Math 155 Course Notes Exercises - Week 12 Solutions

9.15 Let
" # " # " #
−1 2 0 1 1 −2
A= , B= , C= .
0 −3 2 4 1 −1

(a) Find A − B + 2C.

(b) Find −2A + 3B.
(c) Determine D so that A + B = 2A − B + D.
(d) Show that (A + B) + C = A + (B + C ).
(e) Show that 2(A + B) = 2A + 2B.

Solution.

(a)
" # " # " #
−1 2 0 1 1 −2
A − B + 2C = − +2
0 −3 2 4 1 −1
" # " # " # " #
−1 2 0 −1 2 −4 −1 + 0 + 2 2−1−4
= + + =
0 −3 −2 −4 2 −2 0−2+2 −3 − 4 − 2
" #
1 −3
=
0 −9

(b)
" # " #
−1 2 0 1
−2A + 3B = − 2 +3
0 −3 2 4
" # " # " # " #
2 −4 0 3 2+0 −4 + 3 2 −1
= + = =
0 6 6 12 0+6 6 + 12 6 18

(c) If A + B = 2A − B + D then we have A + B − 2A + B = D, so A − 2A +

B + B = D, thus:
" # " #
−1 2 0 1
D = −A + 2B = − +2
0 −3 2 4
" # " # " # " #
1 −2 0 2 1 + 0 −2 + 2 1 0
= + = =
0 3 4 8 0+4 3+8 4 11

9.18 Let
" # " # " #
−1 0 2 3 1 2
A= , B= , C= .
1 2 −1 1 0 −1

(a) Compute AB and BBA

(b) Compute ABC
 (c) Show that AC 6= CA
(d) Show that (AB)C = A(BC )
(e) Show that (A + B)C = AC + BC
(f) Show that A(B + C ) = AB + AC.

Solution.

(a) For AB we have:

" #" #
−1 0 2 3
AB =
1 2 −1 1
" # " #
(−1)(2) + (0)(−1) (−1)(3) + (0)(1) −2 −3
= = .
(1)(2) + (2)(−1) (1)(3) + (2)(1) 0 5

To compute BBA, we may first compute BB:

" #" #
2 3 2 3
BB =
−1 1 −1 1
" # " #
(2)(2) + (3)(−1) (2)(3) + (3)(1) 1 9
= = .
(−1)(2) + (1)(−1) (−1)(3) + (1)(1) −3 −2

Now, we compute BBA = (BB)A as follows:

" #" #
1 9 −1 0
(BB)A =
−3 −2 1 2
" # " #
(1)(−1) + (9)(1) (1)(0) + (9)(2) 8 18
= = .
(−3)(−1) + (−2)(1) (−3)(0) + (−2)(2) 1 −4

(b) " # ABC = (AB)C, we use part (a), where we found AB =

To compute
−2 −3
. So:
0 5
" #" #
−2 −3 1 2
(AB)C =
0 5 0 −1
" # " #
(−2)(1) + (−3)(0) (−2)(2) + (−3)(−1) −2 −1
= = .
(0)(1) + (5)(0) (0)(2) + (5)(−1) 0 −5

9.19 Suppose that A is a 3 × 4 matrix and B is an m × n matrix. What are the

values of m and n such that the following products are defined?

(a) AB
(b) BA

Solution. For AB to be defined, the number of columns of A must be equal

to the number of rows of B, so 4 = m. Also, for BA to be defined, the
number of columns of B must be equal to the number of rows of A, so
n = 3.
9.36 Use the determinant to find the inverse of A.
" # " #
2 1 −1 4
(a) A = (c) A =
3 −1 5 1
" # " #
1 2 −2 1
(b) A = (d) A =
0 3 3 2

Solution.

(a) det A = (2)(−1) − (1)(3) = −5 6= 0, so A is invertible and we have:

" # " #
−1 1 −1 −1 1/5 1/5
A = = .
−5 −3 2 3/5 −2/5

(b) det A = (1)(3) − (2)(0) = 3 6= 0, so A is invertible and we have:

" # " #
−1 1 3 −2 1 −2/3
A = = .
3 0 1 0 1/3

9.37 Use the determinant to determine whether A is invertible. If it is invert-

ible, compute its inverse.
   
