Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Effects of PFA and GGBS on Early-Ages Engineering Properties of Portland Cement Systems
Xiangming Zhou , Joel R. Slater, Stuart E. Wavell, Olayinka Oladiran
Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, volume 10 ( 2012 ), pp. 74-85
Estimation of strength, permeability and hydraulic diffusivity of pozzolana blended concrete through
pore size distribution
B. Kondraivendha , B. Sabet Divsholi , Susanto Teng
Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, volume 11 ( 2013 ), pp. 230-237
Effect of nano-CaCO3 on compressive strength development of high volume fly ash mortars and
concretes
Steve W. M. Supit, Faiz U. A.Shaikh
Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology, volume 12 ( 2014 ), pp. 178-186
Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 12, 468-477, November 2014 / Copyright © 2014 Japan Concrete Institute 468
Scientific paper
Abstract
The pozzolanic reactivity of waste glass powder was experimentally studied at cement replacement levels of 0, 15, 30,
45 and 60% by weight. Results revealed that the concrete compressive strength was not decreased by the cement substi-
tution after 28 days because of the pozzolanic reaction between glass powders and cement hydration products, if the
replacement is below 30%. Also, the resistance to chloride ion and water penetration continuously increases with in-
creasing glass powder content up to 60% cement replacement. At 60% replacement level, the electrical resistivity and
water penetration depth were reduced by 95% and 80%, respectively, while the compressive strength was maintained as
85%. These improvements in durability properties are due to the refined microstructures, particularly at the interfacial
transition zone. Pore size distribution was measured to confirm the refinement in the capillary pores, which partially
block the pathways for water and chloride ions. This study also demonstrates that high performance concrete (improved
strength and impermeability against chloride and water) could be achieved by using glass powder as 15% additive,
which contributes to the pozzolanic reaction instead of being inert fines for compact packing.
rarely been reported (Shi et al. 2005). They found that Table 1 Chemical compositions of OPC and glass
curing temperature have a more obvious accelerating powder.
effect on the pozzolanic reactivity of glass powder than Composition, % OPC Glass powder
on that of fly ash. Both the hydration and pozzolanic SiO2 20.8 72.08
reaction greatly govern the structure formation and Al2O3 4.6 2.19
hence all properties like strength development and du- Fe2O3 2.8 0.22
rability. CaO 65.4 10.45
As reviewed above, the properties of concrete with MgO 1.3 0.72
glass powder as cement replacement in higher propor- SO3 2.2 —
Na2O 0.31 13.71
tion remains an unexplored area. Therefore, this re-
K2O 0.44 0.16
search aims to study the pozzolanic reaction of GP up to
TiO2 — 0.1
60% cement replacement and its influence on the micro-
Cr2O3 — 0.01
structure of cement paste, which has not been investi-
gated before. The hydration rate and rheological proper- Table 2 Mix proportion of concrete with different glass
ties of paste were also characterized. The chemical powder replacement levels.
composition and calcium hydroxide content of the hy- Content, kg/m3
drated products were analyzed at different ages. Also, Mix No. Glass Coarse
Water Cement Sand
the microstructure development of cement paste was Powder aggregate
determined by measuring the pore size distribution. At OPC 185 380 0 960 825
the same time, the compressive strength and resistance 15GP 185 323 57 955 825
to chloride and water penetration were investigated for 30GP 185 266 114 947 825
concrete with the same cement replacement levels as the 45GP 185 209 171 940 825
60GP 185 152 228 933 825
paste. The influence of pozzolanic reaction on the tran-
OPC+15GP 185 380 57 907 825
sition zone between aggregate particles and cement
paste is discussed. Based on the results, the optimum
cement replacement content by glass powder is sug- GP is amorphous and its X-ray diffraction (XRD) pat-
gested. tern is compared with OPC in Fig. 3. GP has a negligi-
ble water absorption capacity of 0.07%. Coarse aggre-
2. Experimental program gate with a maximum size of 10 mm was used in con-
crete. The fineness modulus of natural sand was 2.80.
