. Under normal procedures, how often should a 40. The letters ~'psia" mean:
vacuum or pressure dial gage be calibrated when
in storage? a. pressure referred to National Bureau of
Standards* absolute pressure.
a. Every 6 months. b. pascals per square inch absolute.
b. Every 3 months. c. pressure standard in absolute uuits.
c. It would not have to be calibrated when in d. pounds per square inch absolute.
storage. A.l94, 799
d. None of the above.
AA25
41. The letters "psig" mean:

37. What might happen if an uncalibrated, inaccurate a. pressure standard in gage units.
dial gage was used for a vacuum box bubble leak b. pounds per square inch gage.
test? c. pounds standard in grams.
d. pressure per square inch.
a. The required test pressure may not be A.193, 799
achieved.
b. The vacuum box gasket might stick to the test
surface. 42. A vacuum box solution fihn test procedure
c. The transparent window would implode. requires that the test be performed at a pressure
d. The vacuum box gasket would leak differential of at least 55 kPa (8 psig). Which of
excessively. the following vacuum gages indicates a pressure
differential that meets this procedure
A.423, 425
requirement?

38. Soak time for a bubble leak test of a pressurized

system is the term for the time that must elapse
between:

a. application and observation of the leak

detector solution.
b. completion of pressurization and application
of the leak detector solution.
c. mixing and applying the leak detector
solution. a. _ _ __ b. _ __
d. initial observation and final interpretation of
leakage indications.
A.427

39. A 35 kPa (5 psig) pressure differential is required

for a vacuum box bubble leak test. The vacuum
box is equipped with an external vacuum gage
graduated in inches of mercury. What
approximate reading would have to be reached
on the gage to meet the test requirements?

a. 30. c. _ __ d. _ __
b. 13.6.
c. 10.
d. 2.5.
A.192 A.l92, 343
B.28

* Now known as NIST (National Institute of Standards Technology)

5
 Level I Answers
Bubble Leak Testing Method

1 d 23 d 34 c
2 d 24 d 35 c
3 b 25 a 36 c
4 d 26 a 37 a
5 a 27 c 38 b
6 d 28 c 39 c
7 c 29 b 40 d
8 b 30 c 41 b
9 a 31 c 42 d
10 d 32 a
11 a 33 d

7
 Level IT Questions
Bubble Leak Testing Method

!. What is tlle sensitivity limit of a production bubble 5. When bubble leak testing, an accurate quantitative
leak test? judgment of leakage rate can be determined:

a. 10-5 std cm3·s-1. a. only if tlle bubble solution is heavy foam.

b. lo-<' std cm3·s-1. b. only if tlle bubble solution is applied witll a spray.
c. 10-7 std cm3-s-1. c. if tlle operator is very alert and is good at
d. None of tlle above. mathematics.
A.393, 419 d. none of tlle above.
A.421
2. Which of the following best describes a condition
when bubble leak testing may be done witllout tlle 6. What qualities are desired in a solution for leak
aid of a device such as a vacuum box? detection of small leaks?

a. Where defects are small. a. Ablity to form tllick foam or suds.

b. A pressure vesseltllat can be isolated under b. Ablity to be applied relatively bubble free over
pressure. tlle test area and continuously form new bubbles
c. Welds tllat have been radiographed. at a leak location.
d. None of tlle above. c. Highly volatile so tllere is no residue after tlle test.
A.393, 395 d. All of tlle above.
A.413
B.283
3. When performing a vacuum box bubble leak test, if
tlle weld surface is so rough or the geometry of tlle
weld is such tllat good rapid sealing of tlle box is not 7· Under ideal shop or field conditions at a differential
possible: pressure of 103 kPa (15 psi), a pressure bubble leak
test enables tlle detection of leakage as small as:
a. grind out tlle weld and reweld.
b. raise the test specimen temperature. a. to-7 std cm3·s-1.
c. grind tlle rough weld surface and/or adjust the b. to-<> std cm3-s-1.
shape of tlle vacuum box or tlle seal to better fit c. w-4 std cm3-s-1.
tlle geometry of tlle weld. d. none of tlle above.
d. all of tlle above. A.393, 419
A.425
8. A vacuum box should be in such a condition as to
4. Bubble leak testing can beperformed without a enable tlle operator to consistently attain a
vacuum box where the test specimen can be: differential pressure (vacuum in tlle box) of:

a. pressurized. a. 12 to 12.5 m (40 to 41 ft) of water.

b. reduced in temperature to -40 oc (-40 °F). b. 1.3 to 2 kPa (10 to 15 mm Hg).
c. magnetized to a field strengtll of 10 G. c. 112 to 122 kPa (33 to 36 in. Hg).
d. coated witll fluorescent paint. d. slightly more tllan tllat required by tlle procedure.
A.393, 395, 413 A.424

