Unit 7: Adaptation and regeneration enlargement f heart?

(p=4)
1. Identify most frequent cases of compensation hypertrophy in organs -Myocardium
with muscle wall. (p=3) -Connective tissue stroma
-Urinary bladder -Intramural vessels
-Heart -Neural apparatus
-Vessels
15. What is carnification? (p=3)
2. What is organization? Which processes are observed in it? (p=4) -Carnification is the appearance of connective tissue in the alveolar space
-Organisation is formation of connective tissue, healing around dead tissue as a result of pneumonia
or exogenous agents, and replacement of necrosis, exudates, thrombus &
hematoma by connective tissue 16. What is regeneration? (p=2)
-Regeneration is the replacement of injured cells with new cells and
3. Name local atrophy varieties progressing in pathology. (p=6) reconstitution of function
-dysfunctional
-neurotic atrophy 17. Name organs with regenerative hypertrophy
-ischemic in primary form of intracellular hyperplasia
-chemical of ultrastructures and enlargement of
-pressure cellular sizes. (p=2)
-physical -Brain
-Myocardium
4. Name steps of wound healing by secondary intention. (p=3)
-Traumatic edema, demarcation of purulent exudative inflammation with 18. What is brown atrophy of myocard? (p=3)
necrotic fibrin -It is the general atrophy of the heart, with decrease of the size of the
-Secondary cleaning of the wound, large amounts of granulative tissue are myocardium, accumulation of pigments of lipofuscin in cardiomyocytes
formed -developed during cachexia
-Appearance of regenerative tissue (scar formation
19. Specify periods (phases) of compensation and adaptive reactions.
5. Specify manifestations of pathologic repair. (p=3)
(p=3) -Beginning
-Hyper-regeneration -Consolidation
-Hypo-regeneration -Exhaustion (decompensation)
-Metaplasia
20. Give the definition of working hypertrophy.
6. What is hyperplasia? (p=2) (p=2)
-Increase in number of cells -It is hypertrophy characterised by increased cell size due to increased
-Increase in structural-functional elements and intracellular structure of functional demand of the organ
cells
21. Specify types of regeneration. (p=3)
7. Define atrophy. (p=3) -physiological
-Atrophy is an adaptive response, characterized by a decrease in the size -reparative
and function of cells, tissues and organs -pathological
-Shrinkage of cellular size is due to loss of cellular substance
22. What is atrophy organs term with deposit of lipofuscin in pigment
8. Define types of hypertrophy according to the mechanism of the in its parenchyma?
beginning and with the signification for organism. (p=4) (p=1)
-Neurohumoral hypertrophy -Brown atrophy
-Repair hypertrophy
-Compensatory (working) hypertrophy 23. What is vicar hypertrophy? (p=1)
-Vicar hypertrophy -It is the hypertrophy of twin organs when 1 is removed or becomes non-
functional
9. Name types of general atrophy according to etiology. (p=5)
-Alimentary 24. Give explanation of the dystrophic and sclerotic processes in
-Tumour hypertrophied myocard. use facts of electronic microscopy in your
-Hypophyseal (pituitary) answer. (p=4)
-Cerebral -Hypertrophied cells have increased oxygen demand over supply causing
-Chronic infection hypoxia: fatty dystrophy
-Hypertrophy of the nucleus, increase in ER vesicles and injury to the
myocardium with organisation leads to cardiosclerosis
10. What is the form of repair named „repair hypertrophy‟? (p=4)
-It is the developing process of substitution hypertrophy which consist of 25. Specify stage names of functional states in hypertrophied heart.
special tissues, that can carry out repair with the help of hyperplastic cells (p=2)
or hyperplastic tissue & hypertrophic cells -Tonogenic dilatation (compensation)
-Myogenic dilatation (decompensation)
11. What is metaplasia? (p=2)
-Transformation of 1 tissue type to another, usually of the same broad class 26. What is the term of liver with the atrophy and lipofuscin
accumulation in hepatocytes?
12. What structural levels are compensation and adaptive processes (p=1)
realized on? (p=3) -Brown atrophy of the liver
-Cellular
-Subcellular 27. Name of forms in wound healing. (p=4)
-Tissue -Healing by first intention
-Healing by secondary intention
13. Patient died of decompensation of hypertrophied heart (mass of -Healing under crust
heart is 500g). During postmortem examination “tiger” heart was -Healing with epithelisation
found. Give an explanation of decompensation mechanisms. (p=3)
-Hypertrophy of the heart leads to an imbalance of oxygen demand and 28. What is keloid? (p=2)
supply to it -It is a type of skin scar characterised by and overgrowth of fibrous tissue in
-subsequently, chronic hypoxia of the myocardium, fatty dystrophy, the scar
destruction of mitochondria and increase in cytosolic calcium occurs
-Eventually the heart decompensates Unit8: Exudative Inflammation
1. Name pleura, peritoneum, muscle, skin inflammations. (p=4)
14. What are the tissues of the heart exposed to -Pleuritis, Peritonitis, Myositis, Dermatitis
hypertrophy and hyperplasia with
2. What is inflammation? [give Davidovsky‟s definition] (p=10) -Endometritis, Mediastinitis, Mesaortitis,
-It is a complex, local, cyclic, vascular, mesenchymal reaction of the rhinitis (respectively)
organism
developed during the process of evolution 16. Name forms of acute catarrh in mucous membrane. (p=3)
-This is a response to lesion, leading to the elimination of initial causative -Hemorrhagic
agent with regeneration of tissue as the completion phase -Serous
-Purulent
3. What is abcess? (p=5)
-It is a focal suppurative inflammation with breakdown of tissue and 17. What is the term for suppuration process? (p=1)
formation of a cavity enclosed by a pyogenic membrane -(Purulent) Inflammation