2 −1 −1 −1 3 −1
(c) A =  2 −2 3 ,
 
(a) A =  2 1 1 ,
 
−1 1 −1 −1 1 2
   
−1 0 −1 −1 0 2
(d) A = −1 −2 3 .
 
(b) A =  0 −2 0 ,
 
−1 1 2 0 2 −1

Solution.

(a)
 
 2
 −1 −1
det A =  2 1 1
 
 
−1 1 −1
= 2 · 1 · (−1) + (−1) · 1 · (−1) + (−1) · 2 · 1
− (−1) · 1 · (−1) − 1 · 1 · 2 − (−1) · 2 · (−1)
= − 2 + 1 − 2 − 1 − 2 − 2 = −8 6= 0.

Since det A 6= 0, A−1 exists.

  
2 −1 −1 1 0 0 (R1 )
[A|I ] =  2 1 1 0 1 0 (R2 )
 
−1 1 −1 0 0 1 (R3 )
 
(R3 ) · (−1) 1 −1 1 0 0 −1 (R4 )
(R2 ) + 2(R3 ) −→ 0 3 −1 0 1 2 (R5 )
 
(R1 ) + 2(R3 ) 0 1 −3 1 0 2 (R6 )
 
(R4 ) + (R6 ) 1 0 −2 1 0 1 (R7 )
(R6 ) −→ 0 1 −3 1 0 2 (R8 )
 
[(R5 ) − 3(R6 )] · 18 0 0 1 − 38 81 − 48 (R9 )
 
1 1
(R7 ) + 2(R9 ) 1 0 0 4 4 0
1  = [I|A−1 ].
(R8 ) + 3(R9 ) −→ 0 1 0 − 18 38

2
0 0 1 − 38 18 − 21

 
1 1
0
 14 4
A−1 = − 8 3
8
1.
2
− 83 1
8 − 12

(b)
 
−1 0 −1

det A =  0 −2 0
 
 
−1 1 2
= (−1) · (−2) · 2 + 0 · 0 · (−1) + (−1) · 0 · 1
− (−1) · (−2) · (−1) − 1 · 0 · (−1) − 2 · 0 · 0
= 4 + 0 − 0 + 2 − 0 − 0 = 6 6= 0.

Since det A 6= 0, A−1 exists.

 
−1 0 −1 1 0 0 (R1 )
[A|I ] =  0 −2 0 0 1 0 (R2 )
 
−1 1 2 0 0 1 (R3 )
 
(R1 ) · (−1) 1 0 1 −1 0 0 (R4 )
− 12 (R2 ) −→ 0 1 0 0 − 12 0 (R5 )
 
(R3 ) − (R1 ) 0 1 3 −1 0 1 (R6 )
 
1 0 1 −1 0 0 ( R7 )
−→ 0 1 0 0 − 12 0 (R8 )
 
[(R6 ) − (R5 )] · 13 0 0 1 − 13 1
6
1
3 ( R9 )
 
(R7 ) − (R9 ) 1 0 0 − 23 − 16 − 13
−→ 0 1 0 0 − 12 0 = [I|A−1 ].
 
0 0 1 − 13 1
6
1
3
  
−2 − 16 − 13
−1  3
A = 0 − 12 0 .

− 13 1
6
1
3
(c)
 
−1 3 −1

det A =  2 −2 3
 
 
−1 1 2
= (−1) · (−2) · 2 + 3 · 3 · (−1) + (−1) · 2 · 1
− (−1) · (−2) · (−1) − 1 · 3 · (−1) − 2 · 2 · 3
= 4 − 9 − 2 + 2 + 3 − 12 = −14 6= 0.

Since det A 6= 0, A−1 exists.