9
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level II
9. When a vacuum box bubble test is to be
performed on a large area such as a flat bottom
it would be good leak testing practice to: '
a. test all the weld joints in one long sequence as
fast as possible so as not to miss any areas.
b. test the large area by dividing it into small
sections (one day or half day work for the test
crew) rotating or changing testing personnel
after testing of a section is complete in order
to minimize the human fatigue factor.
c. allow the test operator a 15 minute break
every hour.
d. perform a hydrostatic test first in order to
determine if vacuum box bubble test is even
required.
A.429
10. A bubble leak test of the weld joints of a vessel
internally pressurized to 41 kPa (6 psig) or a
bubble leak test of the weld joints in a plate
evacuated on one side with a vacuum box to
41 kPa (6 psig), are:
a. both pressure type tests of equal pressure
differentiaL
b. different in that the first test will produce test
results twice as sensitive as the second test.
c. different in that the vacuum box technique can
be completed twice as fast as internally
pressurizing the specimen.
d. none of the above.
A.396, 403
11. Which of the following examinations or tests
should always be performed before conducting a
vacuum box bubble leak test?
a. Halogen leak test.
b. Liquid penetrant test.
c. Hydrostatic test.
d. None of the above.
A.394
12. Leakage is detected dming a bubble leak test of a
pressurized vessel formerly used for natural gas
storage. With all leaks marked at the conclusion of
the test, the essential steps that must be performed
to safely effect the repair of the vessel are to:
a. fully purge the vessel with inert gas followed
by air.
b. check for any residual explosive gases and
adequate oxygen in the vesseL
c. repair and retest.
d. all of the above.
A.421
10
13. Which of the following is an advantage of all the
techniques of the bubble leak test method?
a. The results are quantitative in nature.
b. Limited skill and training is required for
personneL
c. Very high sensitivity is attainable.
d. It is not satisfactory for detecting gross
leakage.
A.390
14. One of the advantages of using methyl alcohol as
the fluid for inunersion bubble leak testing is that
it:
a. cleans while acting as a test fluid.
b. lasts a long time because of its low
evaporation rate.
c. has a low flanunability temperature.
d. has a high viscosity.
A.404
15. When performing a preliminary bubble leak test
at a low pressure to detect very large leaks, the
leak detector solution would be better applied to
the test surface:
a. only as a thin film or soapsuds.
b. only with a squirt can.
c. as a mixture of thick suds or foam.
d. none of the above.
A.414, 419
16. Which of the following directly determines the
size of the bubble formation when testing using
the bubble test method?
a. The method of application of bubble solution.
b. The ambient temperature and barometric
pressure.
c. The amount of leakage from a defect or leak.
d. The size of the test specimen.
A.392-393
17. A major advantage of vacuum box bubble leak
testing is that:
a. it enables the operator to detect leaks as small
as 10-6 std cm3·s-1.
b. it does not require positive pressurization of
the vessel or area tested.
c. an accurate quantitative measure of the
leakage rate can be readily obtained.
d. a pressure differential of several atmospheres
is easily achieved.
A.423
 Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level II

18. In below freezing (0 oc or 32 °F) conditions on a
large in place outdoor pipe and vessel system to
be bubble leak tested, what action should a
nondestructive testing technician take to ensure a
valid leak test?
a. Increase pressure differential to 107 kPa
(3.16 in. Hg).
b. Hold suitable vacuum/pressure for at least
0.17 h to make sure no leaks are missed.
c. Heat the air used for pressurizing or postpone
the test until ambient temperature is warm
enough and sufficient time is passed to melt
any ice that may have formed in leaks.
d. All of the above.
A.429
19. Ideal weather conditions for a bubble leak test of
a large, in place vessel (outside) would be:
a. moderately warm.
b. cloudy.
c. calm (little or no wind).
d. all of the above.
A.392, 420
22. When performing a vacuum box bubble leak test
to detect very small size leaks, the leak detector
solution should be applied:
a. after the test surface has been cleaned.
b. in a continuous film.
c. free of contained bubbles.
d. all of the above.
A.419, 428-429
23. When performing a bubble leak test of a gas
pressurized system, the purpose of the soak time
between completion of pressurization and
application of the leak detection solution is to
allow time for:
a. dispersion of bubbles entrained in the detector
solution.
b. dispersion of the pressurized gas through very
small and long and tortuous path leaks.
c. the temperature of the pressurized gas to reach
nondestructive testing temperature.
d. cooling of the pressurized gas which reduces
dewpoint and moisture level inside the system.
A.395

20. Leak testing practice per ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code, Section V for bubble leak
tests of pressurized systems requires that prior to
applying the bubble forming solution, the
pressure should be held for a minimum soak time
of:
a. 0.5 h.
b. 1 h.
c. until specimen temperature reaches ten
degrees above ambient.
d. none of the above.
A.395, 427
21. As a standard technique for vacuum box bubble
leak testing, good leak testing practices require
that the temperature of the test surface remain in
. the range of:
a. 4 to 38 oc (40 to 100 °F).
b. the test temperature should be reduced to
below the dew point.
c. at whatever temperature the test surface will
be when placed in service.
d. none of the above.
A.425, 430
24. Weld joints to be vacuum box bubble leak tested
should first be:
a. visually tested for what the technician feels
are suspect areas, and repair all these areas
before performing the bubble leak test.
b. ground absolutely smooth.
c. deslagged and cleaned with a wire brush
and/or rag and solvent to remove any foreign
matter or grease.
d. all of the above.
A.394, 425
25. Which of the following are factors which can
affect the results of a bubble leak test?
a. Technique and alertness of the operator.
b. Pressure differential used and duration of
observation time of the test area after
application of the leak detector solution.
c. Lighting of area being examined.
d. All of the above.
A.419-420

