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BRASSICACEAE AND PAPAVERACEAE

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GROUP MEMBERS NAME

IRAM FATIMA (051631018)

KIRAN SHAHZADI (051631019)

MISBAH ISMAIL (051631022)

MURYAM MUNEEB (051631025)

SESSION:2016-2020

ASSIGNMENT: SYSTMATICS OF PLANTS

ASSIGNMENT TOPIC:BRASSICACEAE AND
PAPAVERACEAE FAMILY
MAJAR :BOTANY
SUBMITTED TO:
MAM ARIFA
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CONTENTS
 BRASSICACEAE FAMILY
 CHARACTERISTICS:
 VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS
 FLORAL CHARACTERS
 DISTRIBUTION OF BRASSICACEAE
 ECONOMICS IMPORTANCE OF
BRASSICACEAE
 EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
 IMPORTANT TYPES OF BRASSICACEAE
 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF
BRASSICACEAE
 PAPAVERACEAE FAMILY
 CHARACTERISTICS
 VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS
 FLOTAL CHARACTERS
 PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIP
 EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS
 DISTRIBUTION
 ECONOMIC IMPOTANCE
 DISTRIBUTION OF PAPAVERACEAE
 REFRENCES
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BRASSICACEAE FAMILY

 Characters of Brassicaceae:
Flowers actinomorphic rarely zygomorphic, hermaphrodite; sepals four in two
whorls of two each, petals four, diagonally arranged-cruciform; stamens six,
tetradynamous; gynoecium bicarpellary, syncarpous, parietal placentation,
bilocular due to the formation of flase septum (replum); fruit siliqua or silicula.

A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
Generally herbs, annual (Brassica, Capsella) or biennial or shrubs. Common
Indian herbs are Eruca, Alyssum, Nasturtium, Lepidium, Coronopus etc.
Vegetative reproduction is by bulbils (Dentaria bulbifera) or by coral roots.

Roots:
Tap root, swollen on account of stored food materials. It may be conical
(Radish), fusiform or napiform (Turnip).

Stem:
Herbaceous, erect, cylindrical (Iberis, Brassica) rarely woody or some times
reduced (Raphanus & Brassica species), glabrous or hairy, solid and branched.

Leaves:
Alternate or sub-opposite, simple, exstipulate (Brassica campestris). May be
cauline or radical (Raphanus), generally sessile, hairy, entire and with
unicostate reticulate venation.

B. Floral characters:
Inflorescence:
Raceme (Brassica campestris) corymbose raceme (Iberis) or corymb.

Flower:
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Pedicellate, ebracteate, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic rarely zygomorphic

(Iberis and Teesdalia), hypogynous, complete or incomplete (Lepidium) and
tetramerous.

Calyx:
Sepals 4 arranged in two whorls of two each, polysepalous (2 antero-posterior
and 2 lateral), 2 lateral sepals may be saccate, imbricate aestivation, inferior.

Corolla:
Petals 4, alternate with sepals, polypetalous, petals arranged in the form of
across known as cruciform. This arrangement is characteristic of the family
Petals usually clawed, petals generally equal rarely unequal (Iberis, Teesdalia)
or sometimes petals may be replaced by stamens (Capsella bursa pastoris).

Androecium:
Stamens 6, arranged in two whorls, outer two stamens short and inner four long
(2+4), tetradynamous, polyandrous, anthers dithecous basifixed, introrse. Disc
like nectaries, variable in number, present at the base of stamens. In some cases
the number of stamens is variable – 16 (Megacarpaea), 4 (Cardamine hirsuta),
2 (Coronopus) etc.

Gynoecium:
Bicarpellary rarely tricarpellary (Lepidium sativum), syncarpous, ovary
superior, unilocular, becomes bilocular due to the development of false septum
called replum: parietal placentation, ovules many, style short, stigma simple or
bifid. The crucifer carpel has been a puzzling subject for the morphologists and
their attention attracted towards its for a long time. According to some there
are only two carpels while others hold that there are four carpels.

Fruit:
Siliqua or silicula, sometimes lomentum (Raphanus); when the valves separate
in a siliqua the seeds remain attached to the replum.

Seed:
Ex-albuminous. The germination of seed is epigeal.

