Photochemical water-splitting reaction: 2 H2O(l) light

  2 H2(g) + O2(g)
Industrial production of hydrogen: CH4(g) + H2O(g) 
Ni
CO(g) +3 H2(g)
CO(g) + H2O(g) Fe/Cu
 CO2(g) + H2(g)
Production of hydrogen in laboratory: Zn(s) + 2 H+(aq) → Zn2+(aq) + H2(g)
Reaction of hydrogen with 1st group metal: 2 M(s) + H2(g) → 2 MH(s)
Reaction of hydrogen with 2nd group metals (except Be) M(s) + H2(g) → MH2(s)
Reaction of hydrogen with some d-metal: 2 M(s) + x H2(g) → 2 MHx(s)
Reaction of hydrogen with oxygen O2(g) + 2 H2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
Reaction of hydrogen with nitrogen: N2(g) + 3 H2(g) → 2 NH3(g)
Reaction of hydrogen with halogens (X2) X2(g,l,s) + H2(g) → 2 HX(g)
Reaction of hydride ion with water: NaH(s) + H2O(l) → NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Obtaining of potassium: 750 C
KCl(l) + Na(g)  NaCl(s) + K(g)
Reaction of alkaline metals with water: 2 Na(s) + 2 H2O(l) → 2 NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Reaction of alkaline lithium with nitrogen: 6 Li(s) + N2(g) → 2 Li3N(s)
Reactions of alkaline metals with oxygen: 4 Li(s) + O2(g) → 2 Li2O(s)
2 Na(s) + O2(g) → Na2O2(s)
K(s) + O2(g) → KO2(s)
Electrolysis of brine: 2 NaCl(aq) + 2 H2O(l) electrolys
  is
 Cl2(g) + 2 NaOH(aq)
+ H2(g)
Use of the baking soda: HCO3–(aq) + HA(aq) → A–(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
Precipitation of Ca2+-ions as carbonates: Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → CaCO3(s)
Decomposition of potassium nitrate: 2 KNO3(s)  
2 KNO2(s) + O2(g)
Production of barium by thermite process: 3 BaO(s) + 2 Al(s)  
Al2O3(s) + 3 Ba(s)
Reaction of calcium with water: Ca(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Ca (aq) + 2 OH–(aq) + H2(g)
2+

Reaction of magnesium with water: Mg(s) + 2 H2O(l) → Mg2+(aq) + 2 OH–(aq) + H2(g)

