Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Conversion
10/23/2012 1
Introduction
Electromechanical energy conversions – use a
magnetic field as the medium of energy
conversion
Electromechanical energy conversion device:
Converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
or
Converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
2
10/23/2012
Introduction
Three categories of electromechanical energy conversion
devices:
z Transducers (for measurement and control)- small motion
10/23/2012 4
Energy Conversion Process
10/23/2012 5
EM Energy Conversion: Analogy
Thermal
Electrical Energy
Energy (losses)
(input)
Field Energy
Mechanical
Energy
(output)
10/23/2012 6
Energy Conversion Process
Electromechanical
System
10/23/2012 7
Energy Conversion Process
Electrical system Magnetic system Mechanical
system P mech
dW e = dW m + dW f
dWe = i d λ = differential change in electric energy input
dWm = fm dx = differential change in mechanical energy output
dWf = differential change in magnetic stored energy
10/23/2012 9
Energy Conversion Process
dλ
We can write dWe = ei dt; e=
dt
dλ
dWe = idt = idλ
dt
Here e is the voltage induced in the electric terminals by changing
magnetic stored energy.
10/23/2012 10
Singly-excited
System
Energy, Coenergy
and Force or Torque
10/23/2012 11
Energy in Magnetic System
Consider the electromechanical system below:
10/23/2012 12
Energy in Magnetic System
The mechanical force fm is defined as acting from the
relay upon the external mechanical system and the
differential mechanical energy output of the relay is
dWm = fm dx
Then, substitution dWe = id λ, gives
dWf = id λ – fm dx
Value of Wf is uniquely specified by the values
of λ and x, since the magnetic energy storage
system is lossless.
10/23/2012 13
Energy in Magnetic System
λ dWf = idλ
dλ
Wf = ∫ id λ
dWf = differential change in magnetic stored energy
10/23/2012 14
Energy and Coenergy
The λ-i characteristics of an electromagnetic system
depends on the air-gap length and B-H characteristics
of the magnetic material.
10/23/2012 15
Energy and Coenergy
For a particular value of air-gap length, the field energy is represented by the
red area between λ axis and λ-i characteristic. The blue area between i axis
and λ - i characteristic is known as the coenergy
10/23/2012 16
Energy and Coenergy
The coenergy is defined as
W = ∫ λ di
f
' i
0
From the figure of λ - i characteristic,
Wf ’ + Wf = λ i
Note that Wf’ > Wf if the λ - i characteristic is non
linear and Wf’ = Wf if it is linear.
The quantity of coenergy has no physical significance.
However, it can be used to derive expressions for force
(torque) developed in an electromagnetic system
10/23/2012 17
Determination of Force from
Energy
The magnetic stored energy Wf is a state
function, determined uniquely by the
independent state variables λ and x. This is
shown explicitly by
dWf (λ, x) = id λ – fm dx
10/23/2012 18
Determination of Force from
Energy
For any function of two independent variables
F(x1,x2), the total differential equation of F
with respect to the two state variables x1 and x2
can be written
∂F(x1, x 2 ) ∂F(x1, x 2 )
dF(x1, x 2 ) = dx1 + dx 2
∂x1 x 2
∂x 2 x 1
10/23/2012 19
Determination of Force from
Energy
Therefore, for the total differential of Wf
dWf ( λ, x) = idλ − f m dx
10/23/2012 20
Determination of Force from
Energy
By matching both equations, the current:
∂Wf ( λ, x)
i=
∂λ x
where the partial derivative is taken while
holding x constant and the mechanical force:
∂Wf (λ, x)
fm = −
∂x λ
where the partial derivative is taken while
holding λ constant.
10/23/2012 21
Determination of Force from
Energy: Linear System
For a linear magnetic system for which λ=L(x)i:
λ λ
λ 1 λ2
Wf ( λ, x) = ∫ i( λ, x)dλ = ∫ dλ =
0 0 L(x) 2 L(x)
and the force, fm can be found directly:
10/23/2012 22
Determination of Torque from
Energy
For a system with a rotating mechanical terminal,
the mechanical terminal variables become the
angular displacement θ and the torque T.