Pollination:
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Self or cross pollinated; flowers are visited by insects due to the presence of
nectaries. Cleistogamy is found in Cardamine chenopodifolia. Anemophilous
pollination is found in Pringlea.

Floral formula:

 Distribution of Brassicaceae:
This family is also called Brassica family. The family includes 375 genera and
3200 species according to Willis. It is distributed all over the world but mainly
confined to the Mediterranean region and north temperature regions.

Economic Importance of Brassicaceae:

This family is of considerable economic importance.

1. Food:
The plants of this family which are cultivated as vegetable crops are:
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis (H. Phul gobhi), B. oleracea var. capitata (H.
Band gobhi), B. oleracea var. caulorapa (H. Gand-gobhi), Brassica campestris
var. sarson (white mustard), Brassica rapa (H. Shalgam), Raphanus satiuus (H.
Muli), are edible and cooked as vegetables.

2. Oil:
The seed of B. campestris (or white mustard) yield mustard oil or Karwa-tel
which is widely used as a cooking medium. B. nigra (H. Kalirai) and B. juncea
(H. rai) also produce oil.

After extracting oil the cake is left behind which is highly nutritious as a cattle
feed; the oil cake is also used as soil fertilizer. Raphanus seeds also produce a
pungent oil which is often used in adulteration of sarson oil; this oil has
digestive properties.

3. Medicines:
The leaves and tender shoots of Lepidium sativum are used in liver complaints,
asthma, cough and bleeding piles. Rorippa montana is an appetizer and a
stimulant. The seeds of Cheiranthus cheiri are used in bronchitis and fever. The
flowers are used in paralysis and impotency. Lobularia is used for gonorrhoea.
Iberis amara is used in rheumatism and gout.
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4. Ornamentals:
Some plants are grown in gardens for their beautiful flowers viz. Cheiran thus
cheiri (wall flower), Iberis amara (candituft) Lobularia, Matthiola (stock),
Hesperis (rocket), Alyssum, Lunaria (honesty) etc.

 Evolutionary trends

Primitive characters:
1. Leaves simple and alternate.

2. Flowers hermaphrodite, hypogynous and actinomorphic.

3. Calyx and corolla free.

4. Stamens polyandrous.

5. Ovules anatropous.

Advanced characters:
1. Plants are generally herbs-annual or biennials.

2. Leaves exstipulate.

3. Flowers ebracteate and sometimes zygomorphic (Iberis).

4. Gynoecium bicarpellary and syncarpous.

5. Fruit simple.

Common plants of the family:

1. Brassica campestris (Sarson) – a cultivated herb.

2. Iberis amara (Chandni) – annual, ornamental, herb cultivated in winter.

3. Cherianthus cheiri (Wall flower) – ornamental annual herb.

4. Rorippa monatna (Water cress) – semi wild.

5. Capsella bursa – pastoris (Shepherd’s purse) – common weed.

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6. Farsetia jaquemontii – common weed.

7. Coronopus didymus ( Senebiera didyma) - wild in waste places.

8. Eruca sativa (Tara mira) – cultivated for seeds that yield an oil.

Important Types of Brassicaceae:

1. Brassica campestris, Linn.

Habit and habitat:

An annual herb, cultivated for seeds which yield oil.

Root:
Tap and branched.

Stem:
Herbaceous erect, cylindrical, solid, glabrous or hairy.

Leaf:
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Simple, alternate, exstipulate, lower ones lyrate and upper oblong or

lanceolate, unicostate reticulate venation, hairy, sessile.

Inflorescence:
A corymbose-raceme.

Flower:
Ebracteate, pedicellate, complete, actinomorphic, hermaphrodite, cruciform,
tetramerous, hypogynous, and yellow.

Calyx:
Sepals 4 (2 + 2) in two whorls, outer whorl antero-posterior, the two lateral one
saccate, green, polysepalous, inferior.

Corolla:
Petals four, polypetalous, cruciform, valvate, inferior, yellow.

Androecium:
Stamens six, tetradynamous, in two whorls, the outer with two short lateral
stamens and inner with four long stamens arranged in two median pairs.
Basifixed, polyandrous, introrse. Four green nectaries are present, on the inner
side of each short stamen and a similar one at the base but outside each pair of
long median stamens, inferior.

Gynoecium:
Bicarpellary, syncarpous, superior, unilocular becoming bilocular by the
development of false septum called – replum; parietal placentation, style short,
stigma bilobed.

