Math 155 Course Notes Exercises - Week 13 Solutions

10.1 Computing values. Compute the values of f (x, y) at the following

points (0, 0); (1, 1); (2, 1), (1, 2); (−1, 1); (2, −1); (−3, −3).

(a) f (x, y) = 2x + y.
(b) f (x, y) = x + y2 .
(c) f (x, y) = 3xy + 2.
(d) f (x, y) = x2 y + y.

Solution.

(a) For f (x, y) = 2x + y we have:

f (0, 0) = 2(0) + (0) = 0,
f (2, 1) = 2(2) + (1) = 5,
f (−1, 1) = 2(−1) + (1) = −1,
f (−3, −3) = 2(−3) + (−3) = −9.
(b) For f (x, y) = x + y2 we have:
f (0, 0) = (0) + (0)2 = 0,
f (2, 1) = (2) + (1)2 = 3,
f (−1, 1) = (−1) + (1)2 = 0,
f (−3, −3) = (−3) + (−3)2 = 6.
(c) For f (x, y) = 3xy + 2 we have:
f (0, 0) = 3(0)(0) + 2 = 2,
f (2, 1) = 3(2)(1) + 2 = 8,
f (−1, 1) = 3(−1)(1) + 2 = −1,
f (−3, −3) = 3(−3)(−3) + 2 = −25.
f (1, 1) = 2(1) + (1) = 3,
f (1, 2) = 2(1) + (2) = 4,
f (2, −1) = 2(2) + (−1) = 3,
f (1, 1) = (1) + (1)2 = 2,
f (1, 2) = (1) + (2)2 = 5,
f (2, −1) = (2) + (−1)2 = 3,
f (1, 1) = 3(1)(1) + 2 = 5,
f (1, 2) = 3(1)(2) + 2 = 8,
f (2, −1) = 3(2)(−1) + 2 = −4,

10.2 Sketching contour lines. Sketch the contour line f (x, y) = c for each of
the given values of the constant c.

(a) f (x, y) = x + 2y; c = 0, 1, 2.

(b) f (x, y) = 2x + y; c = 0, 1, 2.
(c) f (x, y) = x2 + y2 + 1; c = 2, 5, 10.
(d) f (x, y) = 1 + y2 ; c = 1, 2, 3.
(e) f (x, y) = 3x2 + 3y2 ; c = 1, 3, 5.
(f) f (x, y) = −x2 − y2 ; c = −1, −2, −3.
(g) f (x, y) = xy; c = 1, 2, 3.
(h) f (x, y) = 2x2 + y2 ; c = 4, 6, 8.
(i) f (x, y) = 3x2 + 4y2 c = 3, 6, 9.
(j) f (x, y) = x2 − y2 c = 0, 1, 2.
(k) f (x, y) = x1/2 y c = 1, 2, 3.
(l) f (x, y) = e−x − 2y c = 2, 4, 6.

Solution.

(a) f (x, y) = x + 2y; c = 0, 1, 2.

y

c=2
c=1 (0, 1)
c=0 (0, 12 )
y = 1 − x/2
x

(b) f (x, y) = 2x + y; c = 0, 1, 2.

2x + y = 0 2x + y = 2

2x + y = 1

(c) f (x, y) = x2 + y2 + 1; c = 2, 5, 10.

y
c = 10
c=5
c=2

x
0 1 2 3

(d) f (x, y) = 1 + y2 ; c = 1, 2, 3.

(e) f (x, y) = 3x2 + 3y2 ; c = 1, 3, 5.

 c=5

c=1 c=3

(f) f (x, y) = −x2 − y2 ; c = −1, −2, −3.

(g) f (x, y) = xy; c = 1, 2, 3.
y

x
c=1
c=2
c=3

(h) f (x, y) = 2x2 + y2 ; c = 4, 6, 8.

y

0 x
−4 −2 2 4

−5

(i) f (x, y) = 3x2 + 4y2 c = 3, 6, 9.

