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The following are some methods and their purposes or application that we have learned in our
Undergraduate program.
ELECTROMAGNETIC METHODS
Electromagnetic induction (EM), as the name implies, uses the principle of induction to measure
the electrical conductivity of the subsurface. Unlike conventional resistivity techniques, no
ground contact is required. This eliminates direct electrical coupling problems and allows much
more rapid data acquisition. Because EM instruments provide rapid and easy data collection, they
are often employed as the reconnaissance tools, used to identify anomalies for greater detailing.
There are two categories for which electromagnetic field, and time domain measures decay time
of an electromagnetic pulse induced by a transmitter.
MAGNETIC METHOD
The magnetic method involves the measurement of the earth's magnetic field intensity. Typically
the total magnetic field and/or vertical magnetic gradient is measured. Measurements of the
horizontal or vertical component or horizontal gradient of the magnetic field may also be made.
— Locate abandoned steel well casings, buried tanks, pipes and metallic debris
— Map old waste sites and landfill boundaries
— Map basement faults and basic igneous intrusive
— Investigate archaeological sites
GRAVITY METHOD
The gravity method is a non-destructive geophysical technique that measures differences in the
earth’s gravitational field at specific locations.
SEISMIC METHOD
Reflection seismology (or seismic reflection) is a method of exploration geophysics that uses the
principles of seismology to estimate the properties of the Earth's subsurface from
reflected seismic waves.
Measurement of seismic wave travel time is one of the most common geophysical
method.
Seismic exploration is divide into reelection and refraction surveys depending on whether
the predominant portion of seismic wave’s travel horizontal or vertical.
RESISTIVITY METHOD
All resistivity methods employ an artificial source of current, which is introduced into the ground
through point electrodes or long line contacts; the latter arrangement is rarely used nowadays.
The procedure is to measure potentials at other electrodes in the vicinity of the current flow.
Because the current is measured as well, it is possible to determine an effective or apparent
resistivity of the subsurface
MAGNETOMETRY
Magnetometry can detect buried ferrous objects such as underground tanks and drums, or
geologic structures such as igneous dikes, that cause local disturbances in the earth's magnetic
field.
The shape of these magnetic "anomalies" indicates the location and approximate burial
depth of the anomaly sources
Can be hampered by above-ground metal objects and overhead power lines which
interfere with data collection
Research method
A particular procedure for accomplishing or approaching something, especially a systematic or
established one, a procedure, technique, or way of doing something, especially in accordance
with a definite plan.
A wide range of research methods are used in psychology. These methods vary by the sources
of information that are drawn on, how that information is sampled, and the types of
instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also vary by whether they collect
qualitative data, quantitative data or both.
Research techniques
A way of carrying out a particular task, especially the execution or performance of an
artistic work or a scientific procedure. All research needs a lot of techniques and
dedication from the researcher’s part. Identify all resources which you are familiar that
may provide information assemble your list of resources and begin systematically
exploring them
— Primary Research - Primary Research involves collecting of information that does not
exist, yet. It involves gaining extensive knowledge that can be shared and put to proper
use.
— Secondary Research - On the other side is the Secondary Research where in, existing
data is revised and a summary or a collation is presented.
Difference between Research methods and
Research methodology
RESEARCH METHOD
Pertains to all those methods, which a researcher employs to undertake research process, to
solve the given problem. The techniques and procedure that are applied during the course of
studying research problem are known as the research method
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
As its name suggest is the study of methods, so as to solve the research problem. It is the
science of learning the way research should be performed systematically.
The research method is concerned with carrying out experiment, test, surveys,
interviews, etc. As against this, research methodology is concerned with learning various
techniques which can be employed in the performance of experiment, test or survey.
Research method intends to discover the solution to the problem at hand. In contrast,
research methodology aspires to apply appropriate procedures, with a view to
ascertaining solutions.
Write at least 20 questions in your subject the investigation of which forms basic
research. Then point out how many of them have already been solved and how
many were found in applications?
VI. Why birds arrange them in > shape while moving in groups?
The answer to this question is that they arrange them in this shape to minimize the air
resistance so that they can fly easily.
The application of this fact is found in our daily life. We make to shapes of our racing cars
and aero planes to minimize the air resistance.
XV. Why the job market is down all over the world?
The work on this issue is going on for decades but this issue is never solved or can be
solved, Its due to the increase in population of the world due to this it’s been almost
impossible for this issue to be solved.
Theory:
A plausible or scientifically acceptable general principle or body of principles offered to
explain phenomena.
A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the
results of such thinking. Depending on the context, the results might, for example, include
generalized explanations of how nature works. The word has its roots in ancient Greek,
but in modern use it has taken on several related meanings.
For example, no new evidence will demonstrate that the Earth does not orbit around the
sun (heliocentric theory), or that living things are not made of cells (cell theory), that
matter is not composed of atoms, or that the surface of the Earth is not divided into solid
plates that have moved over geological timescales.
Experiment:
An experiment is a procedure carried out to support, refute, or validate a hypothesis.
Experiments provide insight into cause-and-effect by demonstrating what outcome occurs
when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale, but
always rely on repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. There also exists
natural experimental studies.
A child may carry out basic experiments to understand gravity, while teams of scientists
may take years of systematic investigation to advance their understanding of a
phenomenon. Experiments and other types of hands-on activities are very important to
student learning in the science classroom. Experiments can raise test scores and help a
student become more engaged and interested in the material they are learning, especially
when used over time. Experiments can vary from personal and informal natural
comparisons (e.g. tasting a range of chocolates to find a favourite), to highly controlled
(e.g. tests requiring complex apparatus overseen by many scientists that hope to discover
information about subatomic particles). Uses of experiments vary considerably between
the natural and human sciences.
.Importance of theory in basic and applied research?
References
— http://surfacesearch.com/about/geophysical-methods/
— http://www.geo-app.com/techniques.html
— http://www.socscidiss.bham.ac.uk/methodologies.html
— http://www.humanities.manchester.ac.uk/studyskills/assessment_evaluation/dissertati
ons/methodology.html
— libguides.usc.edu/writingguide/methodology