 
−1 3 −1 1 0 0 (R1 )
[A|I ] =  2 −2 3 0 1 0 (R2 )
 
−1 1 2 0 0 1 (R3 )
 
(R1 ) · (−1) 1 −3 1 −1 0 0 (R4 )
(R2 ) + 2(R1 ) −→ 0 4 1 2 1 0 (R5 )
 
(R3 ) − (R1 ) 0 −2 3 −1 0 1 (R6 )
 
1 −3 1 −1 0 0 (R7 )
1
4 (R5 )
−→ 0 1 41 1 1
0 (R8 )
 
2 4
(R5 ) + 2(R6 ) 0 0 7 0 1 2 (R9 )
 
(R7 ) + 3(R8 ) 1 0 74 12 34 0 (R10 )
−→ 0 1 14 12 14 0 (R11 )
 
1
7 (R9 ) 0 0 1 0 17 27 (R12 )
 
(R10 ) − 47 (R12 ) 1 0 0 12 1
2 − 12
1  = [I|A−1 ].
(R11 ) − 14 (R12 ) −→ 0 1 0 12 28 6
− 14


0 0 1 0 17 2
7
 
1 1
− 12
−1  12 32 1 .
A =  2 14 − 14 
0 71 2
7
(d)
 
−1 0 2

det A = −1 −2 3
 
 
 0 2 −1
= (−1) · (−2) · (−1) + 0 · 3 · 0 + 2 · (−1) · 2
− 0 · (−2) · 2 − 2 · 3 · (−1) − (−1) · (−1) · 0
= − 2 + 0 − 4 − 0 + 6 − 0 = 0.

Since det A = 0, the inverse matrix A−1 does not exist.

9.38 Assume that a population is divided into three age classes and that 20%
of females age 0 and 70% of the females age 1 survive until the end of the
next breeding season. Assume further that females age 1 have an average
of 3.2 female offspring and females age 2 have an average of 1.7 female
offspring. If, at time 0, the population consists of 2000 females age 0,
800 females age 1 and 200 females age 2, find the Leslie matrix and age
distribution at time 2.
Solution. Since 20% of zero-year old females and 70% of one-year-old
females survive until the end of the next breeding season, we have P0 = 0.2
and P1 = 0.7. Also, we have F1 = 3.2, as females age 1 have an average
of 3.2 female offspring and we have F2 = 1.7, because females age 2 have
an average of 1.7 female offspring. So the Leslie matrix of this population
is given by  
0 3.2 1.7
L = 0.2 0 0 .
 
0 0.7 0
 
2000
Given the population at time 0, we have N (0) =  800 . In order to
 
200
find the age distribution at time 2, we need to calculate N (2). First, we
compute N (1) = LN (0) as follows:
  
0 3.2 1.7 2000
N (1) = LN (0) = 0.2 0 0   800 
  
0 0.7 0 200
 
(0)(2000) + (3.2)(800) + (1.7)(200)
=  (0.2)(2000) + (0)(800) + (0)(200) 
 
(0)(2000) + (0.7)(800) + (0)(200)
 
0 + 2560 + 340
=  400 + 0 + 0 
 
0 + 560 + 0
 
2900
=  400  .
 
560

Now, we compute N (2) = LN (1):

  
0 3.2 1.7 2900
N (1) = LN (0) = 0.2 0 0   400 
  
0 0.7 0 560
   
0 + (3.2)(400) + (1.7)(560) 2232
= (0.2)(2900) + 0 + 0  =  580  .
   
0 + (0.7)(400) + 0 280
 So, at time 2, there will be 2232 zero-year old females, 580 one-year old
females, and 280 two-year old females.