(j) f (x, y) = x2 − y2 c = 0, 1, 2.
(k) f (x, y) = x1/2 y c = 1, 2, 3.
(l) f (x, y) = e−x − 2y c = 2, 4, 6.

10.5 Graph intersections. Sketch the graph of the function f (x, y) = 3 −

x2 − y2 , showing the intersections of the graph with the planes x = 0, y = 0
and z = 0.
 Solution. The figure below shows the intersection of the graphs with the
planes x = 0, y = 0 and z = 0, respectively:

10.9 Partial derivatives. For each function f (x, y), find the partial deriva-
tives ∂ f /∂ x and ∂ f /∂ y.

(a) f (x, y) = 3x2 + y2 .

(b) f (x, y) = 2x + 3y.
(c) f (x, y) = exy .
(d) f (x, y) = xey .
(e) f (x, y) = sin(xy).
(f) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y2 ).
(g) f (x, y) = xy2 .
x2
(h) f (x, y) = .
y3
(i) f (x, y) = ey cos x.
(j) f (x, y) = y sin x.
(k) f (x, y) = xy.
x
(l) f (x, y) = .
x+y
xy
(m) f (x, y) = 2 .
x + y2
(n) f (x, y) = ex+y .
 x 2 − y2
(o) f (x, y) = .
x 2 − y2
2 /y
(p) f (x, y) = y−1/2 e−x .
(q) f (x, y) = (x2 + y2 )2 .
1 1
(r) f (x, y) = − .
x y
(s) f (x, y) = xy(3 − x − y).
 
x
(t) f (x, y) = ln  .
y
Solution.

(a) f (x, y) = 3x2 + y2 ;

∂f ∂f
= 6x, = 2y.
∂x ∂y
(b) f (x, y) = 2x + 3y;
∂f ∂f
= 2, = 3.
∂x ∂y
(c) f (x, y) = exy ;
∂f ∂f
= yexy , = xexy .
∂x ∂y
(d) f (x, y) = xey ;
∂f ∂f
= ey , = xey .
∂x ∂y
(e) f (x, y) = sin(xy);
∂f ∂f
= y cos(xy), = x cos(xy).
∂x ∂y
(f) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y2 );
∂f 2x ∂f 2y
= 2 2
, = 2 .
∂x x +y ∂y x + y2
(g) f (x, y) = xy2 ;
∂f ∂f
= y2 , = 2xy.
∂x ∂y
x2
(h) f (x, y) = ;
y3
∂f 2x ∂ f −3x2
= 3, = 4 .
∂x y ∂y y
y
(i) f (x, y) = e cos x;
∂f ∂f
= −ey sin x, = ey cos x.
∂x ∂y
(j) f (x, y) = y sin x;
∂f ∂f
= y cos x, = sin x.
∂x ∂y
(k) f (x, y) = xy;
∂f ∂f
= y, = x.
∂x ∂y
 x
(l) f (x, y) = ;
x+y
∂f 1 · (x + y) − x · 1 y ∂f x
= = , =− .
∂x (x + y)2 (x + y)2 ∂ y (x + y)2
xy
(m) f (x, y) = 2 ;
x + y2
∂f y(x2 + y2 ) − xy · 2x yx2 + y3 − 2yx2 y3 − yx2
= 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
= 2 =
∂x (x + y ) (x + y ) (x + y2 )2
y(y2 − x2 )
,
( x 2 + y2 ) 2
∂f x(x2 + y2 ) − xy · 2y x3 + xy2 − 2xy2 x3 − xy2
= 2 2 2
= 2 2 2
= 2 =
∂y (x + y ) (x + y ) ( x + y2 ) 2
x(x2 − y2 )
.
( x 2 + y2 ) 2
(n) f (x, y) = ex+y ;
∂f ∂f
= ex+y , = ex+y .
∂x ∂y
x 2 − y2
(o) f (x, y) = 2 = 1;
x − y2
∂f ∂f
= 0, = 0.
∂x ∂y
2
(p) f (x, y) = y−1/2 e−x /y ;
 