4. Name types of exuadative inflammation. 18. Specify biologic etiology of inflammation. (p=5)
(p=6) -Viruses
-Serous -Bacteria
-Fibrinous -Fungi
-Hemorrhagic -Protozoa
-Purulent -Immune complexes
-Catarrhal -Animal parasites
-Mixed
-Putrid/rotten 19. Name purulent inflammation in the tissue of nail couch. (p=1)
-Paronychia
5. What is empyema? (p=3)
-It is a form of suppurative inflammation of the wall of an anatomical 20. What is the name of internal membrane in the abscess? (p=1)
cavity (e.g. peritoneal cavity) with accumulation pus in the cavity -Pyogenic membrane

6. What is phlegmona? (p=3) Unit 9: Productive Inflammation and

-It is a diffuse purulent exudative inflammation of friable connective tissue
7. In postmortem child examination there was found very increased
heart with fluid accumulation in pericardial sac, thick epicardium
covered with friable gray colour and spongeous form. Name the
process. Give figurative name of the process of this case. Specify
diseases and conditions when this process is observed. (p=6)
-Name: Fibrinous pericarditis
-Figurative name: Heairy heart
-Conditions: Uremia, Rheumatism,
Complication of TB, Transmural myocardial infarction, fibrinous lobar
pneumonia
8. What do prefixes „peri‟ & „para‟ mean in terms, designating
inflammations? Give 1 example of each. (p=4)
-Peri: Inflammation of the serous membrane of an organ (perimetritis)
-Para: Inflammation fatty tissue surrounding an organ (paranephritis)
Immunopathological Processes
1. Specify cell taking part in production inflammation. (p=6)
-Epithelioid cells
-Macrophages
-Plasma Cells
-Fibroblasts
-Lymphoid cells
-Histiocytes
2. Identify definition of production inflammation. (p=3)
-It is a type of inflammation characterised by infiltration and proliferation
of cells from histiogenous and hematogenous origins; with a predominance
of the process of proliferation over alteration and exudation
3. What granulomas are named specifically? (p=5)
-Granulomas have special concrete morphologic structure caused by special
types of infections agents and often have necrosis in the central part

9. Give the definition of exudative inflammation. (p=4) 4. What morphological sign predominates in
-It is a form of inflammation, characterised by the predominance of the source of productive proliferation? (p=1)
exudation over alteration and proliferation -Proliferation of cells

10. Give terms of the inflammation of arterial wall and internal, 5. In microscopic examination of the heart, in myocardial stroma
external and idle arterial membranes. (p=4) inflammatory cellular infiltrate are found. They consisted of lymphoid
-Arterial wall: arteritis cells, histiocytes, fibroblasts and plasma cells. What diagnosis follows?
-Internal: endarteritis (p=3)
-Middle: Mesarteritis -Interstitial productive myocarditis
-External Periarteritis
6. Give names of possible consequences of tuberculous granulomas.
11. What is pus? Give its composition. (p=5) (p=2)
-Pus is an inflammatory exudate which contains leukocytes (mostly -Total necrosis
neutrophils), parenchymal cell debris, microorganisms and pus bodies -Sclerosis
-Calcification
12. Mucous membrane of child‟s larynx is edematous, hyperemic with -Encapsulation
removable gray film. Name of the process. Specify the disease with the
process observed. What does the process result in? (p=3) 7. Present manifestation form of productive inflammation. (p=4)
-Process: Croupous laryngitis -Interstitial
-Disease: Diphtheria -With polyp formation
-Result: Asphyxia -Granuloma
-Inflammation around animal parasites
13. Give terms of the inflammation in liver, stomach mucous, in large
intestine and urinary bladder. (p=6) 8. What is the nature of autoimmune reaction progress in
-Liver: Hepatitis immunopathologic processes? (p=2)
-Stomach mucous: Gastritis -It is immunity against own tissue(own
-Large intestines: Colitis antigen), and causes rejection of
-Urinary bladder: Cystitis transplantation and hypersensitivity

