Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Abstract
Acknowledgment
Introduction
2. Electrical Supply
2.1. Literature Review
2.2. Case Study
2.2.1. TNB High Tension (HT) Room
2.2.1.1 TNB Check Meter
2.2.2. Consumer High Tension (HT) Room
2.2.3. Transformer Room (Dry transformer)
2.2.3.1. Safety (Carbon Dioxide tank)
2.2.4 Low Voltage Room (Main Switchboard Room)
2.2.4.1 Circuit Breaker
2.2.4.1.1 Air Circuit Breaker (ACB)
2.2.4.2 Rubber Mats
2.2.4.3 Capacitor Bank
2.2.5 Bus Ducts/ Bus System
2.2.6 Generator (Genset) Room
2.2.6.1 Lithium Cadmium Battery
2.2.6.2 Diesel Fuel Tank
2.2.6.3 Smoke Chamber
2.2.6.4 Safety
2.2.6.4.1 Carbon Dioxide Tank (CO2 tank)
2.2.6.4.2 Cooling Air Ventilation
2.2.6.5 Automatic Main Failure Board (AMFB)
2.2.6.6 Maintenance of Generator
2.2.7 Electrical Riser Room
2.2.7.1 Sub Switch Board (SSB)
2.2.7.2 Distribution Board (DB)
2.2.7.3 Meter
2.2.7.4 Earth Leakage Relay
2.2.8 Indicator Light
3. Mechanical Transportation System
3.1. Literature review
3.2. Schematic
3.3. Vertical Transportation
3.3.1. Elevator
3.3.2. Machine room
3.4. Inclined Transportation
3.4.1. Escalator
3.4.2. Inclined Moving walking (Travelator)
3.5. Control room
Source: http://www.tourismselangor.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SStwo_mall.jpg
In this assignment, we were divided into a group of six from a total of hundred
twenty. We were assigned to perform a thorough study and analysis of the services
system associated to the selected building. The services system within our study are
mechanical ventilation and air-conditioning system, electrical supply system,
mechanical transportation system and also fire protection system. The building studies
are aimed to enhance our knowledge as an architectural student in the field. These
services systems are very important as they contribute in functioning a building.
Through this assignment, we got a chance to pay a visit to SS2 Mall detailed
space such as security room, chiller plant, AHU room and etc. After visit, we have knew
more about how the system function and also the space needed for the housing the
serviced system.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank you Mr. Nazul for guiding us throughout the whole site
visit at SS2Mall. Besides that, we are also grateful that Mr. Nazul’s team have help us
so much by providing some detailed information when we visit to each department.
During the on-site explanation by Mr. Nazul and his team, we have gain more
experiences and knowledge about those components that function in the specific
systems and this cannot be achieve by current study in university.
Introduction
Source: http://archives.thestar.com.my/archives/2013/5/17/metrobiz/Shopping-centre-SS2-m49.jpg
Figure 1: Pressurization fan exhaust unit on the roof top of SS2 Mall.
According to Colt (2014), pressurization fan system is to protect escape routes and
fire-fighting shafts against the ingress of smoke.
The pressure within the escape route being higher than that in the adjacent spaces
controlled and maintained smoke and fire ventilation.
Besides, Colt (2014) also stated
that the system consists of
three main components
which will create a positive
pressure difference which
prevents lobbies and staircases
contained with smoke.
Figure 2: Pressurization fan (Axial fan)display in the CCTV 1. Air Supply (where air
security room.
is injected into the area
that is to be protected),
2. Pressure Relief (to
avoid overpressure
when doors are closed)
3. Air Release (air and
smoke is released from
the adjoining fire area).
The water chilling package, including its heat-rejecting element, and the
terminal unites are considered to be ACMV System Components.
CHWS CHWR
Cold water
Tennant
(every AHU/
unit in the FCU
mall)
Hot water
Figure 10: A simple schematic diagram of how the centralized air conditioning system work in SS2
Mall.
1.3. Piping
According to Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL), Law of Malaysia which all
amendments to May, 2006, Act 133,
Section 123. Pipes and service ducts:
1) Where ducts or enclosures are provided in any building to accommodate pipes,
cables or conduits the dimensions of such ducts or enclosures shall be-
a) Adequate for the accommodation of the pipes, cables or conduits and for
crossings of branches and mains together with supports and fixing; and
b) Sufficiently large to permit access to cleaning eyes. Stop cocks and other
controls there to enable repairs, extensions and modifications to be made to
each or all of the services accommodated.