∂f −1/2 −x 2 /y 2x 2x 2
=y e − = − 3/2 e−x /y ,
∂x y y
2
2 e−x /y 1 x2
 
∂f 1 −3/2 −x2 /y −1/2 −x 2 /y x
=− y e +y e · 2 = 3/2 − + .
∂y 2 y y 2 y
(q) f (x, y) = (x2 + y2 )2 ;
∂f
= 2(x2 + y2 ) · 2x = 4x(x2 + y2 ),
∂x
∂f
= 2(x2 + y2 ) · 2y = 4y(x2 + y2 ).
∂y
1 1
(r) f (x, y) = − ;
x y
∂f 1 ∂f 1
= − 2, = − 2.
∂x x ∂y y
(s) f (x, y) = xy(3 − x − y);
∂f
= y(3 − x − y) + xy · (−1) = 3y − xy − y2 − xy = y(3 − 2x − y),
∂x
∂f
= x(3 − x − y) + xy · (−1) = 3x − x2 − xy − xy = x(3 − 2y − x).
∂y
 
x
(t) f (x, y) = ln  ;
y
 
∂f y 1 1 ∂f y 1 1
= · = , = ·x· − 2 = − .
∂x x y x ∂y x y y
10.10 Partial derivatives at a point. For each function f (x, y), find the
partial derivative (∂ f /∂ x)(x0 ,y0 ) and (∂ f /∂ y)(x0 ,y0 ) , at each designated
point (x0 , y0 ).
(a) f (x, y) = x2 + 3y2 , (x0 , y0 ) = (2, 1).
(b) f (x, y) = 5x + 7y, (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 1).
(c) f (x, y) = e2xy , (x0 , y0 ) = (0, 1).
(d) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y2 ), (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 0).
(e) f (x, y) = x2 y, (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 2).
 π
(f) f (x, y) = sin(2xy), (x0 , y0 ) = 1, .
  2
x
(g) f (x, y) = ln   (x0 , y0 ) = (e, 1).
y
2x
(h) f (x, y) = 2 , (x0 , y0 ) = (−1, −2).
x + y2
(i) f (x, y) = 3ex+y , (x0 , y0 ) = (1, −1).
 π 
(j) f (x, y) = cos(x + y), (x0 , y0 ) = − , 2π .
2
Solution.

(a)
f (x, y) = x2 + 3y2 , (x0 , y0 ) = (2, 1);

∂f ∂ f 
= 2x, = 2 · 2 = 4,
∂x ∂ x (2,1)

∂f ∂ f 
= 6y, = 6 · 1 = 6.
∂y ∂ y (2,1)

(c)
f (x, y) = e2xy ,(x0 , y0 ) = (0, 1);

∂f 2xy ∂ f 
= 2ye , = 2,
∂x ∂ x (0,1)

∂f 2xy ∂ f 
= 2xe , = 0.
∂y ∂ y (0,1)

(e)
f (x, y) = x2 y, (x0 , y0 ) = (1, 2);

∂f ∂ f 
= 2xy, = 2 · 1 · 2 = 4,
∂x ∂ x (1,2)

∂f 2 ∂ f 
=x , = 1.
∂y ∂ y (1,2)

(h)
2x
f (x, y) = , (x0 , y0 ) = (−1, −2);
x 2 + y2
2 (−2)2 − (−1)2


2(x2 + y2 ) − 2x · 2x 2(y2 − x2 )

∂f ∂ f  6
= = 2 , = 2
= ,
∂x (x2 + y2 )2 (x + y2 )2 ∂ x (−1,−2) (( −1 ) 2 + ( −2 ) 2 ) 25