11
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level II

26. If freezing temperatures exist outside (below
0 oc or 32 °F) and the test vessel is indoors, what
action should the nondestructive testing
technician take to ensure that a valid bubble leak
test is performed?
a. No special action is necessary if the building
is heated (day and night).
b. Ambient temperature inside the building
should be raised to at least 46.2 oc (115 °F).
c. If it is raining, completely cover the test vessel
with a tarp.
d. None of the above.
A.429
27. During hot sunny weather, test personnel
performing a bubble leak test outdoors should:
29. One of the basic differences between a 35 kPa
(5 psig) pressure bubble leak test of a complete
pressure vessel and a 35 kPa (5 psig) vacuum
box bubble leak test of a weld in a plate is:
a. the 35 kPa (5 psig) vessel bubble leak can be
performed outdoors in -40 oc (-40 °F)
weather.
b. the pressure bubble leak test is always at least
twice as sensitive as is the vacuum box bubble
leak test.
c. the pressure bubble leak test sensitivity is
independent of pressure differential and is
entirely dependent on leak detector solution
temperature.
d. none of the above.
A.403, 423, 427

a. do all testing at rtight so all spontaneous 30. When very large leaks go undetected during a
radiation will not endanger workers or test vacuum box bubble leak test, it could be because
personnel. the operator i~:
b. apply several coatings of test solution so that the
heavy coating of solution will evaporate slower. a. not maintaining the box temperature at
c. limit coverage of the test surface with solution 100 °C (212 °F).
film to an area of such size that it can be b .. forgetting to check calibration of the vacuum
tested before the detector solution dries or or pressure dial gage.
evaporates from the surface of the metal. c. not giving the solution time to get set before
d. none of the above. seating the vacuum box.
A.391, 398 d. none of the above.
A.429
28. A leak detector solution for bubble leak testing
should ideally have: 31. A vacuum box eqrtipped with a rectangular
pliable rubber gasket is difficult to initially seat
a. low surface tension for detecting very large across lap welds. When no other gasket or box is
leaks. available, to improve the initial seating ability of
b. low surface tension for detecting very small the box the best course of action is to trim the
leaks and higher surface tension for detecting gasket to reduce the initial contact area. Circle
very large leaks. "a" or "b" by the sketch that best indicates how
c. high surface tension for detecting very small this gasket should be trinnned.
leaks and lower surface tension for detecting
very large leaks. a. '
!---Outside of Box
d. high surface tension for detecting very small
leaks.
A.420 / 1 Atmospheric
vacuum- /'"-f--Side
Side ,(___ ...,. Tr'1m L'1ne

b. -outside of Box

Atmospheric
Vacuum - .... ; Side
Side ', 1
, ___' '). I
TrimLiue
A.424, Fig. 18

12
 Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level II

32. The type of leaks that are most likely to go
undetected during a bubble leak test are:
a. very small leaks and very large leaks.
b. leaks occurring at welded joints.
c. comer configuration joints.
d. all of the above.
A.393, 396, 429
33. The pipe to shell weld of a 51 mm (2 in.)
diameter flanged nozzle with no reinforcing pad
plate is flush with the inside of the vessel shell.
The simplest way to bubble leak test this weld
prior to completion of the vessel would be to:
a. blank the nozzle flange, install a plumber's
plug in the inner end and perform a pressure
bubble leak test of the weld.
b. test the nozzle weld along with the shell
circumferential welds.
c. blank the nozzle flange and vacuum box
bubble leak test the weld from inside the shell.
d. it is not possible to bubble leak test this
geometric configuration.
A.435, Fig. 26
37. Good operating practice dictates that when
performing bubble leak tests on a pipe and vessel
system, which of the following should be used?
a. A gage graduated in pounds per square foot.
b. Two gages, one dial indicating and one
recording.
c. Two gages in English system and two gages in
metric system.
d. A gage with face diameter of at least 27 em
(10.5 in.) graduated in psia.
A.409
38. When a vacuum gage is marked with a range of
zero to thirty with the notation vacuum on the
face, the units of measurement are:
a. inches of mercury.
b. pounds per square inch.
c. centimeters of vacuum.
d. feet of water.
A.343
39. For inunersion bubble leak testing, which of the
following is correct?

34. Good practice dictates that when pressurizing a a. Pressure should be applied to the test
component for a bubble leak test: specimen after it is inunersed.
b. Increasing the pressure in the test specimen
a. the test gage should be cleaned with alcohol. does not increase the sensitivity of the test.
b. test pressure should be 150% of design c. The fluid in which the test specimen is
pressure. inunersed should have low surface tension.
c. two pressure gages shonld be used. d. Water produces the most sensitive test results
d. only one recording gage should be nsed. for this bubble test technique.
A.409 A.402, 405
B.288
C.60
35. Safe test practices dictate that all dial gages used
for vacuum box bubble leak testing shonld be
calibrated: 40. Which of the following is the least sensitive
solution to use for inunersion bubble leak
a. at least every 2 weeks. testing?
b. when taken from storage and prior to using.
c. once a month whether in use or in storage. a. Heated silicone oil.
d. none of the above. b. Methyl alcohol.
A.425 c. Water with wetting agent.
d. Tap water.
A.405
36. Gages used for vacuum box bubble leak testing B.288
should preferably have dials graduated over a
range of:

a. more than five times the intended pressure.

b. atmospheric pressure.
c. less than ten times but more than five times
the intended maximum pressure.
d. four times the maximum intended pressure.
A.425

13
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level II

41. From the standpoint of simplicity, economy and

rapidity of testing, the best method for creating
the pressure differential for bubble leak testing of
very small sealed components which can be
pressUrized is to:

a. use quick acting couplings on the incoming air

supply.
b. immerse them in a preheated low surface
tension fluid bath.
c. use quick acting couplings on a Gatling gun
type arrangement.
d. install them in a chamber and evacuate the
chamber.
A.398