2) The access openings to ducts or enclosures shall be long enough and suitably
placed to enable lengths of pipe to be installed and removed.
Cooling Tower
Analysis
According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.5:
All pipe installed to serve buildings and within buildings should be adequately
insulated to prevent excessive energy losses. Additional insulation with vapor barriers
may be required to prevent condensation under some conditions.
1.4. Cooling Tower
The cooling tower creates cold water streams that runs through a heat exchanger, to
cool down the hot condenser coils (Brain, Bryant and Elliot, 2013). According to Brain,
Bryant and Elliot (2013), the tower also blows air through a stream of water causing
some of it to evaporate, and the evaporation cools the water stream. The actual amount
of cooling that an air conditioning system gets from a cooling tower depends on the
relative humidity of the air and the barometric pressure.
Cooling tower
water system
Condenser
In SS2 Mall, there are 16 cooling towers, 6 sets of chiller water pump (which each set
included: 1 (big) chiller water pump and 1 (small) condenser water pump). And
there two sets of condenser pump are back up. These chiller water pumps are serving
the refrigerant pumps.
1.5.1. Refrigerant pump
Refrigerant
pumps
Chiller water pump
In the SS2 Mall chiller plant room, there are 2 small refrigerant pumps and 3 big
refrigerant pumps.
The model used for these refrigerant pump in the SS2 Mall is R134a, which is a
refrigerant for medium sized or large heat pump systems. According to De Kleijn
Energy Consultants & Engineers (n.y.), when this type of model is compared to
refrigerants R407c and R410a, the efficiency is much higher. However, as compared to
refrigerant NH3, its efficiency is lower. De Kleijn Energy Consultants & Engineers
(n.y.) also stated that the pressure in R134a is fairly low. Due to this the volume that
needs to be swept by the compressor is rather high and therefore higher investments are
needed for installation.
Analysis
In SS2 Mall, the Nitrogen charged Refrigerants are monthly checked for
maintenance to prevent the Nitrogen from leaking.
Figure 24: A schematic diagram about how air flows between the AHU and the supplied destination. Source:
https://www.eclimatenotebook.com/fundamentals_nl.php
To prevent the room from
containing excessive of Carbon
Dioxide (CO2), there is a
Supply duct component named VAV inside
the return duct to filter the CO2
Return duct before it enters the AHU room.
Figure 25: The supply duct and the air return duct in the AHU
room
Figure 26: The air filter that filters the unwanted Figure 28: 500 fins that have the minimum temperature
impurities and dirt to ensure the air quality. of 19 degree Celsius.
Water
return The water supply from the chiller
plant is more than the water return
to the chiller. The temperature of
the water supply and return is 8
Water degree Celsius.
supply
Figure 27: Piping system that connect the AHU and
the chiller plant.
Analysis
According to MS1525: 2007, code 8.6:
All ducts, plenums and enclosures should be insulated to prevent excessive energy
losses. Exceptions:
a) Where the design temperature differential between the air in the duct and the
surrounding air is < 8 degree Celsius and the duct is within ac space
b) When the heat gain or loss of the ducts, without insulation, will not increase the
energy requirements of the building.
c) Within ACMV equipment.
d) Exhaust
Figure air ducts.
12: The fins under the filter
2. Electrical Supply
2.1. Literature Review
Electricity is one of the discoveries that have changed the daily life of everybody on
the planet by providing power for mechanical ventilation and artificial lighting in the
buildings.
In Malaysia there are three electric utility companies which are responsible for the
electricity demanded by the public among them are Tenaga Nasional Berhad (TNB)
for peninsular Malaysia, Sabah Electricity Sdn. Bhd. (SESB) for Sabah and Sarawak
Energy (SE) for Sarawak.
The electrical distribution system starts from a power plant, which produces high
voltage current to consumer. During the process, called power distribution Grid,
voltage rises and drops depending on function and locations.
The mechanism of how electrical supplier (TNB) distributed the electricity to the
building .from power plant the pylons, because of the incoming voltage is too high for
uses, the voltage must be brought down from the substation to High tension room and
the split step down transformer in order to lower the voltage for different usage in
buildings. After being brought down by transformer to the low voltage room. From
Low voltage room, the switch board straight connect to the electrical risers which
located in every floor of the building which help of bus ducts, which usually known as
the electrical spine of the building. The distribution system is also count as an
important part in electrical system it must be done through a lot of process for
example through analysis and calculation through amperage load in order to achieve a
good or efficient electric distribution system.