∂f 4xy ∂ f  4 · (−1)(−2) 8
=− 2 , =− =− .
∂y (x + y2 )2 ∂ y (−1,−2) ((−1)2 + (−2)2 )2 25
 (j)
π
f (x, y) = cos(x + y), (x0 , y0 ) = (− , 2π );
 2
∂f ∂ f  3π
= − sin(x + y), = − sin( ) = 1,
∂x ∂ x (− π ,2π ) 2
 2
∂f ∂ f  3π
= − sin(x + y), = − sin( ) = 1.
∂y ∂ y (− π ,2π ) 2
2

10.11 Second partial derivatives. For each of the following functions f (x, y),
find the second partial derivatives, ∂ 2 f /∂ x2 , ∂ 2 f /∂ y2 , ∂ 2 f /∂ y∂ x, and
∂ 2 f /∂ x∂ y. Verify that the two mixed second partial derivatives, ∂ 2 f /∂ y∂ x
and ∂ 2 f /∂ x∂ y, are equal.

(a) f (x, y) = xy2 + x2 .

(b) f (x, y) = ye3x .
y
(c) f (x, y) = 2 .
x + y2
(d) f (x, y) = e3x+3y .
(e) f (x, y) = sin(x + y).
(f) f (x, y) = x cos y.
(g) f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y2 )1/2 .
y3
(h) f (x, y) = .
x2
(i) f (x, y) = sin(2x) cos(3y).
1
(j) f (x, y) = (e2x + e−2x ) sin(2y).
2

Solution.

(a) f (x, y) = xy2 + x2 .

∂f ∂f
First, we find the first partial derivatives: = y2 + 2x and = 2xy.
∂x ∂y
Next, we find the second partial derivatives:

∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
= 2, = 2x, = 2y, = 2y.
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y ∂ y∂ x

(b) f (x, y) = ye3x .

∂f ∂f
First, we find the first partial derivatives: = 3ye3x and = e3x .
∂x ∂y
Next, we find the second partial derivatives:

∂2 f 2
3x ∂ f ∂2 f 3x ∂ f
2
= 9ye , = 0, = 3e , = 3e3x .
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y ∂ y∂ x
 y
(c) f (x, y) = .
x 2 + y2

∂f 2xy ∂f 1 · (x2 + y2 ) − y · 2y x 2 − y2
=− 2 , = = .
∂x (x + y2 )2 ∂y (x2 + y2 )2 (x2 + y2 )2

∂2 f 1 · (x2 + y2 )2 − x · 2(x2 + y2 ) · 2x x2 + y2 − 4x2 2(3x2 − y2 )y

2
= −2y 2 2 4
= −2y 2 2 3
= ,
∂x (x + y ) (x + y ) ( x 2 + y2 ) 3
2y −(x2 + y2 ) − 2(x2 − y2 )
 
∂2 f −2y(x2 + y2 )2 − (x2 − y2 )2(x2 + y2 )2y 2y(y2 − 3x2 )
= = = ,
∂ y2 (x2 + y2 )4 ( x 2 + y2 ) 3 (x2 + y2 )3
∂2 f x2 − y2 2x(x2 + y2 )2 − (x2 − y2 ) · 2(x2 + y2 ) · 2x
   
∂ ∂f ∂
= = =
∂ x∂ y ∂x ∂y ∂ x (x2 + y2 )2 ( x 2 + y2 ) 4
2x x + y2 − 2(x2 − y2 )
 2 
2x(3y2 − x2 )
= 2 2 3
= ,
(x + y ) (x2 + y2 )3
∂2 f 1 · (x2 + y2 )2 − y · 2(x2 + y2 ) · 2y
   
∂ ∂f ∂ 2xy
= = − 2 2 2
= −2x
∂ y∂ x ∂y ∂x ∂y (x + y ) (x2 + y2 )4
−2x(x2 + y2 − 4y2 ) 2x(3y2 − x2 )
= = .
(x2 + y2 )3 (x2 + y2 )3

y3
(h) f (x, y) = .
x2
∂f 2y3 ∂f 3y2
=− 3 , = 2 ,
∂x x ∂y x

∂2 f 6y3 ∂2 f 6y
2
= 4 , = 2,
∂x x ∂ y2 x
2 ∂ 3y2 6y2
   
∂ f ∂ ∂f
= = = − ,
∂ x∂ y ∂x ∂y ∂ x x2 x3
∂2 f 2y3 6y2
   
∂ ∂f ∂
= = − 3 =− 3 .
∂ y∂ x ∂y ∂x ∂y x x

1 2x
e + e−2x sin(2y).


