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148 Geothermal Power Plants: Principles, Applications, Case Studies and Environmental Impact

7.7.5 Back-up systems


G Standby power supply

7.7.6 Noise abatement system (where required)


G Rock mufflers for stacked steam
G Acoustic insulation for noisy fluid handling components

7.7.7 Condensate disposal system


G Injection wells for excess condensate, and cooling tower blowdown

References
[1] Photograph courtesy of Enel S.p.A.  Museo della Geotermia Larderello  Archivio Fotografico,
November 2004.
[2] White, D.E., “Characteristics of Geothermal Resources,” Chap. 4 in Geothermal Energy: Resources,
Production, Stimulation, P. Kruger and C. Otte, Eds., Stanford University Press, Stanford, CA, 1973,
pp. 6994.
[3] Chierici, A., “Planning of a Geothermoelectric Power Plant: Technical and Economic Principles,”
Proc. U.N. Conference on New Sources of Energy, V. 3, Geothermal Energy: II, 1964, pp. 299311.
[4] Ellis, A.J. and W.A.J. Mahon, Chemistry and Geothermal Systems, Academic Press, New York, 1977.
[5] James, R., “Wairakei and Larderello: Geothermal Power Systems Compared,” N. Z. J. Sci., V.11, 1968,
pp. 706719.
[6] McNitt, J.R., “Origin of Steam in Geothermal Reservoirs,” Proc. Annual Fall Tech. Conf. and Exhib. Soc.
Petroleum Engineers, AIME, 1977, Paper SPE 6764.
[7] D’Amore, F. and A.H. Truesdell, “Models for Steam Chemistry at Larderello and The Geysers,” Proc. Fifth
Workshop Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 1979, pp. 262276.
[8] Truesdell, A.H., W.T. Box, Jr., J.R. Haizlip and F. D’Amore, “A Geochemical Overview of the Geysers
Geothermal Reservoir,” Monograph on The Geysers Geothermal Field, Spec. Rep. 17, C. Stone, Ed.,
Geothermal Resources Council, Davis, CA, 1992, pp. 121132.
[9] White, D.E., L.J.P. Muffler and A.H. Truesdell, “Vapor-Dominated Hydrothermal Systems Compared
with Hot-Water Systems,” Econ. Geol., V.66, 1971, pp. 7597.
[10] Allen, E.T. and A.L. Day, Steam Wells and Other Thermal Activity at The Geysers, California, Publ. No. 378,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, DC, 1927.
[11] Hodgson, S.F., “A Geysers Album,” Monograph on The Geysers Geothermal Field, Spec. Rep. 17, C. Stone,
Ed., Geothermal Resources Council, Davis, CA, 1992, pp. 1940.
[12] Burgassi, P.D., “Historical Outline of Geothermal Technology in the Larderello Region to the Middle of the
20th Century,” Chap. 13 in Stories from a Heated Earth: Our Geothermal Heritage, R. Cataldi, S.F. Hodgson
and J.W. Lund, Eds., Geothermal Resources Council and International Geothermal Association,
Sacramento, CA, 1999, pp. 195219.
[13] Keenan, J.H., F.G Keyes, P.G. Hill and J.G. Moore, Steam Tables: Thermodynamic Properties of Water
Including Vapor, Liquid, and Solid Phases (International Edition  Metric Units), John Wiley & Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1969.
[14] Enedy, S.L., K.L. Enedy and J. Maney, “Reservoir Response to Injection in the Southeast Geysers,”
Monograph on The Geysers Geothermal Field, Spec. Rep. 17, C. Stone, Ed., Geothermal Resources Council,
Davis, CA, 1992, pp. 211219.
[15] Dellinger, M., “Lake County Success: Generating Environmental Gains with Geothermal Power,”
Geothermal Resources Council BULLETIN, V. 33, No. 3, 2004, pp. 115119.
[16] Anon., “Recharging The Geysers: Calpine Corp. and Santa Rosa Celebrate Completion of the World’s
Largest Wastewater-to-Energy Project,” Geothermal Resources Council BULLETIN, V. 32, No. 6, 2003,
p. 242.

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