Source : http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_nrSRZ6eyEpQ/TI9iB9r-jEI/AAAAAAAABDg/hwZuDS-
QZaQ/s1600/Manjung+Coal+Fired+1000MW+Power+Plant.jpg
Figure 30 : Step Up transmission substation
Source: http://www.iraqenergy.org/images/energy-news/Power%20Plant-2_721cd.jpg
Source : http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-QWKXjYv9ixE/U1-
6AK8EWBI/AAAAAAAABZw/fwclcPwdP1Q/s1600/IMG_20140425_184209_mh1398781529107.jpg
Figure 32: distribution system from power plant to commercial building and houses ( residential )
Source: http://vecipl.com/images/service_diagram.gif
Source : http://www.tourismselangor.my/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SStwo_mall.jpg
Figure 34: LG Plan of SS two mall (TNB>HT>TX>LV Room)
High voltage direct link from the transmission cables to receive electricity. So the high
voltage need to brought down to a lower voltage with transformer to the power that needed by
the building before distributing it to the whole building.
Check Meter
(Building Usage)
(Tenant Usage)
Figure38: Check meter which located in Low voltage room (tenant usage)
There are two types of meter for TNB check meter.one is located right beside
the TNB Room (Figure 37 )and one is located in Low voltage room (Figure 38) The
function is to show the usage of electricity that the building use and also to check the
electrical usage from the tenant. The one which is located beside the TNB room is to
check the usage of the building and the one located inside the low voltage room is to
the electrical usage from tenant.
The Consumer room is located directly next to TNB room. It’s to reduce the
voltage drop because the voltage drop because has to travel and the reduction is
happen due to the quality and resistance of the cable. Transformer will step down the
electricity from 11KVA to 433V which are suitable for domestic uses. A step down
transformer usually have more coils in primary coil and less coils in secondary coil as
to step down the electricity. The primary and secondary coil here is to let the
electricity pass through a coil of wire. This room consists of Vacuum circuit breaker
(VCB), OCER, Battery Charger. The function of this component also can be said
same with the component in TNB HT room.
Dry Transformer
Motor to
give
instruction
to CO2
CO2 Pilot
pilot
Figure 42: CO2 pilot Figure 43 : 19 stanbdby tank of C02 for safety
Each transformer is surrounded by a protective metal cage. There are 19 CO2 tanks
inside the generator. If there is a fire breakout, CO2 pilot will pull the trigger to
conduct those tanks to work.
Capacitor Bank
Figure 46: Low voltage room (MSB landlord, tenant, chiller and, capacitor bank)
A device that distribute the electricity from one to another one or more sources
of supply to small region of usage. The board contains switches to allow electricity to
be directed. In SS two mall there are main switch board for landlord, tenant and also
chiller. These panels are the switches for the whole building. Cooper cable is the cable
which is suitable for low voltage room just only different in size.
2.2.4.1. Circuit Breaker
According to UBBL, Electricity Supply Act 1997 [Act 447] P. U. (A) 38/94
Electricity Regulations 1997, it is listed that:-
Regulation 15, Apparatus, conductor, accessory, etc.
Any conductor or apparatus that is exposed to the weather, water, corrosion, under
heating or use in inflammable surroundings or in an explosive atmosphere shall be
constructed or protected in such a manner as to prevent danger.
Regulation 16, Switch, switch fuse, fuse switch, circuit breaker, contractor, fuse, etc.
(3) Any fuse or circuit breaker shall be
(a) Constructed and arranged in such a manner so as to break the current when it
exceeds a given value for such a sufficient time to prevent danger; and
(b) Constructed guarded or placed in a manner as to prevent danger or overheating,
arcing or from the scattering of hot metal or other substances or enclosure.
There is an Air Circuit Breaker panel attached to each panel in Low Voltage Room.
This panel contains the breakers of the circuit in the room. There are many types of
breakers and the usage of breakers in different circuit must be refer to the load of
electric current, such as Molded Case Circuit breaker (MCCB) in TNB HT Room and
Vacuum Circuit Breaker (VCB) in Consumer HT Room.