(j) f (x, y) =
2
∂f ∂f
= e2x − e−2x sin(2y), = e2x + e−2x cos(2y),



∂x ∂y

∂2 f −2x ∂2 f
2x
= −2 e2x + e−2x sin(2y),



2
= 2 e + e sin ( 2y ) , 2
∂x ∂y
∂2 f
 
∂ ∂f
= 2 e2x − e−2x cos(2y),


=
∂ x∂ y ∂x ∂y
∂2 f
 
∂ ∂f
= 2 e2x − e−2x cos(2y).


=
∂ y∂ x ∂y ∂x

10.12 Wave equation. Let a and b denote constants. Show that the function

u(x, y) = sin(ax) cos(bt )

 of x and t satisfies a one-dimensional wave equation

∂ 2 u  a 2 ∂ 2 u
= .
∂ x2 b ∂t 2

Solution. First, we find the first partial derivatives:

∂u ∂u
= a cos(ax) cos(bt ), = sin(ax) (−b sin(bt )) = −b sin(ax) sin(bt ).
∂x ∂t
Therefore the second partial derivatives are:

∂ 2u ∂ 2u
= −a2 sin(ax) cos(bt ), = −b2 sin(ax) cos(bt ).
∂ x2 ∂t 2
So, we have
 a 2 ∂ 2 u  a 2 a2
= (−b2 sin(ax) cos(bt )) = (−b2 ) sin(ax) cos(bt ) = −a2 sin(ax) cos(bt ),
b ∂t 2 b b2

∂ 2u
which is equal to that we calculated before.
∂ x2
10.13 Laplace equation. Let a denote a constant. Show that the function

1
v(x, y) = (eax − e−ax ) sin(ay)
2
satisfies the Laplace equation in two dimensions:

∂ 2v ∂ 2v
+ = 0.
∂ x2 ∂ y2

Solution.
∂v a ax
e + e−ax sin(ay),


=
∂x 2
∂ 2v a2 ax
e − e−ax sin(ay),


=
∂ x2 2
∂v a ax
= e − e−ax cos(ay),


∂y 2
∂ 2v a2 ax
e − e−ax sin(ay),


=−
∂ y2 2

Then the left-hand side of the Laplace equation

∂ 2v ∂ 2v a2 ax
 2 
−ax

a ax −ax


+ = e − e sin ( ay ) + − e − e sin ( ay ) =0
∂ x2 ∂ y2 2 2

and it is equal to the right-hand side of the equation. Therefore the func-
tion v = 12 (eax − e−ax ) sin(ay) satisfies the Laplace equation.

10.14 Extreme values. Find all extreme values of the function f (x, y).
 (a) f (x, y) = x2 + 2y2 − 4x + 6y − 2. (g) f (x, y) = x3 + y2 − 6xy + 6x + 3y − 7.
(b) f (x, y) = x2 + y4 + 3x − y2 − 4. (h) f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy2 − 3x2 − 3y2 + 1.
1 1
(c) f (x, y) = x3 + y3 − 9xy + 27. (i) f (x, y) = xy + + .
x y
(d) f (x, y) = x3 + 3xy2 − 15x + y3 − 15y. (j) f (x, y) = x2 + 2y − y2 − 4y + 3.
(e) f (x, y) = x2 + y3 − 6y. (k) f (x, y) = (x − 3)2 + (y + 5)2 + 2.
(f) f (x, y) = x2 − 3x + xy + 2y2 − y + 5. (l) f (x, y) = x3 + y3 .

Solution.

(b)
∂f ∂f
= 2x + 3, = 4y3 − 2y = 2y(2y2 − 1).
∂x ∂y
At first, we need to find the critical points.