Fruit:
Siliqua.

Seed:
Non-endospermic.

Floral formula:
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2. Iberis amara, Linn.

Habit and habitat:

Herbaceous annual, cultivated in the gardens.

Root:
Tap, branched and annual.

Stem:
Herbaceous, erect, branched, cylindrical, solid, green and glabrous.

Leaf:
Cauline, ramal, alternate, simple, exstipulate, sessile, glabrous, or hairy,
unicostate reticulate venation.

Inflorescence:
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Corymbose raceme.

Flower:
Ebracteate, pedicellate, complete, zygomorphic, zygomorphy is due to two
longer anterior petals, tetramerous, hypogynous, white.

Calyx:
Sepals 4, polysepalous, in two whorls of two each, green, imbricate aestivation,
inferior.

Corolla:
Petals 4, polypetalous, cruciform, petals unequal-2 posterior smaller and 2
anterior longer, valvate, white.

Androecium:
Stamens 6, polyandrous, arranged in two whorls; outer of 2 short stamens and
inner of 4 longer stamens, tetradynamous, anthers basifixed and introrse.

Gynoecium:
Bicarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, unilocular but becomes bilocular due
to the formation of false septum – the replum, parietal placentation; style short;
stigma capitate.

Fruit:
A silicula.

Seed:
Non endospermic.

Floral formula:

 Phylogenetic relationship of Brassicaeae:

Numerous studiesy demonstrated that morphological characters in the Brassicaceae

are highly homoplasious, making it virtually impossible to utilize them alone in
establishing phylogenetic relationships on a family-wide basisFruit morphology and
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seed embryo type (position of the radicle in relation to cotyledons) have been used
almost exclusively in the delimitation of taxa at all taxonomic levels, but particularly
at generic and tribal ranks, while floral, vegetative, and trichome characters have
often been considered far less significant

Despite the conservative floral architecture of the family, there can be enormous
variation among related groups or even within genera. For example, Lepidium,
Heliophila, Alyssum L., and Streptanthus Nutt. all exhibit tremendous floral
diversity that is quite useful in defining lineages and assessing relationships

PAPAVERACEAE FAMILY

Characters of Papaveraceae:
Leaves alternate, simple, lobed, latex present, flower solitary, actinomorphic,
hypogynous. Sepals two or three, caducous, petals 2 or 3, stamens numerous,
free, sometimes reduced to four or two, anthers extrorse, carpels two or many,
parietal placentation, fruit capsule.

A. Vegetative characters:
Habit:
The members of this family are mostly annual or perennial herbs, shrubs
(Dendromedon), rarely trees (Bocconia). The plants have latex which may be
white or yellowish in colour.

Root:
Tap root and branched

Stem:
Erect, herbaceous, branched, cylindrical and woody in Bocconia.

Leaves:
Radical simple, alternate, exstipulate, dissected (Fumaria, Chelidonium).

B. Floral characters:
Inflorescence:
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Solitary terminal (Papaver), axillary raceme and panicles (Bocconia).

Flower:
Ebracteate, pedicellate, actinomorphic, complete, di- or trimerous,
hypogynous rarely perigynous (Eschscholtzia)

Calyx:
Sepals 2 or 3, polysepalous, caducous and inferior.

Corolla:
Petals 2 + 2 or 3 + 3 or more, rolled or crumpled in bud, polypetalous, brightly
coloured.

Androecium:
Stamens four or indefinite (Papaver, Argemone), polyandrous, filament
slender; anthers dithecous and extrorse.

Gynoecium:
Carpels two or more syncarpous; ovary superior (slightly perigynous in
Eschscholtzia), unilocular, parietal placentation; ovules numerous, stigma
sessile, persistent forming a crown in the fruit.

Fruit:
Capsule, dehiscence by valves or pores, rarely nut.

Pollination:
Entomophilous.

Floral formula:
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Distribution of Papaveraceae:
The family is commonly known as poppy family. It consists of 28 genera and
700 species (Rendle) out of which 45 species are found in India. The members
of this family are well distributed in the northern extra-tropical and temperate
countries. Some are also found as weeds throughout the world.