Molded case circuit breakers are used to provide circuit protection in alternative
energy, where they protect against overloads and short circuits in conductors. There
are six MCCBs which carry 1200amp each and they are used for tenants.
Rubber Mats
Capacitor Bank
Conductor bars are assemble with insulator in grounded enclosures. The function of
this component is for bring the main power into a building. Bus ducts is used to
distribute the power down the length of a building. it can save more space and also
less space than normal cable. The main function of this bus system is to allow users to
control and monitor the main switch board from computer or from the system which
located in control room. There is a selected switch at MSB, which has Auto, off and
manual. When it is set to Auto, the system will automatically shut down during the
leakage of high voltage current. When it is set to manual, the authorized personnel
will be able to monitor the system from the control room, and in the event of leakage
of high voltage current, he will need to go to the room to shut down.
2.2.6. Generator (Genset) Room
Figure 57: Diesel fuel tank Figure 58: Diesel fuel meter
Diesel tank is one of the requirement that generator room must have. Because genset
consume oil which is diesel. This diesel tanks can contain 2000L of diesel with meter
or indication that show the volume of diesel left inside the tank. Diesel tank is where
the generator room will also connect to because after engine start to workout of the
generator. In SS two mall the location of the diesel tank is place around like 5 meter
distance with the generator. they use pipe to supply the diesel to the generator where
the pipe was planted under the floor. After engine start, the diesel fuel will passes
through the motor and allow combustion to occur and also the dynamo will generate
electric field and transfer the electricity to MSBs in low voltage room and from low
voltage room the power or electricity will transfer to the building.
2.2.6.4. Safety
2.2.6.4.1. Carbon Dioxide tank (CO2 tank)
Figure 60: CO2 pilot Figure 61: 19 stanbdby tank of C02 for safety
In generator room, they also provide CO2 tank for safety. Just in case the
generator burn or fire break out, the CO2 pilot will automatically pull the 19 standby
tank of CO2 to work.
The heat come from generator increase the temperature of the rom and it will
affect the work of the generator. To solve this cooling air ventilation is built inside the
generator room to keep the motor in normal condition with maintaining the room
temperature through the cool air ventilation. The mechanism is the ventilation manage
to absorb the hot air and release the cool air to the room.
Figure 66: Electrical riser room ( Tenant meter, tenant switch and distribution board )
UBBL:
Section 240. (1) Every floor or zone of any floor with a net area exceeding 929
square metres shall be provided with an electrical isolation switch located within a
staircase enclosure to permit the disconnection of electrical power supply to the
relevant floor or zone served.
(2) The switch shall be of a type similar to the fireman's switch specified in
the Institution of Electrical Engineers Regulations then in force.
Section 241. In places where there are deaf persons and in places where by nature of
the occupancy audible alarm system is undesirable, visible indicator alarm signals
shall be incorporated in addition to the normal alarm system.
There are 5 – 6 electrical risers per floor at SS2 mall. The number of the electrical riser
room per floor is depends on the tenant office or shop size as well. Electrical riser room for
command area is placed at the center of the building. From Distribution Board, the electricity
is further delivered to two Miniature Circuit Boards (MCB). If one of them is broken down,
another one will be active.
Mini Circuit
Breaker (MCB)
2.2.7.3. Meter
From the meter, the electricity will reach DB, which is located outside electric room.
This DB functions as an extension and power control for areas far away from the risers. The
building uses a 2 phase power supplies to accommodate for common area and tenant areas.
Besides, the main reason behind this is for easier distribution of power supply.
Almost all of electrical component has 3 different colors of indicator lights – red, blue
and yellow. If one of them is off, there are two possibilities:
1. Light bulb is broken
2. All electric load at particular color line has no electricity at all.
Check meter box shows all tenant meter readings
3. Mechanical Transportation System
3.2. Literature Review
There are total of 6 floors including roof top in SS2 Mall. As it is a commercial type of building,
it must have efficient mechanical transportation system to serve people and bring convention
to them. With good mechanical transportation system, the circulation will also become efficient
and this can bring pleasure to those who shop there.
Mechanical transportation system in a building refer to a system or a machine that can carry
passenger and goods from one floor to another. In a building, mechanical transportation are
divided into 2 which are the horizontal and vertical transportation.
Vertical transportation are most commonly found is elevator, they’ve been used in every high-
rises building to help people travel to their destination vertically. Why do people prefer elevator?