14
 Level II Answers
Bubble Leak Testing Method

1 d 12 d 23 b 34 c
2 b 13 b 24 c 35 b
3 c 14 a 25 d 36 b
4 a 15 c 26 a 37 b
5 d 16 c 27 c 38 a
6 b 17 b 28 b 39 c
7 c 18 c 29 d 40 d
8 d 19 d 30 d 41 b
9 b 20 d 31 a
10 a 21 a 32 a
11 d 22 d 33 c

15
 Level ill Questions
Bubble Leak Testing Method

L Which one of the following tests should always be 5. Under normal shop or field conditions at a
performed and repairs made before conducting a differential pressure of one atmosphere (101 kPa or
bubble leak test? 14.7 psig), a bubble leak test enables the detection of
leakage at least as small as:
a. Halogen leech box test.
b. Liquid penetrant test. a. !Q-5 std cm3·s-1.
c. Hydrostatic test. b. I0-6 to IQ-7 std cm3·s-1.
d. Visual test. c. !Q-2 to !Q-3 std cm3·s-1.
A.394-395 d. IQ-5 to 10-6 std cm3·s-1.
A.393, 419
2. Which of the factors listed below can affect the
results of a bubble leak test? 6. Because of inadequate clearance inside a shallow
plastic vacuum box, the gage must be mounted
a. Weather conditions. externally. Which one of the following standard off
b. Technique of the operator. the shelf gages would be the one to use on !his
c. Duration of observation time of the detector vacuum box?
solution after application.
d. All of the above. a. I 0 I rnm ( 4 in.) diameter pressure dial gage with a
A.393, 419-421 range of 0 to 103 kPa (0 to 15 psi).
b. 51 rnm (2 in.) diameter vacuum dial gage with a
range of 0 to 8 kPa (0 to 60 mm Hg).
3. When pressurizing for a bubble leak test, which of c. I 0 I rnm ( 4 in.) diameter pressure dial gage with a
the following gases must never be used as the range of 0 to 207 kPa (0 to 30 psi).
pressurizing medium? d. 51 rnm (2 in.) vacuum dial gage with a range of
0 to 102 kPa (0 to 30 in. Hg).
a. Nitrogen.
A.343, 423-424
b. Carbon dioxide.
c. Helium.
d. Hydrogen. 7. A wide selection of gasket cross sections is available
A.395, 421 for use on vacuum boxes. Of the typical gasket cross
sections shown below, one is Jess desirable than the
others for use on vacuum boxes. Select the gasket
4. From a safety standpoint, which one of the following that is the least desirable.
would best fulfill the design and material criteria for
an aluminum vacuum box with a glass window? a. b.
Design for:

a.
b.
c.
d.
55 kPa (8 psig) using auto safety glass.
103 kPa (15 psig) using auto safety glass.
55 kPa (8 psig) using tempered plate glass.
I 03 kPa ( 15 psig) using tempered plate glass.
A.423
c. d.
0
17
-
A.424-425, Fig. 18
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level III

8. Which of the following is the primary reason 12. When very large leaks go undetected during a
why the one gasket cross section shown in vacuum box bubble leak test, it is usually
question 7 is less desirable than the others? because the operator is:

a. It lacks adequate sealing surface after initial
seating of the box.
b. Air bubbles form between the two sealing tabs
causing foam to form in the box.
c. It requires the most amount of force to
initially seat the box.
d. The bottom of the gasket would collapse,
causing an uneven sealing surface.
A.424
9. The basic difference between a 35 kPa (5 psig)
vacuum box bubble leak test and a bubble leak
test of a vessel pressurized to 35 kPa (5 psig) is
the:
a. type of leak detector solution that must be
used.
b. allowable difference in ambient weather
conditions.
c. technique used to obtain the pressure
differential.
d. required length of observation time.
A.403, 423, 427
10. Which of the following would directly affect the
performance of a leak detector solution for any
technique of bubble leak testing?
a. Cost.
b. Surface tension.
c. Flash point.
d. Toxicity.
A.392,402,406,428
11. In which one of the following types of metal
would a vacuum box bubble leak test be most
likely to show bubbles on the weld surface as a
result of false or spurious leakage from surface
folds or internal porosity open to the surface?
a. observing the leak detector solution for too
short a time period.
b. not observing the leak detector solution as the
box initially seats.
c. not maintaining pressure differential.
d. using too much overlap between adjacent
settings of the vacuum box.
A.429
13. In addition to bubble leak testing, what other
nondestructive testing method, with or without a
pressure differential, is most effective in the
detection of leaks through a pressure boundary?
a. Magnetic particle testing.
b. Liquid penetrant testing.
c. Holography testing.
d. Ultrasonic testing.
B.SSO
C.66
14. Which one of the following would be the easiest
and most economical technique for bubble leak
testing the pipe to shell weld of a small diameter
flanged nozzle that has no reinforcing pad plate
and is flush with the inside of the shell?
a. Seal weld a pipe cap over the inner end of the
pipe, pressurize the pipe and bubble leak test
the weld.
b. Install a plumber's plug in the inner end of the
pipe, blank the nozzle flange, pressurize the
pipe and bubble leak test the weld.
c. Install a plumber's plug in the inner end of the
pipe, blank the nozzle flange, evacuate the
pipe and bubble leak test the weld.
d. Blank the nozzle flange and vacuum box
bubble leak test the weld from inside the shell.
A.435, Fig. 26

a. 300 series stainless.