Reaction of beryllium with alkali solution: Be(s) + 2 OH–(aq) + 2 H2O(l) → Be(OH)42–(aq) + H2(g)
Production of beryllium chloride: 600800  C
BeO(s) + C(s) + Cl2(g)   BeCl2(g) + CO(g)
Decomposition of calcium carbonate: CaCO3(s)  
 CaO(s) + CO2(g)
Reaction of calcium oxide with water: CaO(s) + H2O(l) → Ca2+(aq) + 2 OH–(aq)
Reaction of calcium hydroxide with carbon dioxide: Ca(OH)2(aq) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s) + H2O(l)
Use of the quicklime for production of iron: CaO(s) + SiO2(s)  
CaSiO3(l)
Use of the slaked lime to soften the water: HCO3–(aq) + OH–(aq) → CO32–(aq) + H2O(l)
Ca2+(aq) + CO32–(aq) → CaCO3(s)
Tooth decay under the influence of acids: Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) + 4 H3O+(aq) → 5 Ca2+(aq) + 3 HPO42–
(aq) + 5 H2O(l)
Protective influence of fluoride ions against tooth decay: Ca5(PO4)3OH(s) + F–(aq) → Ca5(PO4)3F(s) + OH–(aq)
Production of boron: B2O3(s) + 3 Mg(s)   
2 B(s) + 3 MgO(s)
Production of very pure boron: 2 BBr3(g) + 3 H2(g)  
 2 B(s) + 6 HBr(g)
Production of aluminum by electrolysis: On cathode Al3+(melt) + 3e– → Al(l)
On anode 2 O2–(melt) + C(t, gr) → CO2(g) + 4e–
In summary:
4 Al3+(melt) + 6 O2–(melt) + 3 C(t, gr) → 4 Al(l) + 3
CO2(g)
Reaction of aluminum with acids: 2 Al(s) + 6 H+(aq) → 2 Al3+(aq) + 3 H2(g)
Reaction of aluminum with hot alkali: 2 Al(s) + 2 OH–(aq) + 6 H2O(l) → 2 Al(OH)4–(aq) + 3
H2(g
Acidic nature of B(OH)3: (OH)3B + :OH2 → (OH)3B–OH2
B(OH)3OH2(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) + B(OH)4−(aq)
Reaction of γ-Al2O3 with acids and alkali: Al2O3(s) + 2 OH−(aq) + 3 H2O(l) → 2 Al(OH)4−(aq)
Al2O3(s) + 6 H3O+(aq) + 3 H2O(l) → 2 Al(H2O)63+(aq)
Acidic nature of hydrated Al3+-ions: Al(H2O)63+(aq) + H2O(l) ⇌ H3O+(aq) +
Al(OH)(H2O)52+(aq)
Production of Al2(SO4)3: Al2O3(s) + 3 H2SO4(aq) → Al2(SO4)3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
Use of sodium aluminate and aluminum sulfate for water Al3+(aq) + 3 Al(OH)4−(aq) → 4 Al(OH)3(s)
purification:
Production of boron nitride: 2 B(s) + 2 NH3(g)  
2 BN(s) + 3 H2(g)
Production of boron trifluoride: B2O3(s) + 3 CaF2(s) + 3 H2SO4(l)  
 2 BF3(g) + 3
CaSO4(s) + 3 H2O(l)
Production of boron trichloride: 500 C
B2O3(s) + 3 C(s) + 3 Cl2(g)  2 BCl3(g) + 3
CO(g)
Production of aluminum chloride: 2 Al(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 AlCl3(s)
Al2O3(s) + 3 C(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 AlCl3(s) + 3 CO(g)
Production of sodium borohydride: 4 NaH + BCl3 → NaBH4 + 3 NaCl
Production of diborane: 4 BF3 + 3 BH4– → 3 BF4– + 2 B2H6
Reaction of diborane with water: B2H6(g) + 6 H2O(l) → 2 B(OH)3 + 6 H2(g)
Decomposition of diborane: B2H6(g)  
 2 B(s) + 3 H2(g)

Amphoteric properties of tin: Sn(s) + 2 H3O+(aq) → Sn2+(aq) + H2(g) + 2 H2O(l)