By using elevator it is really convenient and really help to save lots of time and energy. Due to
the market requirement now a days, lift even came out with variety of type and even design
that concern about user’s experience and the spatial poetic experience they want to bring to the
users. The type of lift motor system that usually found are the traction lift with the geared or
gearless motor and hydraulic elevator. Although they serve the same purpose, by using
different motor system can affect the speed and aesthetic of a lift.
Besides the vertical once, we also have the horizontal and inclined once as well. The example
of horizontal once will be the travelator, travelator can be in horizontal flat or inclined. Well
for the inclined once will be the inclined travelator and escalator. They also function as
transport people or goods but they have limited floors to travel, they’re commonly used to
travel to one floor above or below.
3.3. Schematic
Figure 73: Schematic of elevator that showing every component of a lift. Source:
http://www.saarelevo.com/basic_training_elevator_persons.html
Figure 74: Schematic of escalator showing the component of Figure 75: Schematic of travelator Source: Source:
escalator.Source:http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_0 http://www.electricalknowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html
4_01_archive.htm
3.3 Vertical Transportation
3.3.1 Elevator
Elevator as also known as lift is a vertical transportation system that help to move goods and
people vertically in a building. UBBL lift shall be provided for non-residential building which
exceed 4 storeys or above (by Law 124 of UBBL 1984). There are many lift found in SS2 Mall
and there are 3 major types of lift in the building which are the passenger lift, service lift and
fireman’s lift (Bomba lift).
).
Figure 76: Ground floor plan of SS2 Mall that showing the location of passenger
lift (blue coloured) and service / fireman’s lift (orange coloured).
Figure 77: Elevator control system diagram that show how the lift actually work.
Figure 78: Signboard in SS2 Mall.
The service lift also knows as freight lift found in SS2 Mall that function mainly for load carrying and service
purpose, it doesn’t have decoration outside of it as it is not place at an non-noticeable spot in the mall unlike
the passenger lift. The fireman’s lift are always located next to service lift in SS2 Mall and they’re almost
similar to service lift that no decoration outside of it as it is not place at a non-noticeable spot in the mall
except they have separated electrical supply which make it still functional during fire. At usual, it function
as service lift. During the emergency fireman will break the glass on the fireman’s lift switch panel and on
the switch so that they are able to use the lift. The interior of service lift and fireman’s lift is similar, the
material used is steel and has rough texture surface due to its tough purpose that require strong material. The
size is 310cm x 230cm that can carry load up to 4000kg.
Smoke detector found at the lift lobby in SS2
Mall.
According to (UBBL clause 153), smoke
detector to be provided at lift lobby.
Figure 86: Machine room on the rooftop of SS2 Mall. Figure 87: Main power supply of Machine room.
Figure 95: Ground floor plan of SS2 Mall showing the location of escalator.
Figure 96: Escalator in SS2 Mall. Figure 97 and 98: Direction
indicator of escalator.
Figure 99: Brushes beside the trail. Figure 100: The arrangement of
escalator in SS2 Mall.
The escalator in SS2 Mall are all sensory activated escalator. The escalators are arranged
in standard arrangement (Single bank / interrupted). This can enable the shoppers to go
around when they want to proceed to another floor therefor they can pass by some shops
that might interest them. The green light showing you can use the escalator and red light
means no entry. For safety, every escalator have brushes beside the trail of escalator is
the safety component that prevent passenger’s foot to get stuck into the trail.
Figure 102 Lower ground floor plan of SS2 Mall showing the location of travelator.
Figure 103: Travelator found in SS2 Mall. Figure 104: Brushes beside the trail of escalator is the
safety component that prevent passenger’s foot to get
stuck into the trail. The red coloured button is the
emergency stop button.
Figure 106: The controller of escalator and Figure 107: The sticker that attached to the glass panel of
travelator. Source: http://www.electrical- every travelator and escalator showing the to-do and not to-do
knowhow.com/2012_04_01_archive.html action when riding travelator or escalator.
3.5. Control room
Figure 108: Screen that show all the system that control the movement
of elevator, escalator
and travelator in control room.
For safety and efficiency, these facilities must include in fire control room:
1. Automatic fire alarm and sprinkler indicator boards with facilities for sounding and
switching off alarms and visual status indication for all relevant fire pumps, smoke
control fans air-handling systems, generators and other required fire safety
equipment installed in the building depending on the circumstances and the system
present in each building.