2.1 Materials
The crushing process of recycled waste glass can be 2.2 Specimens
found in the authors’ previous work (Tan and Du 2013; The microstructure of cement paste with various con-
Du and Tan 2014a, 2014b). Waste bear bottles (soda tents of GP was investigated. The water to cement (w/c)
lime glass) were collected from a local recycler in Sin- ratio for the paste is 0.485 by weight. The mix propor-
gapore. To finely grind the sand-sized particles, a ball tion for concrete is listed in Table 2. Cement was re-
miller was used. The size distributions of ground GP placed by GP at 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60% by weight. An
and cement used in this study are shown in Fig. 1. Both additional mix (OPC+15GP) was cast in which the GP
cement and GP show the same median particle size of was used as an additive, instead of replacing cement at a
around 10 µm. The chemical compositions of GP and content of 15%. Compared to the use of cement re-
OPC are displayed in Table 1. The specific gravities of placement, the addition of GP in this mix leads to a
cement and GP are 3.15 and 2.53, respectively. The sur- lower water-to-binder (w/b) ratio of 0.42. This could
face appearance of GP and OPC are compared in Fig. 2. help examine the utilization of GP as additive in high
performance cementitious composites. For each paste
100
mix, three 50 mm cube specimens were prepared. For
each concrete mix, nine 100 mm cubes and five
Φ100×200 mm cylinders were cast for compressive
80
Percentage passed, %
A=alite, C3S
B,
A,
B=belite, C2S
Alu=aluminate, C3A
B
A,
F=ferrite, C4AF
B
A
A,
G=gypsum, CaSO4
P: Periclase, MgO
B
A,
u
Al
G
A,
A F A A A
u
G
Al
A
B
G
P F
F
G
A,
A AB A,B
B,
A,
A
F,
OPC
GP
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2θ
Fig. 3 XRD patterns for OPC and GP.
2.3 Test methods before testing, at the age of 7 and 91 days. Micromerit-
The rheological properties of cement paste containing ics AutoPore III with a maximum mercury pressure of
GP were determined by a coaxial-cylinder viscometer 412.5 MPa was used to measure the pore size distribu-
named RotoVisco 1. After mixing the cement paste in tion. For XRD and TGA analyses, paste samples were
the Hobart mixer for about 3 minutes, a sample weigh- cured in 105 ˚C oven for 24 hours and then finely
ing about 150 g was taken out and placed in the outer ground to be less than 75 µm. Shimadzu XRD-6000
cylinder of the viscometer, followed by inserting the diffractometer was employed to qualitatively determine
inner cylinder immediately. The sensor then started to the influence of GP on the chemical composition of the
rotate at different shear rate while the torque was re- hydrated production. The XRD scan was between 10˚
corded. Isothermal calorimetry was performed on tripli- and 60˚ with a speed of 0.5˚/min. TGA was carried out
cate paste samples by using an eight-channel microcalo- using LINSEIS L81-II. The powder sample was heated
rimeter (TAM AIR). from ambient temperature up to 950˚C at a rate of
Paste samples were taken from the center of 50 mm 10˚C/min while the weight loss was recorded during the
cube specimens for the purpose of mercury intrusion TGA test. The content of CH could be obtained from
porosimetry (MIP), XRD and thermogravimetric analy- two different intervals in the weight loss curve, corre-
sis (TGA). For MIP test, paste samples (around 1 cm in sponding to the decomposition of Portlandite and calcite,
cubic shape) were dried in dessicator at 50 ˚C for 1 day respectively.
H. Du and K. H. Tan / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 12, 468-477, 2014 471
45GP
60GP
OPC+15GP μ tional GP, attributed to the increased amount of solid-to-
60
1 water ratio.
6
Rate of heat evolution, mW/g (a) OPC 300 (b) OPC
5 15GP
2 100
1 50
0 0
0 12 24 36 48 60 72 0 12 24 36 48 60 72
Time, h Time, h
Fig. 5 (a) Rate of heat evolution, and (b) cumulative heat of cement paste with various replacement levels with glass
powder.
CH
CH
7-day used to find the beginning and the end of the derivative
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 peak and measure the weight loss correspondingly (Ko-
2θ caba 2009). In the temperature range of about 425 and
(b) 550 ˚C, the amount of CH can be calculated by deter-
91-day mining the water loss during the CH decomposition:
Ca(OH)2→CaO+H2O. Also, the influence of carbona-
28-day tion on the CH content could be evaluated by the mass
loss in the temperature range of 650 and 800 ˚C, where
CH
CH
CH
CH
7-day
CaCO3→CaO+CO2. Hence, the content of CH was cal-
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
2θ
culated taking into account molecular weight of each
component and were calculated as percentage of the dry
(c) weight at 105 ˚C.