Sn(s) + 2 OH–(aq) + 2 H2O(l) → Sn(OH)4–(aq) + H2(g)
Production of silicon: SiO2(s) + 2 C(s)  
Si(s) + 2 CO(g)
Production of ultrapure silicon: SiCl4(l) + 2 H2(g) → Si(s) + 4 HCl(g)
Production of tin: 1200 C
SnO2(s) + C(s)  Sn(l) + CO2(g)
Production of lead from galena: 2 PbS(s) + 3 O2(g)  
2 PbO(s) + 2 SO2(g)
PbO(s) + C(s) → Pb(s) + CO(g)
CO2 release from soft drinks: H2CO3(aq) ⇌ CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Dehydration of methanoic acid: HCOOH(l)   
150  C, H 2SO4
 CO(g) + H2O(l)
Reaction of the carbon monoxide with hot alkali: CO(g) + OH–(aq) → HCO2–(aq)
Use of the carbon monoxide in ironmaking: Fe2O3(s) + 3 CO(g)  
2 Fe(l) + 3 CO2(g)
+ 4–
Reaction of sodium orthosilicate solution with acid: 4 H3O (aq) + SiO4 (aq) + x H2O(l) → SiO2(s) x H2O(gel)
+ 6 H2O(l)
Weathering of feldspar, KAlSi3O8, by carbon dioxide and 2 KAlSi3O8(s) + 2 H2O(l) + CO2(g) → K2CO3(aq) +
water: Al2Si2O5(OH)4(s) + 4 SiO2(s)
Reaction of methanide with water: Al4C3(s) + 12 H2O(l) → 4 Al(OH)3(s) + 3 CH4(g)
Production of silicon carbide (carborundum): 2000 C
SiO2(s) + 3 C(s)   SiC(s) + 2 CO(g)
Production of carbon tetrachloride: 650 C
CH4(g) + 4 Cl2(g)  CCl4(g, l when cooled) + 4
HCl(g)
Reaction of silicon tetrachloride with water: SiCl4(l) + 2 H2O(l) → SiO2(s) + 4 HCl(aq)
Production of hydrogen cyanide: 2 CH4(g) + 2 NH3(g) + 3 O2(g) 1100
 C, Pt
 2 HCN(g) +
6 H2O(g)
Production of silane: SiCl4 + LiAlH4 → SiH4 + LiCl + AlCl3
Reaction of silane with water in the presence of alkali: SiH4(g) + 2 H2O 
OH
 SiO2(s) + 4 H2(g)
Reaction of glass with hydrogen fluoride: SiO2(s) + 6 HF(aq) → SiF62–(aq) + 2 H3O+(aq)
Reaction of silicon oxide with molten sodium carbonate: 1400 C
SiO2(s) + Na2CO3(l)  Na2SiO3(s) + CO2(g)
Use of calcium silicate for carbon dioxide binding from 2 CO2(g) + H2O(l) + CaSiO3(s) → SiO2(s) +
exhaust gases of power plants: Ca(HCO3)2(s)

Production of phosphorus: 2 Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 6 SiO2(s) + 10 C(s) 


 P4(g) + 6
CaSiO3(l) + 10 CO(g)
Autoprotolysis in liquid ammonia: 2 NH3(am) ⇌ NH4+(am) + NH2–(am)
Reaction of ammonia with d-metal cations: Cu2+(aq) + 4 NH3(aq) → Cu(NH3)42+(aq)
Decomposition of ammonium salts upon heating: (NH4)2CO3(s) 

 2 NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(g)
Oxidation of ammonium cations: NH4NO3(s) 250
 C
 N2O(g) + 2 H2O(g)
 300  C
2 NH4NO3(s)   2 N2(g) + O2(g) + 4 H2O(g)
Production of hydrazine: 2 NH3(aq) + ClO–(aq) aqueous
 alkali
 N2H4(aq) + Cl–(aq)
+ H2O(l)
Reaction of hydrazine with oxygen: N2H4(aq) + O2(g) → N2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
Production of magnesium nitride: 3 Mg(s) + N2(g)  
Mg3N2(s)
Reaction of nitride with water: Mg3N2(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 3 Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 NH3(g)
Production of sodium azide: 175 C
N2O(g) + 2 NaNH2(l)  NaN3(s) + NaOH(s) +
NH3(g)
Decomposition of sodium azide: 2 NaN3(s) → 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g)
Production of phosphine: 2 P3–(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 2 PH3(g) + 6 OH–(aq)
Reactions of phosphorus halogenides with water: PCl3(l) + 3 H2O(l) → H3PO3(s) + 3 HCl(g)
PCl5(s) + 4 H2O(l) → H3PO4(l) + 5 HCl(g)
Production of dinitrogen oxide: 250 C
NH4NO3(s)  N2O(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Dimerization of nitrogen dioxide: 2 NO2 ⇌ N2O4
Production of nitrogen oxide: 1000  C, Pt
4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)   4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)
Production of nitrogen oxide in laboratory: 2 NO2–(aq) + 2 I–(aq) + 4 H+(aq) → 2NO(g) + I2(aq) + 2
H2O(l)
Oxidation of nitrogen oxide: 2 NO(g) + O2(g) → 2 NO2(g)
Reaction of nitrogen dioxide with water: 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g)
Production of nitrous acid: N2O3(g) + H2O(l) → 2 HNO2(aq)
Production of nitrites: 350 C
KNO3(s) + Pb(s)  KNO2(s) + PbO(s)
Ostwald process: 3 2