2. A telephone connected directly to the eternal exchange
3. The control console of the Emergency Warning and Intercommunication System
(EWIS)
4. A blackboard or whiteboard not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high
5. A pin board not less than 1200mm wide x 1000mm high
6. A raked plan layout table of a size suitable for laying out the building plans
7. A repeater panel of the lifts position indicator board
8. A switch to isolate background music when required
9. Remote switching controls for gas or electrical supplies
10. Building security, surveillance and management systems if they are completely
segregated from all other systems
Figure 110: The wiring diagram of the control panel from the receiver and deliver of the overall alarm system.
Source: http://omelectricalautomation.com/category/fire-alarm-system/
Emergency lighting
Emergency lighting is to alert people through visual. Emergency lighting is effective for people
whom is poor in hearing or deaf. The lighting will flash during fire emergency to attract people
attention so that everyone is informed.
Figure 112: The emergency light found outside the electrical room to alert people when it is dangerous to enter
Manual Call Point
Manual call point is an alarm activation system for people to raise the alarm manually. By operating
the alarm, one have to break the glass to push the button inside the glass to raise the alarm. Manual call
point should be mounted 1.4 metres high from the floor so that is it visible for most people. Upon
activation of alarm through manual call point, the fire control room will be able to detect the exact
location of the operated manual call point and reconfirm the fire emergency condition to the people in
the building.
Alarm bell
Alarm bell functioned to alert people by ringing continuously when there is fire emergency. Alarm
bell can be activated manually by breaking the manual call point glass or the fire control room. Alarm
bell can be also activated automatically by smoke and heat detector.
The fire intercom system provides a reliable communication between the Master Console (Fire Control
Room) and remote handset station. All remote handset have continuous supervision for faults with clear
and fast indication. Remote handset station usually located at the staircase of every level. The handset
is locked and have to be break to use it. The handset required only one button push to operate so that
everyone know how to use them.
Figure 115: fire handset found in a stairway of SS two mall
Source: http://qualityelectric-inc.com/blog/structured-wiring/intercom/
Fireman’s switch
Fireman’s switch is a specialized switch disconnector. These switches are used by firemen to
turn off all electrical equipment in case of fire heating any electrical equipment to explosion.
The switch will only turn off the electrical equipment of the level where level of the switch is
located. These switches are usually located in every corridor and stairway.
Figure 117: fireman switch found at the stairway together with fire handset
In SS two mall, fixed temperature detector is used because the difference of temperature
between interior and exterior of the building is high. This is to prevent the detector near the
door to operate when the door is opened receiving heat from the outside.
Figure 120: fire curtain installed above the entry of electrical room.
4.1.7 Water Based System
4.1.7.1 External Fire Hydrant
External fire hydrant is usually placed outside of a building. An external fire hydrant is a system
and source of water provided to enable firefighters to extinguish a fire. The water supply will
be pressurised if the water piping is connected to the main pipe from JBA (Jabatan Bekalan
Air), if it is unpressurised, it will be connected to the nearby cisterns or water supply tank from
firefighting room. Every fire hydrant has one or more outlets so that firefighters can connect
more than a fire hose at a time. In order to provide sufficient water during firefighting, every
hydrant must provide a minimum flow rate of about 945 litres per minute.
Figure 121: external hydrant found at the road side near the fire control room
When the firefighters open the hydrant valve, the system sensed a drop in water pressure. The
drop of pressure is detected by the pressure switch causing the pumping system to operate. The
water pressure in the system is then increased to draw water from the water supplier to the
hydrant. The water has a pressure around 50 to 70 PSI.
Figure 122: schematic diagram indicating the name of each component in a external hydrant
Source: https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/nfpa.25.2002.html
Figure 123: fire pump room located in the ground floor of SS two mall (next to water tank room)
Jockey Pump
A jockey pump is a small apparatus that connects with the sprinkler system. Its function is to
maintain the system pressure in certain level when the system is not in use so that the sprinkler
does not goes off randomly. Besides, jockey pump also prevents the sprinkler from being
damaged from the sudden change of pressure when the fire pump begins to draw water to the
sprinkler.
Figure 124: jockey pump in fire pump room
Duty Pump
Duty pump is to provide sufficient pressure to the pump so that the water can flow continuously.