14. During postmortem examination you can see: thigh bone with local 9. Which type of immune reaction progress in
destruction of cortical coat, marrow channel filled with green purulent immunopathologic process? (p=2)
mass with free scraps of the bone. Name process in the bone and these -Humoral Immunity
free scraps of the bone. (p=2) -Cellular Immunity
-Process: Osteomyelitis
-Name of scraps: Sequestra Unit 10: Mesenchymal Tumour
1. Name tumors of skeletal and smooth
15. Name the inflammation in mucous membrane of uterus corpus, in muscles. (p=4)
cellular fatty tissue of the thorax, in middle membrane of the aorta, -Skeletal: Rhabdomyoma, rhabdomyosarcoma
mucous membrane of nose. (p=4) -Smooth: Leiomyoma, leiomyosarcoma
 -It is a malignant tumour derived from mesenchymal tissues
2. During postmortem examination, the tumor is found in the area of
left thigh. The tumor looks like “fish flesh”. The tumor grows from
thigh bone, with invasion in the surrounding tissue. Diagnose it 15. What is anaplasia (cataplasia)? (p=1)
according to gross evidences. What is the spread pathway of this tumor? -It is the reversion of differentiation of tumours from a higher level to lower
Where does primary metastasis localize? What is manifestation of its level
general influence of organism?
-Diagnosis: Osteosarcoma Unit 11: Epithelial Derived Tumours
-Spread: Hematogenous pathway 1. During microscopic examination, the tumour is found in the
-Primary metastasis: lung bronchial biopsy evidence. It is constructed with nest accumulations of
-Influence: Cachexia atypical squamous cells with features of “pearls”. Name the tumour
and explain the possibility of tumour onset in this construction of
3. What is biologic atypism of tumor characterized by? (p=5) bronchi. (p=6)
-Progressive growth -Name: Squamous cell carcinoma of the bronchus (bronchiogenic
-Autonomous carcinoma) plus keratinisation
-Infiltrative -Onset: Metaplasia from chronic bronchitis + chronic inflammation
-Gives metastasis
-Able to be transplanted from 1 host to another in experiments 2. Specify microscopic picture of squamous carcinoma. (p=4)
4. During postmortem examination, the tumor is detected in the uterus. -Multiple nest-like structures consisting of atypical polygonal cells with
The tumor consists of polymorphic atypical smooth muscle cells. Name keratinisation in the structural centre called „keratin pearls‟
this tumor, its spread pathways, localization of primary metastases, the
cause of death. (p=5) 3. Name ovarian malignant tumours. (p=5)
-Diagnosis: Leiomyosarcoma -Arrhenoblastoma
-Spread: Hematogenous pathway -Cellular granulation carcinoma
-Metastasis: Lung -Cystadenocarcinoma
-Death: Hemorrhage and cachexia -Brener‟s carcinoma
-Malignant teratoma
5. Specify pathway of tumour spread. (p=4)
-Lymphogenic 4. Name organs from which metastases are in bones. (p=5)
-Hematogenic -Tumour of lungs, mammilary glands, prostate glands, kidneys, thyroid
-Perineural glands
-Contact
5. Where are the first hematogenous and lymphogenous metastases of
6. Name all possible variants of tumour growth. carcinoma in stomach looked for? (p=3)
(p=6) -Hematogenous: liver
-Expansive -Lymphogenous: Lymph nodes of small and large curvature of stomach
-Invasive
-Multicentric 6. Explain the progress of aspiration pneumonia of the patient with
-Unicentric carcinoma of esophagus. (p=3)
-Endophytic -Formation of fistula between trachea and esophagus and aspiration of
-Exophytic vomitus/food into the lung will cause aspiration pneumonia