b. Carbon steel.
c. Aluminum.
d. 9% nickel.
A.391, 429

18

15. When writing a bubble leak testing procedure for
the reinforcing pad plates with one weep hole,
one simple way to ensure that the pad plate
welds are really pressurized is to stipulate in the
procedure that a:
a. second hole be drilled and tapped in the
reinforcing plate for the installation of the
pressure gage.
b. second pressure gage be installed in one of the
inside welds.
c. notch be cut in the end of the pipe nipple to be
threaded into the reinforcing plate weep hole.
d. pressnre hold test be performed after the
bubble leak test.
A.432
16. Dnring a hydrostatic test of a vessel, water is
detected running from the weep hole of a nozzle
reinforcing pad plate. At the time of the initial test
of this reinforcing pad plate, no leakage was
detected when the outside reinforcing plate to pipe
and shell welds and the inside pipe to shell weld
were leak tested. Assuming there was pressure
behind the pad plate dnring the initial test, the
sonrce of leakage is most likely caused by:
a. slag inclusion through the shell behind the pad
plate.
b. shell plate lamination at the nozzle cutout.
c. burn through of the pipe wall covered by the
reinforcing plate to pipe weld.
d. toe crack in the pad plate to shell weld.
A.434
17. A thin wall stainless butt welded tank built on a
sloping concrete foundation is successfully tested
and accepted by a customer. After being in
service a few weeks, very minute droplets of
product are detected coming from under the
bottom. After removing the product, a thorough
55 kPa (8 psi) vacuum box retest of the tank
bottom reveals no detectable leakage. Which of
the following would you recommend as the best
immediate conrse of action to locate the leakage?
a. Cover the bottom welds with epoxy sealant.
b. Pressurize the tank with refrigerant and
perform a halogen sniffer test.
c. Coat the bottom with liquid penetrant; after a
long dwell time, remove the excess, apply
developer and then apply a pressure
differential with a vacuum box and observe
the developer for indications.
d. Fill the tank with water containing marker dye
and watch for leakage containing the dye.
B.535
19
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level Ill
18. During the fiual pressure bubble leak test of an
externally stiffened thin wall low pressnre
(14 kPa or 2 psig) vessel, bubbles are foimd
streaming from one of the continuous stiffener to
shell fillet welds. A possible cause could be:
a. heating of the air trapped behind the stiffener
fillet welds.
b. application of the solution with entrained air
bubbles.
c. failure to rat hole the stiffeners where they
cross shell butt welds which could contain
leaks.
d. failure to initially examine the stiffener welds
using liquid penetrant.
A.423, 431
19. During the fiual pressure bubble leak test of a
heavy wall vessel, test personnel repeatedly
observe the formation of small areas of white
foam on shell butt welds that were already
radiographed, vacuum box bubble leak tested and
then painted. What they are observing is most
probably caused by:
a. foaming agent in the leak detector solution.
b. entrained air escaping from the paint.
c. actual leaks missed dnring the vacuum box
bubble leak test.
d. trapped hydrogen escaping from the weld
metal.
A.394
20. A customer's specification requires that every
2 h dnring the vacuum box bubble leak testing,
the bubble formation properties of the leak
detector solution must be verified with a test
leak. Which of the following is a method that
would solve this requirement?
a. In a plate slightly bigger than the vacuum box,
drill a very small hole and then peen the hole
nearly shut.
b. Install a piece of tubing through the wall of
the vacuum box with the irmer end flattened
nearly shut.
c. Flatten both ends nearly shut on a short piece
of small diameter tubing for use under the
vacuum box.
d. Any of the above.
A.426-428
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level III
21. The customer test specification outlines
requirements for vacuum box bubble leak testing
liner plate welds. Because there is no additional
gain to justify the additional cost, exception
should be taken to which of the following
vacuum box bubble testing requirements?
a. Minimum of 35 kPa (5 psi) pressure
differential.
b. No indication of leakage while under pressure
for a minimum observation time of 60 s.
c. Verification of the bnbble forming properties
of the solution every hour.
d. None of the above are economical.
A.429
22. When preparing a procedure for a 345 kPa
(50 psig) pressure bubble leak test to be
performed in accordance with the minimum good
practice required for any pneumatic pressure test,
which of the following would best fulfill the
pressure gage requirements for testing this
system?
a. Two 1.7 MPa (250 psi) dial indicating gages.
b. One 689 kPa (100 psi) dial indicating gage
and one I MPa (150 psi) recording gage.
c. One indicating dial gage with a range of
I MPa (750 em Hg).
d. None of the above.
A.409
23. Which of the following is a minimum good
practice requirement for a bubble leak test
procedure?
a. Leak detector solution must be observed for
30 s after application of the pressure.
b. A pressure differential (partial vacuum) of at
least 14 kPa (2 psi) should be maintained
during the exanrination phase of a vacuum box
bubble leak test.
c. A vacuum box for bubble leak testing must be
capable of holding a pressure differential of at
least 207 kPa (30 psi).
d. Lighting in the area being exanrined must be a
minimum of 108 lx (10 ftc).
A.398, 419, 429
20
24. Which of the following is a minimum good
practice requirement on the part of the operator
while performing a bubble leak test?
a. Develop a vacuum of at least 124 kPa
(36.5 in. Hg) on the specimen.
b. Be able to maintain pressure on the specimen
for at least 0.17 h.
c. Be able to place the operator's eyes within
61 em (24 in.) of the test surface when
observing the solution for leakage.
d. Have 20/20 vision without correction (glasses)
in both eyes.
A.396, 410
25. Which of the following should be included in
bubble leak test procedures written for the best
possible "good practice" operation?
a. Vacuum box must maintain a 35 kPa (5 psig)
pressure differential for a minimum of at least
0.17h.
b. Must be able to place operator's eyes at an
angle of not Jess than 10 degrees to the surface
being examined.
c. Temperature range of the test surface being
exanrined.
d. None of the above.
A.395,416,425,428
26. Vacuum box bubble leak test procedures should
include which of the items listed below?
a. Ability to detect leaks as small as
JQ-6 std cm3·s-1.
b. Maximum length of weld examined for each
setting of the vacuum box or the length of the
vacuum box.
c. Minimum observation time of 0.17 h.
d. All of the above.
A.430
27. To write a best practice bubble leak test
specification within the realm of economical
operation and compliance with most codes,
which of the following parameters should be
included?
a. Minimum pressure (vacuum) differential
required.
b. Method of solution application.
c. Minimum observation time after solution
application.
d. All of the above.
A.430