However, if duty pump fails to operate, standby pump will be activated as they functioned the
same.
Standby Pump
The standby pump has the same function as the duty pump. It substitute the duty pump when
duty pump is not available (under maintenance).
1. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for hose reel systems, shall be
located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping inlet
connections accessible to fire appliances.
4.1.7.3 Sprinkler System
A fire sprinkler system is a fire protection measure, where it releases water automatically to
extinguish fire when heat is detected. This system is pressurized where it channels water from
the water tank through the pipe with a certain amount of pressure.
The distance between 2 spinklers should be at a maximum distance of 4.6 metres. Distance
between 2 spinklers is about 3 metres.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 231: Installation and Testing of Wet Rising System
1. A hose connection shall be provided in each firefighting access lobby.
2. Wet risers shall be of minimum 152.4 mm diameter and shall be hydrostatically tested
at a pressure of 50% above the working pressure required and not less than 14 bars
for at least 24 hours.
3. A wet riser outlet shall be provided in every staircase, which extends from the ground
floor level to the roof and shall be equipped with a 3 way 63.5 mm outlet above the
roof line.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 248: Marketing on Wet Riser
1. Wet riser, dry riser, sprinkle and other fire installation pipes and fittings shall be
painted red.
2. All cabinet and areas recessed in walls for location of fire installations and
extinguisher shall be clearly identified to the satisfaction of Fire Authority or
otherwise clearly identified.
4.1.7.6 Water Tank
The water stored in the fire water tank is reserved for fire protection during emergency.
Sprinkler system and wet riser use the water from the tank. In SS two mall, the fire water tank
is located on the ground level next to the fire pump room.
Figure 129: access to the hose reel tank and the measurement of the water level of the tank
1. Water storage capacity and water flow rate for firefighting system and installation
shall be provided in accordance with the scale as set out in the Tenth Schedule to
these By-laws.
2. Main water storage tanks within the building, other than for the hose reel system,
shall be located at ground, first or second basement levels, with fire brigade pumping
inlet connection accessible to fire appliances.
3. Storage tanks for automatic sprinkle installation where full capacity is provided
without the need for replenishment shall be exempted from the restrictions in their
location.
The fire suppression system has a fast-acting system and has a quick sense of fire before fire
can damage any property. Carbon dioxide (CO2) gas has a high rate of expansion which allows
it to work fast when it is activated. Carbon dioxide (CO2) does not conduct electricity and will
not damage any electrical component.
Source: http://www.janusfiresystems.com/products/carbon-dioxide-co2
4.1.8.2 Fire Extinguisher
Fire extinguisher is a portable device use to extinguish fire. Fire extinguisher is only effective
when the fire is still small and not when the fire is out of control; reaching ceiling level. A
standard fire extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an
agent which is discharged to extinguish fire. Fire extinguisher usually can be found at the
corridor.
Source: https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/evacuation/portable_about.html
Figure 133: ABC dry powder extinguisher found in the corridor of SS two mall
Under UBBL 1984, Section 227: Portable Extinguisher
1. Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with relevant codes of
practice and shall be sited in prominent position on exit routes to be visible from all
direction and similar extinguisher in a building shall be of the same method of
operation.
Fire extinguisher are divided into 5 categories based on different types of fire.
In SS two mall, there are two types of extinguisher available which are:
Passive fire protection design and the incorporated fire protection materials contributed
in protect life, secure the building structure, protect assets and etc.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 189: Enclosing means of escape in certain building.
1) Every staircase provided under these By-Laws in a building where the highest
floor is more than 1200 millimetres above the ground level, or in any place of
assembly, or in any school when such staircase is used as an alternative
means of escape shall be enclosed throughout its length with fire resisting
materials.
2) Any necessary openings, except openings in external walls which shall not for
this By-Laws include wall to air-wells, in the length of such staircase shall be
provided with self-closing door constructed of fire resisting materials.
Under UBBL 1984 Section 242: Fire Fighting Access Lobbies
1) Each lobby shall have a floor area of not less than 5.57 square meters and
2) the openable area of windows or area of permanent ventilation shall not be
less than 25% of the floor area of the lobby and, if ventilation is by means of
openable windows, additional permanent ventilation having a free opening of
464 square centimetres shall be provided except that mechanical
pressurization may be provided as an alternative.