9.43 Assume that the Leslie matrix is

" #
1.2 3.2
L=
0.8 0

Suppose that, at time t = 0, N0 (0) = 100 and N1 (0) = 0. Find the popula-
tion vectors for t = 0, 1, 2, . . . , 10. Compute the successive ratios
N0 (t ) N1 (t )
q0 (t ) = and q1 (t ) =
N0 (t − 1) N1 (t − 1)
for t = 1, 2, . . . , 10. What value do q0 (t ) and q1 (t ) approach as t → ∞?
(Take a guess) Compute the fraction of females age 0 for t = 0, 1, . . . , 10.
Can you find a stable age distribution?
" # " #
N0 (0) 100
Solution. We have N (0) = = . Using the matrix equation
N1 (0) 0
N (t + 1) = LN (t ) we can compute successive population vectors. We will
have " #" # " #
1.2 3.2 100 120
N (1) = LN (0) = =
0.8 0 0 80
Similarly, for N (2) we have:
" #" # " #
1.2 3.2 120 400
N (2) = LN (1) = =
0.8 0 80 96
Continuing in this way, we find the population vectors at successive times,
starting at time 0:
" # " # " # " # " # " #
100 120 400 787 1968 4378
, , , , , ,
0 80 96 320 630 1574
" # " # " # " # " #
10290 23554 54607 125826 290786
, , , ,
3502 8232 18843 43686 100661
Now, we can compute q0 (t ):
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
q0 (t ) 1.2 3.33 1.97 2.50 2.22 2.35 2.29 2.32 2.30 2.31
It seems that q0 (t ) approaches 2.3 as t → ∞. For q1 (t ) we have:
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
q1 (t ) undefined 1.2 3.33 1.97 2.50 2.22 2.35 2.29 2.32 2.30
It seems that q1 (t ) too approaches 2.3 as t → ∞. Next, we compute the
N0 (t )
fraction of the females of age 0, p(t ) = for t = 1, . . . , 10:
N0 (t ) + N1 (t )
t 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
p(t ) 0.6 0.81 0.71 0.76 0.74 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.74 0.74
Therefore, the age distribution is roughly 0.74.
9.47 Draw the following vectors in R2 :
" # " #
3 −2
(a) a = , (c) c = ,
0 3
" # " #
2 3
(b) b = , (d) d = .
3 −2
Solution.
y

c b
2

a
x
−2 2
−2
d

9.48 Compute w = a + b (vectors a and b are given in Problem 9.??) and find
the resulting vector w graphically.
Solution." #
5
w = a+b = ,
3
y

2
w
b
a x
2 4 6

9.49 Solve for the vector x in terms of the vectors a and b.

(a) x − a = 2(x − 2a),

(b) x + 2a − b = 3(x + a) − 2(2a − b).

Solution.

(a)

x − a = 2(x − 2a),
x − a = 2x − 4a,
3a = x,
or x = 3a.
 (b)

x + 2a − b = 3(x + a) − 2(2a − b),

x + 2a − b = 3x + 3a − 4a + 2b,
3a − 3b = 2x,
3
x = (a − b).
2
9.50 Let u = (−3, 1, 2), v = (4, 0, −8), and w = (6, −1, −4). Find the
components of the vector x that satisfies 2u − v + x = 7x + w.
Solution.

2u − v + x = 7x + w,
6x = 2u − v − w,
1
x = (2u − v − w),
6
1 1 1
x = (−3, 1, 2) − (4, 0, −8) − (6, −1, −4)
3
 6 6 
2 1 1 2 4 2
= −1 − − 1, − 0 + , + +
3 3 6 3 3 3
 
8 1 8
= − , , .
3 2 3
9.51 Show that there do not exist scalars c1 , c2 , and c3 such that

c1 (−2, 9, 6) + c2 (−3, 2, 1) + c3 (1, 7, 5) = (0, 5, 4).

Solution.
By comparing each component on the left-hand side and the right-hand
side, we get a system of three linear equations to find the unknown scalars
c1 , c2 , c3 :
−2c1 − 3c2 + c3 = 0
9c1 + 2c2 + 7c3 = 5
6c1 + c2 + 5c3 = 4
Construct the augmented matrix and solve the system of linear equations
following the procedure outlined in Section ??.

 
−2 −3 1 0 (R1 )
 9 2 7 5 ( R 2 )
 
6 1 5 4 ( R3 )
 
− 12 (R1 ) 1 32 − 12 0 (R4 )
−→ 9 2 7 5 (R5 )
 
6 1 5 4 (R6 )
 
3
1 2 − 12 0 (R7 )
(R5 ) − 9(R4 ) −→ 0 − 23 23
5 (R8 )
 
2 2
(R6 ) − 6(R4 ) 0 −8 8 4 ( R9 )
  
3
1 2 − 12 0 (R10 )
− 18 (R9 ) −→ 0 1 −1 − 12  (R11 )
 
2 10
23 (R8 ) 0 −1 1 23 (R12 )
 
3 30
(R10 + 2 (R12 ) 1 0 1 46 (R13 )
−→ 0 1 −1 − 12  (R14 ).
 