28. Which of the components listed are essential for
a vacuum box for bubble leak testing?
a. Pressure regulator.
b. Pop off type relief valve.
c. Transparent viewing window.
d. All of the above.
A.423-424
29. Which of the items listed below are requirements
that should be included in a bubble leak test
specification?
a. Detailed steps to follow in the performance of
the bubble leak test technique specified.
b. General statements regarding the theory
behind the specified test techniques.
c. Specific standards or codes and any special
applicable test parameters.
d. All of the above.
A.430
30. Which of the below are some of the specific
items for operator compliance to be detailed in a
bubble leak test procedure?
a. A description of the scope and sequential
operation techniques and required specific
parameters.
b. Acceptance/rejection criteria with
reports/documentation required.
c. Personnel qualifications required.
d. All of the above.
A.429-430
31. The best leak detector solutions routinely used
for bubble leak testing preferably should have
what interaction with the surface of the test
specimens?
a. Ability to stick to the surface and not run off.
b. Neutral (pH about 7) in chemical activity.
c. Should dry rapidly to speed up testing.
d. Have good capillary action.
A.415
21
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level III
32. A field crew is performing vacuum box bubble
leak tests. What action would should be taken in
the following situation? An operator is testing the
job and notices poor fit up, very rough welds
with excess reinforcement. This is making leak
testing very difficult and slowing the crew. What
steps should be considered?
a. Request welds be ground relatively smooth to
remove excessive reinforcement.
b. Check with those who bid on the job - if
specifications stated good fit up and ground
flush welds would be provided, then some
contract adjustment is indicated.
c. Revamp the vacuum box or vacuum box seals
to compensate for the poor fit up and/or
excess reinforcement.
d. All of the above.
A.394, 425
33. The type of leak detector solution to use on a
particular job would normally be selected:
a. in accordance with customer specification
and/or applicable code requirements and/or on
the basis of company procedures.
b. by the company purchasing agent or
department.
c. by the Level I doing the testing.
d. on the basis of cost ouly.
A.415, 430
34. An accurate quantitative measurement of the
total leakage rate of a pressurized vessel can be
determined by the bubble leak test method:
a. if the pressure gage is calibrated to an
accuracy of 0.07 kPa (0.01 psig).
b. if the technician uses 10:1 magnification eye
glasses to estimate individual bubble sizes.
c. if the gage is graduated to National Bureau of
Standards* standards.
d. none of the above.
A.389, 412
*Now known as NIST (National Institute of Standards Technology)
Bubble Leak Testing Method, Level III

35. Under normal shop or field conditions at a

differential pressure of one atmosphere (101 kPa
or 14.7 psig), a pressure bubble leak test enables
the detection of leaks and leakage as large as:

a. weld cracks 76 mm (3 in.) long and 0.25 mm

(0.01 in.) wide.
b. pinhole 0.4 mm (0.02 in.) diameter.
c. 10 std cm3·s-1.
d. all of the above could be detected.
A.389, 393, 419

36. When a pressure bubble leak test is to be

performed on a large welded steel pressure vessel
with many feet of weld to be tested, it would be
better to complete the job as fast as possible by:

a. not taking time to rotate test personnel.

b. cutting the overlap of assigned test areas by
only one shell ring.
c. not considering the human fatigue factor.
d. organizing a large test crew into small sqnads
or teams with assigned test areas.
A.393, 429

37. The purpose of notching the end of the pipe

nipple of the pressurizing test assembly for
bubble leak testing a reinforcing pad plate is to:

a. prevent over pressurizing the area of the test

vessel behind the reinforcing plate.
b. ensure the safety of the workers and test crew.
c. allow a flow of air to ensure pressurization of
the pad plate in the event the nipple seals
against the shell.
d. prevent seizure of the pipe nipple in the
reinforcing pad plate.
A.431-432

22
 Level ill Answers
Bubble Leak Testing Method

1 d 11 c 21 b 31 b
2 d 12 b 22 b 32 d
3 d 13 b 23 b 33 a
4 d 14 d 24 c 34 d
5 c 15 c 25 c 35 d
6 d 16 c 26 b 36 d
7 d 17 c 27 d 37 c
8 c 18 c 28 c
9 c 19 b 29 c
10 b 20 d 30 d

23
 Sample Specification
Bubble Leak Testing Method

1.0 Scope: 2.0 Applicable Documents:

1.1 This sample consists only of those excerpts 2.1 The various doCuments mentioned herein are
applicable to the bubble leak testing as follows:
requirements of the sample specification for a
nuclear containment liner structure.