Emergency escape routes are very important especially when a fire occurred. It helps
the victims from getting further injury when they are inside the fire protected path due
to the fire resistivity materials used on the wall. The fire escape signboards are useful
to guide the victims to the safer place and exit towards the assembly area.
Figure 134: label of fire rated Figure 135: fire rated door in SSTwo Mall.
door which contain the information of
the door.
Fire rated door should be used in every building to enhance the chance of protecting
life and asset. There are few types of fire rated door such as half an hour, one hour and
two hour. It means that different types of door can withstand different time limit of fire
without collapsing. The labels which contain door’s information should attached to the
door in order to ease the recognition.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 162: Fire Doors in Compartment Walls and Separating
Walls.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 164: Door Closers for Fire Doors.
1) All the fire doors shall be fitted with automatic door closers of the hydraulically
spring operated type in the case of swing doors and of wire rope and weight type in
the case of sliding doors.
2) Double doors with rabbeted meeting stiles shall be provided with coordinating
device to ensure that leafs close in the proper sequence.
3) Fire doors may be held open provided the hold open device incorporates a heat
actuated device to release the door. Heat actuated devices shall not be permitted on
fire doors protecting openings to protected corridors or protected staircases.
Door closer is an important component of fire rated door to prevent spreading of the
fire and smoke. Therefore, the materials used to construct door closer should be fire
resistant materials so it won’t lose its function during fire.
Figure 137: lighted emergency exit sign installed at Figure 138: lighted emergency exit sign installed
the ceiling in SSTwo Mall. at the wall above the fire rated door.
Emergency exit sign is playing an important role in guiding victims to escape in dark
when the electric cut off. It could help victims to reduce panic and confusion by
providing a clear directional system. The words written are normally capital letter with
words “EXIT” while in Malaysia, the words are written in Malay language “KELUAR”.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 172: Emergency Exit Signs
1) Storey exits and access to such exits shall be marked by readily visible signs and
shall not obscured by any decorations, furnishings or other equipment.
2) A sign reading “KELAUR” with and arrow indicating the direction shall be placed
in every location where the direction of the travel to reach the nearest exit is not
immediately apparent.
3) Every exit sign shall have word “KELUAR” in plainly legible letter not less than
150 meter high with the principal strokes of the letters not less than 18 millimetre
wide. The lettering shall be in red against a black background.
4) All exit signs shall be illuminated continuously during periods of occupancy.
5) Illuminated signs be provided with two electric lamps of not less than fifteen watts
each.
Fire escape staircase provides victims a path to escape out of the building to the
assembly point when emergency or fire happen through a safer way. According to the
building law, a building should have at least two means of exists consists of separate
exits or doors that leads to a corridor or other space.
Analysis:
Under UBBL 1984 Section 168: Staircases.
1) Except as provided for in by-law 194 every upper floor shall have means of
egress via at least two separate staircases.
2) Staircase shall be of such width that in the event of any one staircase not
being available for escape purposes the remaining staircases shall
accommodate the highest occupancy load of any one floor discharging into it
calculated in accordance with provisions in the Seventh schedule to these By-
Laws.
3) The required width of a staircase shall be the clear width between walls but
handrails may be permitted to encroach on this width to a maximum of 75
millimetres.
4) The required width of a staircase shall be maintained throughout its length
including at landings.
5) Doors giving access to staircases shall be so positioned that their swing shall
at no point encroach on the required width of the staircase or landing.
5. Conclusion
SS Two mall is the building that we had chosen for our study building for all
the system or service which include Mechanical ventilation system, Electrical supply
system, Mechanical transportation system and also Fire protection system. This
Project required us to learn, research and explore the building services in a
functioning commercial building of 21st century. It also required that the building
must at least 4 stories. The system at SS two mall all run at the same time which
supporting and linking each other in the building.
This project let us learn a lot for example identifying and also study about the
process or the equipment of all the system and also the function of each equipment.
This project also let us know that actually to build and create all the system, it takes a
lot of space. Besides that, the positioning, placing and the way it build must follow the
procedure, UBBL and must be based on standard/ rules that has been set up by
government. Now we all know that to design a building with applying all the services
or system is not as easy as we design a building with a good shape or good design.
Lastly, through this project we got learn a lot of thing, we all are very thankful
that we all now can understand well about the building services. In a group of 6
people, we work very closely to gather all the best information of the building
services in SS two mall. Honestly, we are very thankful that we can learn and
experiencing this project.
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