Therefore, equation for the torque:
∂Wf (λ,θ )
T =−
∂θ λ
dW (i, x ) = d (i λ ) − dW f ( λ , x )
'
f
10/23/2012 24
Determination of Force from
Coenergy
By expanding d(iλ):
d (i λ ) = id λ + λ di
So, the differential coenergy dWf’:
dW (i, x ) = d (i λ ) − dW f ( λ , x )
'
f
= id λ + λ di − (id λ − f m dx )
= λ di + f m dx
10/23/2012 25
Determination of Force from
Coenergy
By expanding dWf’(i,x):
∂W '
(i, x) ∂W '
f (i, x)
dWf (i, x) =
' f
di + dx
∂i x
∂x i
and, from the previous result:
dW (i, x ) = λ di + f m dx
'
f
10/23/2012 26
Determination of Force from
Coenergy
By matching both equations, λ:
∂Wf' (i, x)
λ=
∂i x
where the partial derivative is taken while
holding x constant and the mechanical force:
∂Wf' (i, x)
fm =
∂x i
where the partial derivative is taken while
holding i constant.
10/23/2012 27
Determination of Force from
Coenergy: Linear System
For a linear magnetic system for which λ=L(x)i:
i i 2
i
Wf' (i, x) = ∫ λ(i, x)di = ∫ L(x)idi =L(x)
0 0 2
and the force, fm can be found directly:
∂W (i, x)
'
∂ ⎛ i 2⎞ 2
i dL(x)
fm = f
= ⎜ L(x) ⎟ =
∂x i ∂x ⎝ 2 ⎠ i 2 dx
10/23/2012 28
Determination of Torque from
Coenergy
For a system with a rotating mechanical terminal,
the mechanical terminal variables become the
angular displacement θ and the torque T.
Therefore, equation for the torque:
∂W (i,θ )
'
T= f
∂θ i
where the partial derivative is taken while
holding λ constant.
10/23/2012 29
Determination of Force Using
Energy or Coenergy?
The selection of energy or coenergy as the
function to find the force is purely a matter of
convenience.
They both give the same result, but one or the
other may be simpler analytically, depending on
the desired result and characteristics of the
system being analyzed.
10/23/2012 30
Direction of Force Developed
∂Wf (λ, x)
1. By using energy function: f m = −
∂x λ
10/23/2012 32
B-H Curve and Energy Density
In a magnetic circuit having a substantial air
gap g, and high permeability of the iron core,
nearly all the stored energy resides in the gap.
Therefore, in most of the cases we just need
to consider the energy stored in the gap. The
magnetic stored energy,
λ
W f = ∫ idλ
0
Hg
in which i= and dλ = d ( Nφ ) = d ( NAB ) = NAdB
N
10/23/201210/23/2012 33
33
B-H Curve and Energy Density
B Hg B
Therefore, W f =∫ NAdB = Ag ∫ H dB
0 N 0
Wf B
wf = = ∫ H dB
Ag 0
10/23/201210/23/2012 34
B-H Curve and Energy Density
B
where w f = ∫ H dB is energy per unit volume
0
wf
B
The area between the B-H
curve and B axis
represents the energy
H density in the air gap.
10/23/201210/23/2012 35
35
B-H Curve and Energy Density
In the same manner,
H
w =∫'
f BdH is coenergy per unit volume.
0
B
wf ’
10/23/201210/23/2012 36
36
B-H Curve and Energy Density
For a linear magnetic circuit, B = μH or H =
B/μ, energy density:
2
B B B B
w f = ∫ H dB = ∫ dB =
0 0 μ 2μ
and coenergy density:
H H
μH 2
w'f = ∫ BdH = ∫ μ HdH =
0 0
2
10/23/201210/23/2012 37
Example 3.1 PC Sen
The dimensions of the relay system are shown in
figure below. The magnetic core is made of cast
steel whose B-H characteristic is shown in Figure
1.7 (pg.6). The coil has 300 turns, and the coil
resistance is 6 ohms. For a fixed air-gap length lg =
4 mm, a dc source is connected to the coil to
produce a flux density of 1.1 Tesla in the air-gap.
Calculate lg 5 cm
5 cm
10/23/2012 38
10 cm
Example 3.2 PC Sen
The λ-i relationship for an electromagnetic
system is given by
2
⎛ λg ⎞
i=⎜ ⎟
⎝ 0.09 ⎠
which is valid for the limits 0 < i < 4 A and 3 < g <
10 cm. For current i = 3A and air gap length g = 5
cm, find the mechanical force on the moving part
using coenergy and energy of the field.