3
(R11 ) + (R12 ) 0 0 0 − 46 (R15 )

Since in (R15 ), all entries on the left-hand side are zeros while the entry on
the right-hand side is non-zero, we conclude that there is no solution, i.e.
no scalars c1 , c2 , and c3 can satisfy the given equation.

9.52 Find all scalars c1 , c2 , and c3 such that

c1 (1, 2, 0) + c2 (2, 1, 1) + c3 (0, 3, 1) = (0, 0, 0).

Solution.

 
1 2 0 (R1 )
0
2 1 0 (R2 )
3
 
0 1 0 (R3 )
1
 
1 2 0 0 (R4 )
(R2 ) − 2(R1 ) −→ 0 −3 3 0 (R5 )
 
0 1 1 0 (R6 )
 
1 2 0 0 (R7 )
− 13 (R5 ) −→ 0 1 −1 0 (R8 )
 
0 1 1 0 (R9 )
 
(R7 ) − 2(R8 ) 1 0 2 0 (R10 )
−→ 0 1 −1 0 (R11 )
 
[(R9 ) − (R8 )] 12 0 0 1 0 (R12 )
 
(R10 − 2(R12 ) 1 0 0 0
(R11 ) + (R12 ) −→ 0 1 0 0 .
 
0 0 1 0

The only solution: c1 = c2 = c3 = 0.

1
9.53(a) Show that if v is any nonzero vector, then v is a unit vector.
kvk
(b) User the result in part (a) to find a unit vector that has the same direc-
tion as the vector v = (3, 4).
Solution.
 √
(a) Let vector v = (a, b). Then kvk = a2 + b2 and
s 2  2
v a b
=
kvk √ + √ = 1.
a2 + b2 a2 + b2
v 3 4


(b) The unit vector w = , that is, w = 5, 5 .
kvk
9.54 Find u • v and cosine of the angle θ between u and v.

(a) u = (2, 3), v = (5, −7),

(b) u = (1, −5, 4), v = (3, 3, 3).

Solution.

(a) u • v = 2 · 5 + 3 · (−7) = 10 − 21 = −11,

u•v −11 −11
cos θ = =√ √ =√ √ .
kukkvk 4 + 9 25 + 49 13 74

(b) u • v = 1 · 3 + (−5) · 3 + 4 · 3 = 3 − 15 + 12 = 0

cos θ = 0.

9.55 In each part, something is wrong with the expression. What?

(a) (u • v) + w
(b) ku • vk
(c) k • (u + v)

Solution.

(a) A scalar is added to the vector w.

(b) Scalars do not have norms.
(c) The dot product can be found of two vectors.

9.56 Let u = (3, 2, −1), v = (0, 2, −3), w = (2, 6, 7). Compute

(a) v × w,
(b) u × (v × w).

Solution.

(a)
     !
v
 2 v3   v1 v3   v1 v2 
    
v×w =  ,− , 
w2 w3  w1 w3  w1 w2 
     !
2 −3 0 −3 0 2
= ,− ,
     
 
6 7 2 7 2 6
= (14 + 18, −(0 + 6), 0 − 4) = (32, −6, −4).
 (b) Let s = v × w. Then

u × (v × w) = u × s
     !
u u  u u  u u 
 2 3  1 3  1 2
=  ,− , 
 s2 s3   s1 s3   s1 s2 
     !
 2 −1  3 −1  3 2
=  ,− ,
    
−6 −4 32 −4 32 −6


= (−8 − 6, −(−12 + 32), −18 − 64)

= (−14, −20, −82).

9.57 Find the area of the parallelogram determined by u = (1, −1) and
v = (0, 3).
Solution. The area will be equal to the absolute value of the determinant
 
1 −1
 = 3.
 

0 3

9.58 Find the volume of the parallelepiped determined by u = (2, −6, 2),
v = (0, 4, −2), and w = (2, 2, −4).
Solution.
 
2
 −6 2
0 4 −2
 
 
2 2 −4
= 2 · 4 · (−4) + (−6) · (−2) · 2 + 2 · 0 · 2
− 2 · 4 · 2 − 2 · (−2) · 2 − (−4) · 0 · (−6)
= − 32 + 24 + 0 − 16 + 8 − 0 = −16.

The volume of the parallelepiped is 16.