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SINDH
Introduction
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Mechanical Components :
(1)Boiler :
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(2) Steam turbine:
Steam Turbine is the heart of a Thermal Power Station. In order to turn the
Steam Turbine, we must supply high temperature and high pressure steam
at the inlet of the turbine. As the turbine absorbs energy from the steam,
its temperature and pressure drops toward the outlet. The rotor blades of
steam turbine are having Aerofoil shape for converting maximum amount
of thermal energy of steam into mechanical energy of turbine rotor. High
Capacity Power Plants use different stages of Steam Turbine as:
a) High Pressure (H.P) Turbine
b) Intermediate Pressure (I.P) Turbine
c) Low Pressure (L.P) Turbine
The steam first enters at the inlet of HP Turbine with a temperature and pressure of 540 C and 132 kg/cm2
respectively. At the outlet of HP Turbine, the temperature drops to 350 C. For increasing the efficiency of
Thermal power plant, we add more heat to the steam through Re-Heaters situated in Boiler. After Re heating,
the temperature of steam is recovered to the initial position. Now the reheated steam is sent to the IP
Turbine for further processing.Then from IP Turbine, the steam goes to LP turbine for final turbine processing.
At the outlet of LP Turbine, the temperature and pressure of steam has dropped to 0.2 kg/cm 2 and 50 C
respectively. A condenser is set below the LP Turbine, where the low pressure and low temperature steam is
transferred. The rotor of Steam Turbine will rotate at a speed of 3000 rpm.
Total 8 Extractions are drawn from Steam Turbine. 2 from HP, 4 from IP,
and 2 from LP steam Turbine. These are drawn for pre-heating purposes.
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(3) Condenser :
The low pressure and low temperature steam from the outlet of LP steam
turbine enters the inlet of Condenser. The condenser condenses the steam
from the exhaust of the LP turbine into liquid to allow it to be recycled. A
surface condenser is used at TPS, Jamshoro. The surface condenser is a shell
and tube heat exchanger in which cooling water is circulated through the
tubes. The exhaust steam from the low-pressure turbine enters the shell,
where it is cooled and converted to condensate (water) by flowing over the
tubes. The pressure inside the condenser is maintained at 0.2kg/cm 2. The
condenser generally uses Circulating Cooling Water from a Cooling Tower to
reject waste heat to the atmosphere.
After that, the condensate is stored in a Hot Well from where, it is pumped to
the LP (Low Pressure) Heaters through Condensate Pump. 4 LP heaters are
used for each Unit at TPS, Jamshoro. They are used to pre-heat the condensate at
Low pressure than atmospheric pressure and raise the temperature from 50 C to
150 C. These 4-LP heaters work on the 2- Extraction lines from LP and 2 from IP
steam turbines. After pre-heating of Condensate at low pressure, it is sent to the
Deaerator. A Deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of oxygen
and other dissolved gases from the feedwater to steam-generating boilers. We
take 1-Extraction IP steam Turbine for the processing of Deaerator. This whole
cycle is Condensation Cycle
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(4)Feed water pump:
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(5)Cooling tower:
The cooling tower is also called heat exchangers. These are used to cool
the hot water coming from condenser with help of air and pump. This
water also helps in cooling the pumps bearings and other heated parts
of plant. Hence this water is circulated around the condenser and
cooling tower. Cooling towers contain number of fans that are used to
suck air and that air is passed around the tubes that contain the hot
water. Total 2 Cooling Towers are used at TPS, Jamshoro: 1-Japanese
and 1-Chinese. The Japanese one have 6 CT (Cooling Tower) Fans and
the Chinese one have 12 CT Fans.
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(6)FD and ID fans:
The Flue Gases leaving the Boiler contains nitrogen along with
combustion products carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen
oxides. The gas travelling up the Flue Gas Stack may by this time have
dropped to about 50°C. Total 2 Flue Stacks are present at TPS,
Jamshoro and each of them are 500 ft. high. They are made that much
high because we cannot disperse these gases at the lower level as they
are very dangerous for human health. That’s why they are made that
much tall to disperse the remaining flue gas components up in the
atmosphere. The ID (Induced Draught) Fans are used to take the Flue
Gases out from the Boiler and up in the atmosphere through Flue
Stack.
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Conclusion
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