91-day
As shown in Fig. 7(b), the CH content in the refer-
ence OPC paste remained at above 20% of the total
28-day weight after 28 days of curing, which is similar to pre-
vious findings (Jawed et al. 1978). With higher cement
CH
CSH
CSH
CH
CH
7-day
100 0.00 25
95 OPC
-0.02
90
% Ca(OH)2
85 -0.04 15
Portlandite 30GP
80 -0.06 10
75 Calcite
-0.08 60GP
5
70
(a) (b)
65 -0.10 0
200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 0 7 28 56
91 84 91
91
Temperature, °C Curing time, days
Fig. 7 (a) TG and DTG curves for OPC paste at 28-day and (b) Portlandite content at different ages.
the role of inert filler without being activated. The re- With longer curing time, all the concrete mixtures ex-
sults in this study indicate that GP will exhibit obvious hibited reduction in the total charge passed due to the
pozzolanic reaction provided that the replacement level further hydration of OPC. The reduction caused by glass
is lower than 30%. Mix of OPC+15GP exhibited much powder became more distinct, especially for OPC re-
higher increase in compressive strength, that is 32%, placement between 15 and 45%. This further reduction
25% and 24% at 7, 28 and 91 days, respectively. It is attributed to the pozzolanic reaction between GP and
would be readily for the added fine GP to react as poz- cement paste, resulting in a more refined microstructure
zolans instead of being inert fillers. of secondary C-S-H especially at the ITZ as well as a
The pozzolanic reaction improves not only the pore lower concentration of ions. Glass powder has a similar
structure in the bulk cement paste but also at the interfa- effect on the RCPT result whether it adds to or replaces
cial transition zone (ITZ) between coarse aggregates OPC as cementitious material, particularly in the long
and cement paste. This ITZ governs the mechanical and term. At an early age, concrete mix with 15% GP addi-
transport properties of concrete since it is more porous tion has a higher resistance possibly because of the hy-
compared to the bulk paste. CH content is also relatively dration acceleration effect of GP, as discussed earlier.
higher at ITZ which favors the pozzolanic reaction of
glass powder. The enhanced microstructure at ITZ has 3.8 Water penetration resistance of concrete
contributed to the compressive strength with up to 30% The water penetration depth into concrete with different
GP content. contents of GP is shown in Fig. 11. Consistent with the
RCPT results, the depth of water penetration continu-
3.7 RCPT result of concrete ously decreases with higher glass powder content. Rela-
The total charge passing the concrete with different tive to the plain concrete, the water penetration depth
OPC replacement levels are shown in Fig. 10, at 7, 28 was reduced by 54, 65, 68 and 80% for cement re-
and 91 days. Due to the low voltage applied in this study, placement level of 15, 30, 45 and 60%, respectively.
the temperature rise during the 24 hours test was less Concrete with 15% GP additive showed much lower
than 3 ˚C. The RCPT results show that the total charge water penetration depth compared to the plain concrete.
passed decreased significantly with increasing glass The refined pore structure, particular the ITZ is the main
powder content, regardless of the test age. RCPT is es- reason for this reduced permeability. The reduction in
sentially an indication of the electrical conductivity, the total charge passed in the RCPT tests at 28 days was
instead of a direct measurement for chloride permeabil- 60, 81, 89 and 95% for 15, 30, 45 and 60% of glass
ity. Therefore, the result depends on not only the pore powder content, respectively. Contrary to RCPT results,
structure but also the chemistry of the pore solution, the resistance to water penetration can accurately reflect
such as ions (Ca2+, Na+, K+, OH-, etc) concentrations. the pore structure. Hence, both accelerated and non-
However, it is the pore structure and not the pore chem- accelerated tests demonstrate the better resistance
istry that govern the transport of ions in cement com- against chloride ions and water ingress, for concrete
posites. Therefore, it is also questionable to use RCPT containing glass powder as cement replacement and
to assess the permeability of concrete with supplemen- additive.
tary cementitious materials such as silica fume and fly
ash (Shi et al. 1998). 3.9 Interfacial transition zone in concrete
At 7 days, the total charge passed reduced almost The microstructures of paste at ITZ are compared for
linearly with decreasing OPC content. The primary rea- plain concrete and 30% GP concrete in Fig. 12. It is
son could be the dilution of OPC in the concrete, as a clear to find CH (plate crystals) and ettringite (needle
result of which there are fewer ions in the cement paste. shape) in the paste of the OPC concrete. Large pores
6000 30
Total charge passed, Coulombs
7-day
5000 28-day
91-day
4000 20
3000
2000 10
1000
0 0
0 15 30 45 60 15%
75Addition 0 15 30 45 60 15%
75 Addition
GP content, % GP content, %
Fig. 10 RCPT results of concrete with glass powders at Fig. 11 Water penetration depth into concrete with glass
different ages. powder at 28 days.