Economic Importance of Papaveraceae:

1. Food:
Seeds of Papaver somniferum are used as condiment and food of people.

2. Medicinal:
Opium is obtained from the latex of the unripe fruits of Papaver somniferum.
Opium is supposed to contain some 25 alkaloids; the better known are
morphine, codeine, narcotine etc. Opium is a powerful narcotic and is used for
addiction.

Medicinally the alkaloid are quite valuable. Morphine is widely used to relieve
pain as it acts on the sensory cells of the brain and the patient is lulled into an
artificial sleep. Codeine is used in cough syrups as a mild sedative.

The roots of Sanguinaria canadensis produce bloodroot and are used in

rheumatism and dyspepsia. The seeds of Argemone produce an oil which is
used for adulterating mustard oil. This oil is of course harmful to man.

3. Ornamental:
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Papaver rhoeas, Eschscholtzia, Sanguinaria are cultivated as ornamental

garden plants.

 Phylogenetic relationships of Papaveraceae:

The family Papaveraceae stands very close to Ranunculaceae and
Nymphaeaceae. The morphological structure of flowers of Platystemon
establish a link between Papaveraceae and Nymphaeceae.

A.C. Joshi observed gynophore formation in some abnormal flowers of

Argemone which may suggests that Papaveraceae has close affinity with
Capparidaceae.

The pod shaped ovary with the parietal placentation are characters of
Papaveraceae shared with the Brassicaceae and Capparidaceae. But the seeds
of Papaveraceae are albuminous.

Some authors have treated Fumariaceae as a sub-family of Papaveraceae while

Hutchinson recognised it as a separate family.

Evolutionary trends
Primitive characters:
1. Presence of shrub and tree (Bocconia).

2. Leaves simple and alternate.

3. Flowers hermaphrodite, hypogynous and actinomorphic.

4. Calyx and corolla free.

5. Stamens numerous, free and produce abundant pollen.

6. Carpels many and loosely united (Platystemon).

7. Ovules anatropous and many on each placentum.

Advanced characters:
1. Plants are mainly herbs.
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2. Leaves are deeply incised (Argemone).

3. Flower perigynous (Eschscholtzia).

4. Calyx gamosepalous (Echscholtzia).

5. Gynoecium syncarpous.

Important Types of Papaveraceae:

Papaver rhoeas Linn (Garden Puppy):

Habit:
An annual ornamental herb.
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Root:
Tap, branched and annual.

Stem:
Erect, herbaceous, cylindrical, fistular, branched, green, and hairy.

Leaves:
Alternate, exstipulate, simple, sessile, leaf-base sheathing, apex acute, margin
hairy, unicostate reticulate venation.

Inflorescence:
Solitary terminal.

Flower:
Ebracteate, pedicellate, complete, hermaphordite, actinomorphic, hypogynous,
land drooping.

Calyx:
Sepals 2, polysepalous, caducous, hairy, inferior.

Corolla:
Petals 4, polypetalous, caducous, hairy, imbricate aestivation, inferior.

Androecium:
Stamens indefinite arranged in 2-3 whorls, polyandrous, basifixed, dithecous
and extrorse.

Gynoecium:
Polycarpellary, syncarpous, superior, unilocular, parietal placentation, ovules
many, persistent stigma with sessile stigmatic rays.

Floral Formula:

2. Argemone mexicana. Linn (Prickly Poppy):

Habit:
Erect, annual herb.

Root:
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Tap, branched.

Stem:
Herbaceous, erect, cylindrical, solid, spiny, sparingly branched with yellow
latex.

Leaves:
Radical, cauline, simple, exstipulate, sessile, spiny, green, alternate and
unicostate reticulate venation.

Flower:
Ebracteate, pedicellate, complete, hermaphrodite, actinomorphic, trimerous,
hypogynous.

Calyx:
Sepals 3, polysepalous, caducous, prickly, twisted aestivation.

Corolla:
Petals 6, in two whorls of 3 each, polypetalous, yellow.

Androecium:
Stamens indefinite, polyandrous, arranged in several whorls, filament long,
anthers basifixed, dithecous, extrorse.

Gynoecium:
Pentacarpellary, syncarpous, ovary superior, unilocular, parietal placentation,
many ovules on each placentum, stigma as many as carpels, red, style absent.

Fruit:
Capsule.

Floral formula:
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REFRENCES:
www.biologydiscussion.com
www.britannica.com
www.reed.edu
www.pakbs.org
www.bioone.org