∂f 3
=0 ⇒ 2x + 3 = 0, x=− ,
∂x 2 √
∂f 2 2
=0 ⇒ 2y(2y − 1) = 0, y = 0 and y = ± .
∂y 2

 √   √ 
Thus we have 3 points: − 23 , 0 , − 32 , 22 , and − 32 , − 22 .
Computing second derivatives, we have

∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
= 2, = 12y2 − 2 = 2(6y2 − 1), = 0.
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y

Thus  2 2
∂2 f ∂2 f ∂ f
D(x, y) = 2 2 − = 4(6y2 − 1).
∂x ∂y ∂ x∂ y
   
3 3
D − , 0 = −4 < 0 – there is a saddle point at − , 0 ,
2 2
√ !   √ !  
3 2 2 3 2 2
D − , = 4 6 · − 1 > 0 and D − , − =4 6· −1 >0
2 2 4 2 2 4
√ ! √ !
3 2 3 2
– there is a local minimum at both − , and − , − .
2 2 2 2

(d)
∂f ∂f
= 3x2 + 3y2 − 15, = 6xy + 3y2 − 15.
∂x ∂y
We must solve the system of equations

3x2 + 3y2 − 15 = 0,
6xy + 3y2 − 15 = 0.
 Subtracting the second equation from the first equation

3x2 − 6xy = 0,
3x(x − 2y) = 0.

There are 2 solutions: x = 0 and x = 2y. The obvious solution (0, 0)

does not satisfy the system of equations above, so we discard it. By
plugging in x = 0 into either equation, we get

3y2 − 15 = 0,
√
y = ± 5.
√ √
We get two critical points: (0, 5) and (0, − 5). Now we plug in
x = 2y into the first equation

3 · 4y2 + 3y2 − 15 = 0,

15y2 − 15 = 0, y = ±1.
Recall that x = 2y; then x = ±2. This way we found two more critical
points: (2, 1) and (−2, −1).
Computing second derivatives, we have

∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
= 6x, = 6x + 6y, = 6y.
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y
Then
D(x, y) = 6x(6x + 6y) − 36y2 = 36(x2 + xy − y2 ).
By testing each critical point we have
√ √
D(0, 5) = 36 · (−5) < 0 ⇒ (0, 5) is a saddle point,
√ √
D(0, − 5) = 36 · (−5) < 0 ⇒ (0, − 5) is a saddle point,
∂ 2 f 

D(2, 1) = 36(4 + 2−1) > 0, > 0 ⇒ (2, 1) is a local minimum,
∂ x2 (2,1)

∂ 2 f 

D(−2, −1) = 36(4 + 2−1) > 0, < 0 ⇒ (−2, −1) is a local maximum.
∂ x2 (−2,−1)

(f)
∂f ∂f
= 2x − 3 + y, = x + 4y − 1.
∂x ∂y
We must solve the system of equations

2x − 3 + y = 0,
x + 4y − 1 = 0.

Multiplying the second equation by 2 and subtracting from the first

equation
−3 + y − 8y + 2 = 0,
 1
y=− .
7
Plugging it back into the second equation
 
1
x+4 − − 1 = 0,
7

11
x= .
7
11 1


We see that there is only one critical point 7 ,−7 .
Computing second derivatives

∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
= 2, = 4, = 1.
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y
Then
D(x, y) = 2 · 4 − 1 = 3 > 0.
11 1


Therefore 7 ,−7 is a local minimum.
(l)
∂f ∂f
= 3x2 , = 3y2 .
∂x ∂y
The only critical point is (0, 0). Then

∂2 f ∂2 f ∂2 f
= 6x, = 6y, = 0,
∂ x2 ∂ y2 ∂ x∂ y
and
D(x, y) = 36xy, D(0, 0) = 0.

The test is inconclusive.

dz
10.15 Chain rule. Use the chain rule to find dt of the function z = f (x, y).