Short Name Date of Complete Identification of the

As Used Herein Issue Document and of the Sponsor
. Organization
ASME 1977 through Summer 1978 American Society of Mechanical Engineers:
Addenda Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
1. Section II Material Specifications; Part A-Ferrous, Part
C-Welding Rods, Electrodes and Filler Metals
2. Section III Nuclear Power Plant Components
Division I
3. Section III Nuclear Power Plant Components-
Division II Concrete Reactor Vessels and Containments

4. Section V Nondestructive Examination

5. Section IX Welding Qualifications

NRC Nuclear Regnlatory Commission

6. Regnlatory Guide 1.19 August 11, 1972 Nondestructive Examination of Primary
Containment Liner Welds
7. ANSI N45.2.6 1978 American National Standards Institute,
Qualification of Inspection. Examination and
Testing Personnel for Construction Phase of
Nuclear Power Plants
8. SNT-TC-IA 1975 American Society for Nondestructive Testing,
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-IAfor
Personnel Qualification and Certification in
Nondestructive Testing
9. IOCFR21 1 June 1977 Code of Federal Regnlations, Title 10, Part 21,
Reporting of Defects and Nonconformance

10. Desigu specification 5 July 1979 XYZ Corporation

25
Bubble Leak Testing, Sample Specification
3.0 Design Criteria:
3.1 Concrete lined containment
276 kPa (40 psig) internal.
3.2 Test channels (leak chase)
301 kPa (45 psig) internal.
4.0 Description of Work:
4.1 Liner welds in specified areas are covered
by test channels (or leak chase) to
augment nondestructive and leak tightness
test program as follows:
4.1.1 Test channels required:
I. 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) thick liner
plate welds with backing
strips.
2. Embedment to liner.
3. Penetration to liner insert.
4. Penetration collar to liner.
5. All welds covered by
concrete or otherwise
subsequently made
inaccessible.
with the exception that
4.1.2 Test channels not required:
I. 9.5 mm (3/8 in.) thick
double butt welds (entire
drywell liner) including
15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick or
greater plate.
2. Welded pipe welds.
Penetration sleeve to flued
3.
head, or equal.
4. Welds in hatches between
inner and outer collars
except test channel required
for hatch decking.
4.1.3 Leak testing of these welds shall
be performed in accordance with
Table 1 in the Leak Testing
section of this sample
specification.
26
5.0 Personnel:
5.1 Nondestructive testing personnel shall be
qualified in accordance with SNT-TC- I A
or ANSI N45.2.6 as applicable.
6.0 Procedures:
6.1 Nondestructive bubble testing procedures
shall be in accordance with the methods
and techniques as described in ASME
Section V, ASME Section III Division 2,
Appendix IX and 7.0 of this document.
6.2 Acceptance requirements shall be in
accordance with the applicable sections
of ASME III NE-5000 and CC-5500.
6.3 Procedures shall have had prior review
and been stamped Approval or Approved
as Revised/Released for Fabrication by
the engineers before nondestructive
testing proceeds.
7.0 Leak Testing:
Type I, Type II and Type III welds shall be tested for
leak tightness according to the following described
methods and with reference to Table I.
7.1 Vacuum Box Bubble Leak Testing
7.1.1 In accordance with the
reqlrirements of the referenced
code documents, the following
test parameters shall apply.
7.1.2 The leak detection solution shall
be Leak-Tee No. 577-V
(American Gas & Chemicals,
Inc.) or other soap free, specially
prepared solution as approved by
the Engineers. Bubble formation
properties of the test solution
shall be checked at the start of
testing and then at hourly
intervals against a standard
sample with a known leak path
or equal approved method.
 Bubble Leak Testing, Sample Specification

7. 1.3 The leak detection solution shall
be applied to the weld
immediately preceding the test.
A vacuum box containing a
viewing window shall be placed
over the area to be tested and
evacuated to produce a
differential of 35 to 55 k:Pa
(5 to 8 psig) with the
atmospheric pressure. A
minimum overlap of 76 mm
(3 in.) shall be provided between
adjacent vacuum box locations.
7.1.4 Liner welds are acceptable if no
leakage is detected as evidenced
by the absence of the formation
of bubbles.
7. 1.5 Vacuum box testing is not
required on welds of access
opening and penetrations which
have had 100% radiographic
examinations.
7.2 Pressure Bubble Leak Testing
7 .2.1 As leak chase test channel
installations are completed
during erection, the liner welds
and test channel to liner welds
shall be bubble leak tested with
air to at least 310 k:Pa (45 psig).
7 .2.2 The requirements of paragraph
7.1.2 apply.
7 .2.3 The welds are acceptable if no
leakage is detected as evidenced
by the absence of the formation
ofhubbles.

Table 1
Type of Weld I II III

Weld -1\~
Details ~ lL7 + 'II + ~ l~
11'
.2- ..?-
I\ I I

Leak Test Weld(s) Being Tested

Method Liner Channel Liner Channel Liner Channel
Vacuum Box Yes No Yes - - No

Air Pressure Yes Yes - - Yes Yes

35 to 55 k:Pa 35 to 55 k:Pa -
VB Pressure - - -
(5 to 8 psig) (5 to 8 psig)

310 k:Pa 310k:Pa 310 k:Pa 310 k:Pa

Air Pressure - -
(45 psi) (45 psi)
(45 psi) (45 psi)

V&IIIApp. V&IIIApp. V&IIIApp. V&IIIApp. V&IIIApp.

Technique - IX& Specs.
IX& Specs. IX& Specs. IX& Specs. IX& Specs.