7. During histology examination, there are found growth of filaments
with collagen fibres and cells of connective tissues with predominance
over fiber structures and tissue atypism signs in derma of the skin.
There is marked border of the above mentioned changes. What is your
diagnosis? Name growth type and malignant analogue. (p=4)
-Diagnosis: Fibroma
-Growth: Expansive
-Malignant analog: Fibrosarcoma
8. What is the capillary hemangioma? Describe its microscopic
structure. (p=4)
-Hemangioma is a benign tumour of capillary blood vessels
-It is lobulated, unencapsulated, aggregated in closely packed thin-wall
capillaries, lined with several levels of flattened endothelium
-Separated by scant connective tissue stroma
9. Name localisation of leiomyomas according to layers of uterus walls.
(p=3)
-Submucous
-Subserous
-Intramural
10. What is fibroma? (p=2)
-It is a benign tumour of fibrous connective tissue
11. The patient died of malignant tumor originated from thigh bone.
Where first metastasis are to be looked for? (p=1)
-Lungs
12. What is fibrosarcoma? Describe its microscopic structure and
nature of growth according to surrounding tissues. (p=4)
-Fibrosarcoma is a malignant tumor of connective tumour.
-Microscopically: Constructed from pleomorphic atypical connective tissue
with hyperchromatic nuclei -Growth: Invasive
13. Name general tumour groups according to degree of the maturity.
(p=2)
-Malignant (less mature)
-Benign (more mature)
14. What is sarcoma? (p=2)
7. What is carcinoma? Specify most typical pathway of carcinoma to
differ from sarcoma. (p=4)
-Carcinoma is a malignant epithelial-derived tumour with cellular and
tissue atypism
-which gives metastases through lymphogenic and hematogenic pathways,
-more commonly lymphogenic
8. Name most typical localisation of esophageal carcinoma. (p=3)
-Proximally: Cricoid cartilage
-Medially: Crossing of the left principal bronchus
-Distally: Where the esophagus penetrates the diaphragm
9. Name gross (macroscopical) types of stomach carcinoma. (p=4)
-Polyp-like
-Plaque-like
-Fungus-like
-Diffuse
-Flat
-Excavated (Ulcer-like)
10. During postmortem examination metastases of the carcinoma in the
liver are found. They are considered first hematogenous metastases of
tumor. What are organs to be searched for primary tumour? (p=3)
-Stomach
-Pancreas
-Esophagus
11. Specify preinvasive form of endocervical carcinoma in the uterus.
(p=1)
-Cancer in situ
12. The ovary has been supplied as a biopsy samples. It is presented by
gross cyst about 20cm in diameter with a fluid and heavy papillary
projection with white cauliflower tissue remainder. Microscopically
papillaries of the tumour are covered by columnar epithelium with
nuclear hyperchromia and mitosis. On the separate sections adenous
complex grows through cystic wall. Specify the tumour. (p=3)
-Tumour of papillary cystadenoma
13. What is the term for malignant tumour of epithelial origin? (p=1)
-Carcinoma
 examination, there are found immature glial cells of various forms in
14. Specify histological variants of esophageal carcinoma. (p=3) the tumor. There are marked fields of necrosis and hemorrhages.
-Squamous cell carcinoma (with/without Specify your diagnosis. (p=3)
keratinisation) -Glioblastoma multiforme
-Adenocarcinoma
-Undifferentiated 4. Name main immature neuroectodermal tumours of CNS. (p=5)
-Medullablastoma
15. A female with uterus bleeding developed in post climacteric period. -Glioblastoma
Diagnostic scrape is executed from uterus. Atypical adenous structure -Ependymoblastoma
with marked cellular atypism is observed. Specify your diagnosis. (p=2) -Choroidcarcinoma
-Adenocarcinoma of the uterus -Neuroblastoma