(a) z = xy; x = t, y = t 2 .
(b) z = x2 + 3y2 ; x = t 1/2 , y = t + 1.
(c) z = ln(x2 + y2 ); x = 1 + t 2 , y = t 3 .
(d) z = ex+y ; x = t 2 , y = 4t.
(e) z = 2x + 3y; x = cos(5t ), y = sin(5t ).
(f) z = ex cos y; x = 2 + 3t, y = t 2 .
ex+y
(g) z = ; x = 1 + 2t, y = −1 + t 2 .
1 + x2
1
(h) z = exy ; x = t 2 , y = .
t
2 2
(i) z = x + y ; x = cos(3t ), y = sin(3t ).
(j) z = 4x2 + y2 ; x = cos t, y = 2 sin t.
(k) z = x2 − y2 ; x = et + e−t , y = et − e−t .
(l) z = ex sin y ; x = 5t, y = t 2 .

Solution.

(a)
∂z ∂z dx dy
= y, = x, = 1, = 2t.
∂x ∂y dt dt
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy
= + = y · 1 + x · 2t = t 2 + t · 2t = 3t 2 .
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
(b)
∂z ∂z dx 1 dy
= 2x, = 6y, = t −1/2 , = 1.
∂x ∂y dt 2 dt
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy 1
= + = 2x · t −1/2 + 6y · 1 = 1 + 6(t + 1) = 6t + 7.
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt 2
(c)
∂z 2x ∂z 2y dx dy
= 2 , = 2 , = 2t, = 3t 2 .
∂x x + y2 ∂y x + y2 dt dt
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy 2x 2y 2 2(1 + t 2 ) · 2t 2t 3 · 3t 2 2t (2 + 2t 2 + 3t 4 )
= + = 2 ·2t + ·3t = + = .
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt x + y2 x2 + y2 (1 + t 2 )2 + t 6 (1 + t 2 )2 + t 6 1 + 2t 2 + t 4 + t 6
(d)
∂z ∂z dx dy
= ex + y , = ex + y , = 2t, = 4.
∂x ∂y dt dt
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy
= + = ex+y ·2t + ex+y ·y = 2(t + 2)ex+y = 2(t + 2)et (t +4) .
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
(e)
∂z ∂z dx dy
= 2, = 3, = −5 sin(5t ), = 5 cos(5t ).
∂x ∂y dt dt
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy
= + = 2· (−5 sin(5t )) + 3·5 cos(5t ) = 5(3 cos(5t ) −2 sin(5t )).
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
(h)
∂z ∂z dx dy 1
= yexy , = xexy ,
= 2t, = − 2.
∂x ∂y dt dt t
   
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy 1 1 t2· 1 2 t 2 · 1t 1
= + = ye ·2t + xe · − 2 = e ·2t + t ·e · − 2 = 2et −et = et .
xy xy t
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt t t t
(j)
∂z ∂z dx dy
= 8x, = 2y, = − sin t, = 2 cos t.
∂x ∂y dt dt
dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy
= + = 8x· (− sin t ) + 2y·2 cos t = −8 sin t cos t + 8 sin t cos t = 0.
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
(l)
∂z ∂z dx dy
= (sin y)ex sin y , = x(cos y)ex sin y , = 5, = 2t.
∂x ∂y dt dt

dz ∂ z dx ∂ z dy
= + = (sin y)ex sin y · 5 + x(cos y)ex sin y · 2t
dt ∂ x dt ∂ y dt
2
= (5 sin y + 2x(cos y)t )ex sin y = 5 sin(t 2 ) + 10t 2 cos(t 2 ) e5t sin(t ) .


10.16 Chain rule. Use the chain rule to find ∂ z/∂ u and ∂ z/∂ v.

(a) z = 8x2 y − 2x + 3y; x = uv, y = u − v.

(b) z = x2 − y tan x; x = u/v, y = u2 v2 .
(c) z = x/y; x = 2 cos u, y = 3 sin v.
(d) z = 3x − 2y; x = u + v ln u, y = u2 − v ln v.
2 √
(e) z = ex y ; x = uv, y = 1/v.
(f) z = cos x sin y; x = u − v, y = u2 + v2 .

