5
Single-Flash Steam Power Plants 93

This represents the gross mechanical power developed by the turbine. The gross elec-
trical power will be equal to the turbine power times the generator efficiency:
W _t
_ e 5 ηg W ð5:11Þ

All auxiliary power requirements for the plant must be subtracted from this to obtain
the net, salable power. These so-called parasitic loads include all pumping power, cool-
ing tower fan power, and station lighting.
Before eq. (5.9) can be used computationally, it must be recognized that the isentro-
pic efficiency of a turbine is affected by the amount of moisture that is present during
the expansion process; the higher the moisture, the lower the efficiency. This effect
can be quantified by using the so-called Baumann rule [13], which says that a 1%
average moisture causes roughly a 1% drop in turbine efficiency. Since geothermal
turbines generally operate in the wet region, we must account for the degradation in
performance. Adopting the Baumann rule, we find the isentropic efficiency for a tur-
bine operating with wet steam to be given by
 
x4 1 x5
ηtw 5 ηtd 3 ð5:12Þ
2

where the dry turbine efficiency, ηtd, may be conservatively assumed to be constant at,
say, 85%:

ηtd 5 0:850 ð5:13Þ

From Fig. 5.9, it is clear that the quality at the turbine outlet, state 5, depends on the
turbine efficiency. State 5 is determined by solving eq. (5.9) using the turbine effi-
ciency and the fluid properties at state 5s, the ideal turbine outlet state, which are eas-
ily calculated from the known pressure and entropy values at state 5s. The ideal outlet
enthalpy is found from
 
s4 2 s6
h5s 5 h6 1 ½h7 2 h6  3 ð5:14Þ
s7 2 s6

where the entropy term, by itself, gives the fluid outlet dryness fraction for an ideal
turbine. When the Baumann rule is incorporated into the calculation, the following
working equation emerges for the enthalpy at the actual turbine outlet state:
 
h6
h4 2 A 1 2
h7 2 h6
h5 5 ð5:15Þ
A
11
h7 2 h6
where the factor A is defined as

A  0:425ðh4 2 h5s Þ ð5:16Þ

These equations are based on the assumption that the quality at the turbine inlet, x4,
is equal to one, i.e., the entering steam is a saturated vapor. If the inlet is wet (as will