16. Designate the localisation of primary hematogenous metastases 5. Name tumours with peripheral nervous system. (p=3)
from carcinoma of stomach, pancreas, sigmoid colon, uterus. (p=4) -Neurofibroma
-Stomach-> Liver -Schwannoma
-Pancreas-> Liver -Neurofibrosarcoma
-Sigmoid colon-> Liver
-Uterus-> Lungs 6. Specify localisation of melanoma. (p=5)
-Skin
17. Describe microscopic picture of adenocarcinoma. (p=3) -Mucous membrane
-It is characterised by pleomorphic glandular tumour cells with -Pigmented membrane of the eyes
hyperchromatic nuclei and cellular atypism. -Meninges
-High mitotic activity and invades the surrounding tissue without a clear -Esophagus
border
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
18. Give the characteristics of fibroadenoma in accordance with 1. Common benign tumour during childhood.
following points: tumour histogenesis, degree of the cell maturity, -Hemangioma
atypical form, 2 histologic types in female breast, its malignant -Teratoma
analogous form. (p=6) -Lymphangioma
-Tumour histogenesis: epithelium of ducts of the breast
-Degree of cell maturity: Mature 2. Common malignant tumour during
-Atypical form: Tissue atypism childhood.
-Histologic forms: Pericanalicular, Intracanalicular -Neuroblastoma
-Malignant analogue: Adenocarcinoma -William‟s tumour (nephromatoma)
-Acute leukemia
19. Give the characteristics of papilloma in accordance with tumour
histogenesis, degree of cell maturity, atypical form of tumour and its 3. Close relationship between abnormal development (teratogenesis)
malignant analogous form. (p=5) and tumour induction (oncogenesis) during childhood.
-Tumour histogenesis: Squamous/transitional epithelial cells -Prevalence of constitutional genetic abnormalities
-Degree of cell maturity: Mature -Syndromes predisposing to malignant tumours
-Atypism: Tissue atypism
-Malignant analogue: Squamous epithelial carcinoma 4. Reversion.
-Tendency of malignant tumours to spontaneously regress to benign
20. Name growth forms of cervix carcinoma. (p=3) tumours and improve survival rate and treatment of many childhood
-Endophytic tumours
-Exophytic
-Mixed 5. Characters of tumours of infancy and childhood.
-Reversion
21. Name most typical form of endometrial carcinoma according to -Benign tumour predominance
microscopic assay. (p=2) -In malignant tumours, sarcomas are more common
-Adenocarcinoma -Embryonic tumours predominate
-Undifferentiated tumour
Unit 13: Tumours of the Blood System
22. Female breast biopsy sample is sent for urgent pathohistologic 1. During postmortem examination, pyoid marrow, large spleen(5kg),
examination. A piece of very solid white tissue with infiltrative enlarged liver (4kg) are found. Blood test shows 70 000 leukocytes in 1
attachment to the surrounding fatty cellular tissue is presented. ml, general mass of them were consists of promyelocytes, myelocytes,
Microscopically, the tumour is found with the stroma predominance metamyelocytes. What is the disease under review? (p=2)
over parenchyma. Tumor parenchyma consists of small groups with -Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia
individual non-differentiated epithelial cells. Name tumour histology
forms and most typical localization of metastases with the tumours of 2. The deceased has black disintegrated nasopharyngeal glands in
female breast. (p=6) leukemia. Name glandular process and specify microflora in the
-Histological forms: Schirrous process. Explain initiation of the process with deceased. (p=4)
-Metastases: Axillary nodes, Infraclavicular nodes, Supraclavicular nodes, -Name: Necrotic Angina
Parasternal nodes, Nodes in the anterior mediastinum -Microflora: Saprophytic flora
-Initiation: Due to infiltration of leukemic cells leading to secondary
Unit 12: Tumours of the Nervous System infection (non-responsive immune system)
1. Multiple of round nodes are determined in the skin of patient. One
of them is extracted and sent for histologic examination. The tumour is
detected by microscopic examination. It consists of connective tissue 3. Why are spleen and lymph nodes enlarged in leukemias? (p=1)
and partially remained nervous fibres. Name this tumour, disease -Due to abundant spread of leukemic cells (metastasis)
according to multicentric tumour growth. Give the name of the
scientist to describe this desease. (p=3) 4. Give definition of leukemia. (p=3)
-Tumour: Neurofibroma -It is a tumour of hemopoietic and lymphoreticular system characterised by
-According to tumour growth: neoplastic proliferation of the formed elements of the systems
Neurofibromatosis
-Scientist: von Recklinghausen 5. What is leukemic infiltration? (p=2)
-It is local metastasis with growth of leukemic cells
2. Name malignant tumour developed from pigmented nevus. (p=1)
-Melanoma 6. Name microscopical changes in spleen, lymph nodes and marrow
with myeloleukemias. (p=3)
3. During postmortem examination, the tumour is found in white -Spleen and lymph nodes: Enlarged, and increased leukemic infiltration
substance of brain hemispheres. The tumour is of mixed colours with predominance of promyelocytes and myelocytes
without marked border with surrounding tissues. During histology -Bone marrow: pyoid
 ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (8)
7. Specify pathway of tumour spread. (p=4) 1. Phases of inflammation.
-Lymphogenic - 1st: alteration
-Hematogenic 2nd : exudation
-Perineural 3rd : proliferation
-Implantation
2. Outcome of serous inflammation. P=2
8. Identify common types of chronic leukemias with respect to - Resolution with complete recovery of structure
cytogenesis. (p=4) - Progression to fibrinous or purulent inflammation
-Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
-Chronic Myelocytic Leukemia (CML) 3. Outcome of inflammation.
-Chronic Monocytic Leukemia - Necrosis
-Polycythemia Vera - Regeneration
- Scar formation
9. What is the disease with Philadelphia - Obliteration
chromosome found? (p=1) - Organization
-CML - Calcification