1. Oxidation of ammonia: 

4 N H 3 (g ) + 5 O2(g) 850   4 N O(g) + 6
C, 5 atm, Pt/Rh

H2O(g)
2. Oxidation of nitrogen oxide: 2 4
2 N O(g) + O2(g) → 2 N O 2 (g)
3. Disproportionation of nitrogen dioxide in water: 4 5 2
3 N O 2 (g) + H2O(l) → 2H N O3 (aq ) + N O(g)
Production of phosphorus(III)oxide: P4(s, white) + 3 O2(g) → P4O6(s)
Production of phosphoric acid: P4O6(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 4 H3PO3(aq)
Production of phosphorous acid: P4O10(s) + 6 H2O(l) → 4 H3PO4(aq)
Production of superphosphate: Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 2 H2SO4(l) → 2 CaSO4(s) + Ca(H2PO4)2(s)
Removal of sulfur from oil and gas by Claus process: 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g) + 2 H2O(l)
300  C, Al O
2 H2S(g) + SO2(g)     3 S(s) + 2 H2O(l)
2 3

Reaction of chlorine with water: Cl2(g) + 2 H2O(l) → H3O (aq) + Cl–(aq) + HClO(aq)
+

Disproportionation of hydrogen peroxide: 2 H2O2(aq) → 2 H2O(l) + O2(g)

Production of dihydrogen sulfide: FeS(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
Oxidation of dihydrogen sulfide: 2 H2S(g) + 3 O2(g) → 2 SO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
Production of sulfurous acid: SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq)
Oxidation of sulfur dioxide: 2 SO2(g) + O2(g) → 2 SO3(g)
Production of sulfuric acid: 1000 C
S(s) + O2(g)  SO2(g)
500  C, V O
2 SO2(g) + O2(g)     2 SO3(g)
2 5

SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) → H2S2O7(l)

Action of sulfuric acid on sucrose:
Reaction of chlorine with metals:
Production of bromine from seawater:
Production of iodine from the brine from oil wells:
Production of interhalogenides:
Production of hydrogen halogenides:
Production of HBr and HI using phosphorous acid:
Disproportionation of chlorine in the water:
H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) → 2 H2SO4(l)
C12H22O11(s) → 12 C(s) + 11 H2O(l)
Fe(s) + 3 Cl2(g) → 2 FeCl3(s)
2 Br–(aq) + Cl2(g) → Br2(l) + 2 Cl–(aq)
Cl2(g) + 2 I–(aq) → I2(aq) + 2 Cl–( aq)
Cl2(g) + 3 F2(g) → 2 ClF3(g)
Cl2(g) + 5 F2(g) → 2 ClF5(g)
H2(g) + X2(g) → 2 HX(g)
CaF2(s) + 2 H2SO4(aq, conc.) → Ca(HSO4)2(aq) + 2 HF(g)
KI(s) + H3PO4(aq)  
KH2PO4(aq) + HI(g)
0 1 1
Cl 2 (g ) + H2O(aq) → H Cl O (aq) + H Cl (aq)
Disproportionation of chlorine in the alkali: 0 1 1
Cl 2 (g) + 2 OH–(aq) → Cl O¯ (aq) + Cl ¯ (aq ) + H2O(l)
Decomposition of hypochloric acid: 2HClO(aq) → 2H+(aq) + 2 Cl–(aq) + O2(g)
Production of chlorate ions: 3 Cl2(g) + 6 OH–(aq)  
 ClO3–(aq) + 5 Cl–(aq) + 3
H2O(l)
Decomposition of chlorates: 4 KClO3(s)  
 3 KClO4(s) + KCl(s)
2 KClO3(s)   2  2 KCl(s) + 3 O2(g)
Δ, MnO

