LIVING ORGANISMS.

a)Respiration : is the process by which energy is made available as a result of breaking down of food.

b)Feeding : Provides the subtrate for respiration since energy comes from food.

:Plants make their own food through photosynthesis.

c) Exaction: Is the process by wich organisms eliminate some products of chemical reaction from the body some of
which a poisoners / toxin.

d) Growth : This is a permnent incereas in body size.

: As organisms grow it becomes more complicated and efficient.

e)Movement : An animal can generally move its whole body where as movement in plants are restricted to certain
parts of the plant.

f ) Reproduction : When an individual is born ,soon or late it will die hence the need for production which prevents the
extination of species.

g) Sensetivity/Irritability : Is the ability of organisms respond to stimuli.

CELLA AND CELLULAR FUNCTION.

THE CELL.

- Is a basic unit of all living orgamisms.

-Plants and animals are built up by a cell.

-Cells can be seen through micro-scopes.

PARTS OF A CELL (in both animals and plants)

a) Cell membrane -cells are bounded by very thin flexible membranes which return all the cell contents.

b) Cellulose cell wall- It is found in plants only.

-it confers rigity and shape of the wall.

-The middle lamella is a layer meterial inside the wall.

c)Protoplasm- It is the living meterial inside the cell.

-There are 2 types of protoplasm which are

i) Cytoplasm- It is a jelly like,transparent fluid or semi- solid eg jam

and margarine.

-I t contains mant organelle as well as vesicteles.

- Essential chemical reaction happens in the cytoplasm.

ii)Nucleus- It is boundaed by a nucleus membrane /envelope .

- it is the centre of control of all the chemical activity of the

cell.

-It contains DNA (deoxyribonucteric acid)

- It contains all genetic materials which is contained as

chromosones.
d)Vacuole- In animal cells the vacuole is a fluid filled and is temporary ,variable in

and in shape as well as position and it is called vesicles.

-In plants cells it is large and permable and centically poisoned.

- I t is filled with all sap in plants .

-It makes up plant cells firm ,strong and resilent.

e) Robosomes

-there are site for proteins

f )Mitochondria

-Are sites for aerobic respiration

g)Chroloplast -These are the main sites of photosynthesis in green plants

ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

DIFFERENCES IN PLANTS AND AMIMAL CELLS

PLANT CELLS ANMAL CELLS

--large. -smaller.

-cellulose cell well presented. -cellulose wall absent.

-chloroplast present. -chloroplast absent.

-have regular shape. -irregular shape.

--have permanant ,cental - has small temporary

large vacuole. vacular.

-has lateral nucleus on side. -has central nucleus.

CELL SPECIALISATION

-This is when each cell is adapted to form a specific function in a organ in which it is apart.

a) Cilicate cell

- They are made up of cilia which are tiny cytoplasmatic hairs which are continuosly flicking ,keeping up a stream of
mucus that carries dust and bacteria away from the LUNG

b) White blood cells

-They are found in blood and are specialised engulifying harmful bacteria.

c) Nerve cells
-They are specialised in carrying electrical impulses

d)Palisad e cell

-This are found in leaves and plants .

-It contains humerus chloroplast and are the main site for photosynthesis.

e)Root hairs.

-These are numerous projectors from the root whose function is to absorb water and mineral salts from the soil.

- They are numerous to provide a large are of absortion.

f )Red blood cells

-They are bioconcaved discs which do mot have a nucleus ,whose function is to transport oxygen to all parts of the
body.

Muscle cells

- They are en longed , elastic cells which have the ability to contract and relax to produce movement on animals.

NUTRITION IN HUMANS

Balanced diet.

-It is a food / meal which contains all nutrients required by the body in their correct proportions.

Nutrients:Components of food

a) Carbohydrates

i) Chemical composition:carbon

:hydrogen

:oxygen

:eg glucose - CO,H12,O6

ii)Food rich in carbohydrates

- Sugars eg fruits, milk, jam, honey, cakes, sweets,glucose,

-Starch eg rice, maize meal, yarms, potatoes, bread etc

iii) Energy value :17 kg/g

iv)Use : For energy provision

b) Proteins

i) Chemical composition:c,h,o,n, and sometimes sulphur

ii) Food rich in proteins: lean meat, fish, milk, egg -white, beans, peas, ground nuts

iii) Energy value: 18 kg/g

iv) Deficiency:Lack of proteins in diet leads to kwashiokor

: Usually in babies not breast- fed

c)Fats

i) Composition : c,h,o in different proportions.

ii) Food rich in fats and oils: milk,animal fat, margarine, egg york,butter,plant seed oil

iii) Energy value: 38 kg/g

iv) Use: - Energy provision

-Heat instulation/warmth

-consant of the cell membrane

iv) Deficiency: - Excess fats lead to obesity which might lead to hypertension, heat disease,sugar diabetes

v) Mineral salts and vitamins

-These are required for the chemical activity of the body.

-Lack of these in diet leads to drficiency diseases