10/23/2012 39
Example 3.3 PC Sen
The magnetic system shown in the Figure has the
following parameters:
N = 400, i = 3 A
Width of air-gap = 2.5 cm i
lg
Depth of air-gap = 2.5 cm N
Length of air-gap = 1.5 mm g
Immovable x
part g
Reference
position
i
+ Fm
e
Spring
-
Movable
part
10/23/2012 42
Example 2
Figure below shows a relay made of infinitely-permeable magnetic material
with a moveable plunger (infinitely-permeable material). The height of the
plunger is much greater than air gap length (h>>g). Calculate
a) The magnetic storage energy Wf as a function of plunger position ( 0< x <d)
for N = 1000 turns, g = 2 mm, d= 0.15 m, ι= 0.1 m and i = 10 A.
b) The generated force, Fm
10/23/2012 43
Example 3
The magnetic circuit shown is made of high-permeability
electrical steel. Assume the reluctance of steel μ -- infinity.
Derive the expression for the torque acting on the rotor .
10/23/2012 44
Example 4
The magnetic circuit below consists of a single coil stator and
an oval rotor. Because of the air-gap is non uniform, the coil
inductance varies with the rotor angular position.
Given coil inductance L(θ) = Lo + L2cos2θ, where Lo= 10.6
mH and L2= 2.7 mH.
Find torque as a function of θ for a coil current of 2 A.
10/23/2012 45
Fgrd pg 129
10/23/2012 46
10/23/2012 47
Doubly-excited
Systems
Energy, Coenergy
and Force or Torque
10/23/2012 48
Rotating Machines
z Most of the energy converters, particularly the
higher-power ones, produce rotational motion.
z The essential part of a rotating electromagnetic
system is shown in the figure.
z The fixed part is called the stator,
the moving part is called the rotor.
z The rotor is mounted on a shaft
and is free to rotate between
the poles of the stator
z Let consider general case where
both stator & rotor have windings
carrying current ( is and ir )
10/23/2012 49
Rotating Machines
z Assume general case, both stator and rotor have winding carrying
currents (non-uniform air gap – silent pole rotor)
z The system stored field energy, Wf can be evaluated by
establishing the stator current is and rotor current ir and let
system static, i.e. no mechanical output
10/23/2012 50
Rotating Machines
z Stored field energy
In linear system,
X→θ
z Torque coenergy = energy
W’f = Wf
10/23/2012 52
Cylindrical Machines
z Reluctance machines are simple in construction,
but torque developed in these machines is small.
z Cylindrical machines, although more complex in
construction, produce larger torques.
z Most electrical machines are of the cylindrical
type.
10/23/2012 53
Cylindrical Machines
z A cross sectional view of an elementary
two pole cylindrical rotating machine
is (uniform air gap) shown.
z The stator and rotor windings are placed
on two slots.
z In the actual machine the windings
are distributed over several slots.
z If the effects of the slots are neglected,
the reluctance of the magnetic path is
independent of the position of the rotor.
z Assumed Lss and Lrr are constant (i.e no
reluctance torque produced).
z Alignment torque is caused by the
tendency of the excited rotor to align
with the excited stator, depends on
10/23/2012 54
mutual inductance
Cylindrical machines
z Torque produced Tm when θ=90o
dL sr dMcosθ
T = i si r = i si r = Mi s i r sinθ
dθ dθ
z Mutual inductance
z Currents
z Rotor position
Where
M = peak value of mutual inductance
θ = the angle between magnetic axis of
the stator and rotor windings
ωm = angular velocity of rotor
10/23/2012 55
Cylindrical Machines
T = −I sm I rm Mcosωs t cos(ω r t + α) sin(ω m t + δ)
10/23/2012 56
Cylindrical Machines
z Non zero average torque exists/develop only if
Machine develop torque
if sum or difference of
the angular speed of the
Case 1: stator and rotor current
z Synchronous machine Wr =0 – Idc at rotor
Sen pg 111
10/23/2012 59
Example 5
In a doubly excited rotating actuator shown in figure
below, the stator inductances are given as L11= (3+cos2θ)
mH, L12 = 0.3cosθ, and the rotor impedance is L22 =
30+10cos2θ. Find the developed torque in the system for
i1=0.8A and i2 = 0.01 A.
Fgrd pg 140
10/23/2012 60