10. Why do infections complication develops easily in leukemias? (p=2) 4. Organs and tissues with serous inflammation. P=4
-Due to decreased function of of immune system because to non-responsive - Meninges
WBC - Parenchymal organs ( lung ,kidney & heart)
- Peripheral nerves
11. During postmortem examination, enlarged lymph-rich nodes and - Peritoneal, pleural & pericardial cavities
glands are found in various areas of organism. There are 1,100,000
leukocytes/ml in blood test, mainly lymphoblasts. What is the disease? 5. Diseases of croupous tracheitis.
(p=4) - Diphtheria
-Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia - Uremia

12. The patient has necrotic gingivitis, tonsillitis with a great number of 6. Localization , gross, outcome and deepness of diphtheric
hemorrhages on the skin. There are 150,000 leukocytes/ml in blood test, inflammation.
among them 90% nonmature cells without cytochemical identification. - Localization : squamous, transverse epithelium (multilayer
What is the disease described here? (p=2) membrane)
-Undifferentiated Leukemia - Deepness : deep necrosis
- Gross : cover by thick films that difficult to remove
13. Why is „tiger heart‟ observed in leukemia? (p=2) - Outcome : ulceration & organization with scar of ulcer
-Due to increased destruction of RBCs and hypoxic organ damage
7. Localization, gross ,outcome and deepness of croupous
14. What cells have diagnostic significance in granulomatosis? (p=1) inflammation.
-Reed-Sternberg-Borosovsky cells - Localization : cuboidal, columnal epithelium (single layer)
- Deepness : superficial injury
15. What is myeloblastic leukemia? (p=2) - Gross : gray friable films that easily removed
-It is a type of acute leukemia characterised by an increase in myeloblasts - Outcome : fully recover/ restoration of normal tissue
structure
16. Identify two groups of hemoblastosis according to spreading in the 8. TASK : Uterus enlarge, cavity widened, mucous membrane
hematopoietic system and give concrete terms of each. (p=4) saturated with yellow green exudates. Name the disease. p=3
-Leukemia: Systemic disease, charaterised by leukemic infiltration in - Postpartum purulent endometritis
peripheral blood flow, bone marrow and other hemopoietic organs
-Lymphoma: Regional tumour of lymphoreticular tissues i.e. lymph nodes 9. TASK : Appendix is red, swollen and covered with a
fibrinous exudates. The wall may be very thin with pus into
17. Designate types of acute leukemias according to cytogenesis. (p=4) lumen of appendix. Name the disease.p=3
-Undifferentiated Leukemia - Phlegmonous purulent appendicitis
-Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia (AML)
-Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) 10. * inflammation of :
-Acute Monoblastic Leukemia - Whole wall of artery : panarteritis
- Pia mater : leptomeningitis
18. Specify histological variants of lymphogranulomatosis. (p=4) - Membrane of brain : meningitis
-With lymphocyte predominance
- Bile duct : cholangitis
-Mixed cellularity
- Gall bladder : cholecystitis
-With Lymphocyte depletion
-With Nodular sclerosis
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (9)
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
1. Diseases of specific granulomatous productive inflammation.
1. Factors of acquired hemolytic anemia
P=4
-Rhesus disease of newborns
- Tuberculosis
-Malaria
- Syphilis / lues
-Systemic Lupus Erythromatosus (SLE)
- Leprosy
-Thrombotic Thrombocytic Purpura (TTP)
- Scleroma
-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
2. Diseases of non-specific granulomatous productive
2. Classification of anemia according to
inflammation. P=3
pathogenesis.
- Brucellosis
-Posthemorrhagic anemia
-Hemolytic Anemia - Tularemia
-Imparied RBC Production - Sarcoidosis
- Typhus fever
3. What is radiation injury?
-It is the injury due to gamma, X-ray and ionising particles (alpha,beta) that 3. Classification according predominant of cell type for
causes alteration of cells due to direct/indirect damage of the DNA granulomatous inflammation.
- Epitheloid granuloma
- Macrophage granuloma
- Giant cell granuloma
 4. Organs of interstitial inflammation. - Infiltrative growth
- Kidney - Cellular & tissue atypisms
- Lung - With metastasis
- Heart - With recidives
- Liver
5. Definition of exophytic and endophytic tumor.
5. Etiology / causes of proliferative inflammation. - Exophytic : tumor growth into the lumen of hollow organs
- Physical factor ( Eg. : leiomyosarcoma in lumen of
- Chemical factor uterus )
- Biological factor - Endophytic : tumor growth in the wall of hollow organ
- Immune factor ( Eg. : cervix with carcinoma )

6. What process come before granulomatous productive 6. Definition of unicentric and multicentric tumor.
inflammation? P=1 - Unicentric : 1 place of tumor growth
- Necrosis - Multicentric : 2 or more place of tumor growth