Production of chlorine dioxide: 2 NaClO3(aq) + SO2(g) + H2SO4(aq, dilute) →

2NaHSO4(aq) + 2 ClO2(g)
Production of perchlorates: ClO3–(aq) + H2O(l) → ClO4–(aq) + 2 H+(aq) + 2e–
Reaction of ammonium perchlorate with aluminum: 3NH4ClO4(s) + 3 Al(s) 23  Al2O3(s) + AlCl3(s) + 6
Fe O

H2O(g) + 3 NO(g)
Action of xenon fluorides on platinum: Pt(s) + XeF4(s) → Xe(g) + PtF4(s)
Production of xenon oxides: 6 XeF4(s) + 12 H2O(l) → 2 XeO3(aq) + 4 Xe(g) + 3 O2(g)
+ 24 HF(aq)

Production of titanium: TiCl4(g) + 2 Mg(l) 700

 C
 Ti(s) + 2 MgCl2(s)
Production of vanadium: V2O5(s) + 5 Ca(l) 

 2 V(s) + 5 CaO(s)
Production of chromium: FeCr2O4(s) + 4 C(s)   
Fe(l) + 2 Cr(l) + 4 CO(g)

Cr2O3(s) + 2 Al(s)   Al2O3(s) + 2 Cr(l)
Transformation of chromate to dichromate: +
2 CrO4 (aq) + 2 H (aq) → Cr2O72–(aq) + H2O(l)
2–

Dichromate anion as an oxidizing agent: Cr2O72–(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + 6 e– → 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)

Production of manganese: 3 MnO2(s) + 4 Al(s)  
3 Mn(l) + 2 Al2O3(s)
Acidic properties of iron aqua complex: [Fe(H2O)6]3+(aq) + H2O(aq) ⇌ H3O+(aq) +
[FeOH(H2O)5]2+(aq)
Production of nickel: NiO(s) + H2(g)  
 Ni(s) + H2O(g)
Production of nickel tetra carbonyl: Ni(s) + 4 CO(g) → Ni(CO)4(g)
Pyrometallurgic production of copper: 2 CuFeS2(s) + 3 O2(g)  
2 CuS(s) + 2 FeO(s) + 2
SO2(g)

CuS(s) + O2   Cu(l) + SO2(g)
Hydrometallurgical production of copper: Cu (aq) + H2(g) → Cu(s) + 2 H+(aq) ΔG = –65 kJ
2+

Formation of patina on the copper surface: 2 Cu(s) + H2O(l) + O2(g) + CO2(g) → Cu2(OH)2CO3(s)
Reaction of gold with aqua regia: Au(s) + 6 H+(aq) + 3 NO3–(aq) + 4 Cl–(aq) → [AuCl4]–
(aq) + 3 NO2(g) + 3 H2O(l)
Reaction of gold with sodium cyanide in the aerated water 4 Au(s) + 8 NaCN(aq) + O2(aq) +2 H2O(l) → 4
solution: Na[Au(CN)2](aq) + 4 NaOH(aq)
Production of zinc: 2 ZnS(s) + 3 O2(g)  
2 ZnO(s) + 2 SO2(g)

ZnO(s) + C(s)   Zn(l) + CO(g)
Reaction of zinc with alkali: Zn(s) + 2OH–(aq) + 2 H2O(l) → [Zn(OH)4]2–(aq) + H2(g)
Production of mercury: HgS(s) + O2(g)  
Hg(g) + SO2(g)
Reaction of mercury with nitric acid: 3 Hg(l) + 8 H+(aq) + 2 NO3–(aq) → 3 Hg2+(aq) + 2 NO(g)
+ 4 H2O(l)