Solution.

(a)
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
= 16xy−2, = 8x2 + 3, = v, = u, = 1, = −1.
∂x ∂y ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= + = (16xy − 2)v + (8x2 + 3) · 1
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u
= (16uv · (u − v) − 2) v + 8u2 v2 + 3
= 16u2 v2 − 16uv3 − 2v + 8u2 v2 + 3
= 24u2 v2 − 16uv3 − 2v + 3.

∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y
= + = (16xy − 2)u + (8x2 + 3)(−1)
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v
= (16uv · (u − v) − 2) u + (8u2 v2 + 3)(−1)
= 16u3 v − 16u2 v2 − 2u − 8u2 v2 − 3
= 16u3 v − 24u2 v2 − 2u − 3.

(c)
∂z 1 ∂z x ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
= , =− 2, = −2 sin u, = 0, = 0, = 3 cos v.
∂x y ∂y y ∂u ∂v ∂u ∂v

 
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y 1 x
= + = · (−2 sin u) + − 2 · 0
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u y y
2 sin u
=− .
3 sin v

 
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y 1 x
= + = · 0 + − 2 · 3 cos v
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v y y
2 cos u 2 cos u cos v
=− · 3 cos v = − .
9 sin2 v 3 sin2 v
 (e)
√ √
∂z 2 ∂z 2 ∂x v ∂x u ∂y ∂y 1
= 2xyex y , = x2 ex y , = √ , = √ , = 0, =− 2.
∂x ∂y ∂u 2 u ∂v 2 v ∂u ∂v v

√
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y x2 y v 2
= + = 2xye · √ + x2 ex y · 0
∂u ∂x ∂u ∂y ∂u 2 u
√
√ 1 v 1
= 2 uv · · √ euv· v = eu .
v 2 u

√  
∂z ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂y x2 y u 2 x2 y 1
= + = 2xye · √ +x e · − 2
∂v ∂x ∂v ∂y ∂v 2 v v
√
√
 
2 1 u uv 2
 u u 
= ex y uv · · √ − 2 = ex y − = 0.
v v v v v

10.17 Chain rule. Let T = x2 y − xy3 + 2; x = r cos θ , y = r sin θ . Find

∂ T /∂ r and ∂ T /∂ θ .
Solution.

∂T ∂T ∂x ∂x ∂y ∂y
= 2xy−y3 , = x2 −3xy2 , = cos θ , = −r sin θ , = sin θ , = r cos θ .
∂x ∂y ∂r ∂θ ∂r ∂θ

∂T ∂T ∂x ∂T ∂y
= + = (2xy − y3 ) cos θ + (x2 − 3xy2 ) sin θ
∂r ∂x ∂r ∂y ∂r
= (2(r cos θ )(r sin θ ) − r3 sin3 θ ) cos θ + (r2 cos2 θ − 3r cos θ · r2 sin2 θ ) sin θ
= r2 sin θ (2 cos θ − r sin2 θ ) cos θ + r2 cos θ (cos θ − 3r sin2 θ ) sin θ
= 2r2 sin θ cos2 θ − r3 sin3 θ cos θ + r2 cos2 θ sin θ − 3r3 cos θ sin3 θ
= 3r2 sin θ cos2 θ − 4r3 sin3 θ cos θ .

∂T ∂T ∂x ∂T ∂y
= + = (2xy − y3 )(−r sin θ ) + (x2 − 3xy2 )(r cos θ )
∂θ ∂x ∂θ ∂y ∂θ
= (2(r cos θ )(r sin θ ) − r3 sin3 θ )(−r sin θ ) + (r2 cos2 θ − 3r cos θ · r2 sin2 θ )(r cos θ )
= −2r3 cos θ sin2 θ + r4 sin4 θ + r3 cos3 θ − 3r4 sin2 θ cos2 θ .