7. Classification of productive inflammation according to 7. Types of hemangioma and its malignant analog.
duration. - Types : Carvenous hemangioma
- Acute Capillary hemangioma
- Chronic Glomus / venous angioma
- Malignant analog : hemangiosarcoma
8. Syphilis granulomatous
- Name : gumma
- Size : 1-2 cm
- Cell type : plasma cells, epitheloid cells,lymphoid cells(T- 8. States the secondary complication of benign tumor
lymphocytes) ( metastasis )
- Type of necrosis : caseous necrosis - Hyalinosis
- Hemorrhage within node
9. Tuberculosis granulomatous - Edema within node
- 1-2 mm - Calcification
- Cell type : epitheloid cells, lymphoid cells, Piragov‟s cells, - Venous hyperemia
Langerhan‟s cell
- Type of necrosis : caseous necrosis 9. States the secondary changes of malignant tumor
- Necrosis
10. The function of macrophage in tuberculosis granuloma. P=1 - Hemorrhage
- Phagocytosis ( to phagocytose the bacteria) - Dystrophy
- Formation of fistula between organs
11. Definition of interstitial inflammation. - Thromboembolism / thrombosis
- Diffused inflammation localized / infiltrate in stroma of
organ. 10. States the secondary changes of tumor.
- Necrosis
12. Classification of granulomas. - Inflammation
- Etiology : infection - Cyst formation
Non-infection - Dystrophic changes
Unknown - Hemorrhage
- Morphology : specific
Non-specific 11. Classification of tumor atypism.
- Morphologic
13. TASK : Lung inflate being “ fluffy”. Pleura and tissue - Antigenic
consist multiple millet like grey yellow hillocks. Name the - Histochemical
disease , define the “hillocks” and its morphological structures. - Biological
- Disesase: millet tuberculosis of lung
- Define of “ hillocks” : tuberculosis granulomas 12. Characteristic of chondrosarcoma.
- Morphological structures : center caseous necrosis, - Immature
surround by epitheloid cells, then giant polynuclear - cellular & tissue atypism
Piragov & Langerhan‟s cells, lastly lymphoid cells outside. - Invasive growth
- Give recidives
14. Localization of productive inflammation of heart - Capable for metastasis
( interstitial myocarditis) and its outcome.
- Localization : myocardial stroma ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (12)
- Outcome : diffuse cardiosclerosis 1. Mature tumor of neuroectodermal of CNS. P=5
- Ganglioneuroma
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (10) - Astrocytoma
1. What is metastasis and mechanism of its basis. P=5 - Oligodendroglioma
- Apprearance of secondary tumor foci in other tissue or - Ependymoma
organs far away from the primary foci. - Choroid papilloma
- Mechanism is by the tissue embolism
- 2. Juvenile angiofibroma in nasopharynx. P=7
2. Basic morphological sigms of cellular atypism. - Consistency : solid
- Various shape & size of cells and nuclei - Maturity : mature
- Atypical mitosis - Growth : infiltrative growth
- Ratio cytoplasm to nuclei ( nuclei > cytoplasm volume) - Recidive : yes
- Hyperchromatic nuclei - Metastasis : no
- Reversion : yes
3. 5 charactieristics of benign tumor. - Location : nasopharynx
- Mature
- Expansive growth 3. TASK: Biopsy 1st result= ganglioneurofibroma, after 2 years,
- Tissue atypism biopsy again and get the result of ganglioneuroma. What is
- Without metastasis your conclusion. P=2
- Without recidives - Reversion, as ability changing from malignant tumor to
benign tumor during childhood when cells with high
4. 5 characteristics of malignant tumor. mitotic activities.
- Immature
 - State of maturity of leukemic cells
4. Tumor derived from embryonic tissue. P=1
- Teratoma 6. Classification of lymphomas
- Non-Hodgkin lymphoma – small lymphocytic, large cell,
5. Tumor derived from embryonic cambial cell. lymphoblastic, Berkitt‟s lymphoma
- Medulloblastoma
- Retinoblastoma 7. 4 patterns of leukemia
- Neuroblastoma - ALL
- AML
6. Tumor derived from meninges. P=2 - CLL
- Meningeoma - CML
- Meningiosarcoma/ malignant meningeoma
8. Define acute leukemia
7. Name the synonymal melanoma - Characterized by replacement of bone marrow with
- Melanocarcinoma & malignant melanoma immature cells (termed “ blasts” leukemia)