Acceptance III Div. 2 III Div. 2 IIIDiv. 2 Ill Div. 2 IITDiv. 2

Standard App. IX& App.IX& App. IX& - App. IX& App.IX&
Specs. Specs. Specs. Specs. Specs.

27
8.0 Nondestructive Testing Operator
Qualification:
8.1 Each operator perfomring and evaluating
nondestructive testing exanrinations and
tests on this Contract shall be qualified.
Records of their qualification shall be in
the Seller's file.

9.0 Engineer's Inspections:

9.1 On a surveillance basis, the Engineers
shall verify that the tests listed in Leak
Testing subsection are performed in
accordance with the Sellers test
procedures as approved by the Engineers.

10.0 Records System:

10.1 A records system shall be established and
maintained that provides for the
identification and correlation of test and
inspection records and certificates.

11.0 Document Submittals:

11.1 This specification requires specific
documents to be formally submitted to the
Engineers for information and approval.
When required by this specification, those
documents generated by the Seller's
suppliers shall also be submitted. Prior to
submittal to the Engineers, the Seller shall
review them for conformance to the
requirements and note his/her approval on
the face of the documents. Revisions to
documents after Engineers' approval of
same shall require that the revised
documents be resubmitted for approval.

12.0 Final Check of Records:

12.1 The Seller shall be responsible for
inspecting the item(s) and checking the
applicable records, prior to completion of
work to verify that all specification
requirements have been complied with.
Acceptance of the completed sets of
records does not relieve the Seller of
responsibility for compliance with
specification requirements.

28
 Sample Specification Questions
Bubble Leak Testing Method
The following questions, answers and references are
based on the preceding sample specification.
1. By this specification, the type of leak detector
solution that has be used to perform the required
bubble leak testing is:
a. a mixtnre of glycerin, liquid soap and water.
b. Leak-Tee No. 577-V only.
c. any specially prepared soap free solution
approved by the Engineers.
d. water with methyl orange added.
Para. 7.1.2
2. Before any bubble leak testing proceeds, this
specification requires that the procedure or
procedures involved must have been reviewed and
stamped:
a. Approval or Approved as Revised/Released for
Fabrication by the Engineers.
b. Approved by the Seller's Level III reviewer.
c. Approved by the Customer and Engineer's Site
Inspector.
d. Approved by the NRC and the Customer.
Para. 6.3
3. Personnel who perform bubble leak testing in
accordance with this specification must be qualified
and certified in accordance with:
a. the Seller's program written in accordance with
the guidelines of SNT-TC-JA and/or the
requirements of ANSI N45.2.6.
b. either SNT-TC-JA or ANSI N45.2.6 as preferred
by the Seller.
c. the requirements of Regulatory Guide IOCFR21.
d. the Seller's requirements based on extensive past
experience.
Para. 2.1.7 and 2.1.8
29
4. Vacuum box bubble leak testing is not required on
this fictional contract for access opening and
penetration welds which have:
a. a thickness in excess of 13 mm (0.5 in.).
b. been progressively magnetic particle tested.
c. been through liquid penetrant leak testing.
d. been tested I 00% by radiography.
Para. 7.1.5
5. All welds bubble leak tested in accordance with this
specification are acceptable if:
a. no leakage is detected as evidenced by the
formation of nothing in excess of a single bubble.
b. all leakage detected is repaired.
c. no leakage is detected as evidenced by the
absence of the formation of bubbles.
d. no leakage is detected except that which is
considered of a virtual natnre.
Para. 7 .1.4 and 7.2.3
6. For the vacuum box bubble leak testing performed
on this fictional contract, each setting or location of
the vacuum box must have an overlap with the
adjacent setting or location of at least:
a. 51 mm (2 in.).
b. 51 to 76 mm (2 to 3 in.).
c. 76 mm (3 in.).
d. 10% of the box length.
Para. 7.1.3
7. All bubble leak testing procedures for this fictional
contract shall require that the leak detector solution
be checked:
a. each morning at the start of testing.
b. with a hydrometer to determine the pH.
c. against a National Bureau of Standards* traceable
leak standard.
d. against a known path leak or equal approved
method.
Para. 7 .1.2 and 7 .2.2
*Now known as NIST (National Institute of Standards Technology)
Bubble Leak Testing, Sample Specification Questions

8. To comply with the requirement of this

specification, all bubble leak test procedures
must require that the check of the bubble
formation properties of the leak detector solution
be performed:

a. at the start of testing and at hourly intervals

during testing.
b. each morning at the beginning of the work
shift.
c. with litmus paper hourly during testing to
determine the pH of the solution.
d. to determine the percentage by weight content
of halogen and sulfur in the solution.
Para. 7.1.2, 7 .2.2

9. The test channel to liner welds shall be pressure

bubble leak tested in accordance with this
specification to a minllnum pressure of:

a. 207 kPa (30 psi).

b. 325 kPa (45 psia).
c. 310 kPa (45 psig).
d. 414 kPa (60 psig).
Para. 7.2.1 and Table 1

10. The minllnum pressure differential required by

this specification for the vacuum box leak testing
to be performed is:

a. I 4 kPa (2 psig).
b. 35 kPa (5 psig).
c. 55 kPa (8 psig).
d. 103 kPa (15 psig).
Para. 7.1.3 and Table 1

30
Sample Specification Answers
Bubble Leak Testing Method

1 c 6 c
2 a 7 d

3 a 8 a
4 d 9 b
5 c 10 b

31