8. Tumor predominant in children. P=5 9. Define chronic leukemia

- Hemangioma - Characterized by replacement of bone marrow with mature
- Teratoma cells (termed “ cystic” leukemia)
- Nevus
- Nephroblastoma ( William‟s tumor )
- Acute leukemia 10. What is lymphogranulomatosis?
9. Neuroectodermal tumor sources for histogenic examination. - Is a malignant tumor of lymphoid tissues with lesion of
P=5 lymph nodes & other organs characterized by growth of
- Medulloblast giant cells, Reed- Stenberg-Beresovsky & inflammatory
- Ganglion nerve cells infiltration.
- Glial cells
- Choroid epithelium 11. Specify tissue with high radiosensitivity.
- Epidermal glial cells - Bone marrow
- Hair follicles
10. Specify types of nevus. P=5 - Thymus
- Dermal - Genital organs
- Epidermal - Lymph nodes
- Mixed / epidermal-dermal - Epithelium of mucous membrane
- Blue
- epitheloid 12. Name the findings of blood test in acute leukemia.
- Appearance of numbers of blast cells
11. TASK: Biopsy skin for ulcer with healing retardation,
tumor large atypical cells. Large nuclei with mitosis , with 13. Specify main infectious complications in leukemia
brown pigmwnt melanin cytoplasm.Name the tumor and its - Pneumonia
precursor. - Sepsis
- Tumor: melanoma - Purulent inflammation
- Precursor : nevus
14. Name the primary organ where leukemia begins.
12. Childhood tumor according to ontogenesis - Bone marrow
- Like adult
- As teratoma 15. Specify classification of radiation sickness according to
- Embryonic group disease cause
- Acute
13. TASK : During postmortem examination of child ,the tumor - Chronic
in cerebellum. Tumor without border with surrounding
tissues. Microscopically, poorly differentiate of 16. Specify cause of death in radiation sickness.
neuroectodermal tumor. Give your diagnosis. Describe - Shock
microscopic picture. - Anemia
- Diagnosis : medullablastoma - Infectious disease
- Microscopic : atypical cells, high mitotic activity & - Hemorrhagic syndrome
hypochromatic cells.
17. Name clinical morphological form of acute radiation
14. Specify sarcoma of childhood and infancy tumors. sickness. P=4
- Osteosarcoma - Bone marrow form
- Lymphosarcoma - Cerebral form
- Intestinal form
- Toxic form
ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS : UNIT (13)
1. What is anemia? 18. Term foci of leukemia accumulated in organs.
- A reduction below normal limits of total circulating RBC - Leukemic infiltration / leukemic metastasis
mass
19. Low sensitivity tissue to radiation.
2. Character of blood loss - Cartilage
- Acute ~ trauma - Connective tissue
- Chronic ~ lesion in GIT , gynecologic disturbance - Vessels
- Peripheral nerves
3. Classification of hemolytic anemia. - Bone
- Intrinsic RBC abnormalities- acquired & hereditary
- Extrinsic RBC abnormalities- membrane defect 20. Method of histological differentiation.
(paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria )
21. Splenomegaly, hemorrhagic syndrome, blood test normal,
4. Classification of impaired RBC production sterna puncture review megaloblast bone marrow.Name the
- Disturbance in proliferation & maturation of stem cells disease and type of it according the result of blood test.
- Disturbance in proliferation & maturation of erythroblasts - Disease: Acute myeloblastic leukemia
- Type : aleukemic variant
5. Classification of leukemia
- Basic cell types ( cytogenesis)
22. Classification according to number of leukocytes & leukemic
cells. P=4
- Leukopenic
- Leukemic
- Aleukemic
- Subleukemic

23. Causes / factors of leukemia. P=5

- Physical- ionizing radiation
- Chemical- drug, toxin
- Hereditary
- Medical agents- carcinogens

24. Name the necrotic tonsillitis according to pathological

change. Name of multidenous hemorrhage and mechanism.
P=5
- Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Wet gangrene.
Hemorrhagic syndrome . per diapedesin.

25. Pathway of spread of leukemia. P=2

- Hematogenic
- Lymphogenic

26. Spleen in Hodgkin disease.p=4

- Neoplastic proliferation site of necrosis & sclerosis.
- “ porphyric” spleen

27. Most sensitive organ of acute radiation sickness.

- Bone marrow

28. Definition of radiation sickness. P=3

- Is injury produced by ionizing radiation over limiting
permissible dose.

29. Synonyms of lymphogranulomatosis. P=1

- Hodgkin disease (lymphoma)

30. Bleeding of brain , medulla oblongata 1cm bleeding. Bone

marrow grey green color.Name the disease, syndrome and
causes of death.
- Disease : Acute leukemia
- Syndrome:
- Causes of death: hemorrhage & infection