H. Du and K. H. Tan / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 12, 468-477, 2014 475
CH
C-S-H
ettringite
C-S-H
OPC
30GP
effect of glass powder pozzolanic reaction on the con-
0.10 crete is distinct in comparison to that on paste. The rea-
60GP
OPC+15GP son is attributed to the existence of ITZ where the con-
0.08
centration of CH and water was higher and it was there-
fore easier to react with glass powder to form secondary
0.06
C-S-H, as mentioned above.
0.04
4. Conclusions
0.02
This study reported experimental results on the use of
0.00 recycled glass powder as supplementary cementitious
1E-3 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 material in paste and concrete. Unlike previous work,
Pore size, μm this study examined the effects of a higher glass powder
Fig. 13 MIP results for GP concrete at the age of 91 dosage of up to 60%. Based on the newly obtained re-
days. sults, the following conclusions can be drawn:
1. The rate and total heat generated during hydration
exist between different hydration phases. In contrast, a consistently decreased with higher GP content due to
dense and more homogenous structure is found for con- the dilution of cement in the mix. Owning to its neg-
crete with 30% glass powder. The pozzolanic reaction ligible water absorption capability, higher glass pow-
over 91 days turned crystal CH into amorphous C-S-H. der content results in a smaller shear yield stress and
Large pores were much less noticeable. This change in plastic viscosity of the paste.
the chemical compositions (more C-S-H formed) and 2. Calcium hydroxide content decreases with glass
pore size distribution (refined pore system) is the reason powder content and curing age, because of the re-
for the better mechanical and durability performances duced cement content in the initial stage and its con-
for concrete with glass powder as OPC substitution. sumption by glass powder pozzolanic reaction at the
The pore size distribution of the microstructure was later stage. Calcium hydroxide was almost depleted
also investigated for concrete including the ITZ, as at 91 days when more than 30% cement was substi-
shown in Fig. 13. It is clear that with OPC partially re- tuted by glass powder.
placed by glass powder, the pores are more refined, in- 3. An optimum cement replacement of 30% by glass
dicated by the downwards shift of the curve. From the powder was observed with respect to the develop-
figure, it can be seen that the critical pore diameter be- ment of compressive strength of concrete after 7 days.
H. Du and K. H. Tan / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 12, 468-477, 2014 476
However, with respect to the resistance to water and chloride ion penetration.” Philadelphia: American
chloride penetration, 60% seems to be the optimum Society of Testing and Materials.
replacement. Compared to the reference concrete mix, BS EN 12390-8, (2009). “Testing hardened concrete
the mix with 60% glass powder exhibited 75% part 8: depth of penetration of water under pressure.”
strength at 7 days and 85% strength at 91 days. London: British Standards Institution, London.
4. Resistance to chloride ion and water penetration re- BS EN 12390-3, (2009). “Testing hardened concrete
sistance were greatly improved by replacing cement Part 3: compressive strength of test specimens.”
with glass powder, due to the refined microstructure London: British Standard Institution.
of paste, particular at the ITZ where calcium hydrox- Carsana, M., Frassoni, M. and Bertolini, L., (2014).
ide concentration is higher and more readily available “Comparison of ground waste glass with other
for pozzolanic reaction. With 60% cement replace- supplementary cementitious materials.” Cement and
ment, the electrical resistance and water penetration Concrete Composites, 45, 39-45.
depth of concrete decreases to 5% and 20% of the Du, H. and Tan, K. H., (2013). “Use of waste glass as
reference concrete. sand in mortar: Part II - alkali-silica reaction and
5. When used as additional supplementary cementitious mitigation methods.” Cement and Concrete Compo-
material at 15% level, glass powder can obviously sites, 35(1), 118-126.
reduce the porosity and the pore size distribution. Du, H. and Tan, K. H., (2014a). “Concrete with recycled
Thus, large increases in compressive strength, resis- glass as fine aggregates.” ACI Materials Journal,
tance to water and chloride penetration were ob- 111(1), 47-58.
served. Du, H. and Tan, K. H., (2014b). “Effect of particle size
This study only investigated finely ground glass on alkali-silica reaction in recycled glass mortars.”
powder as cement replacement or additive in concrete Construction and Building Materials, 66, 275-285.
based on soda lime glass, which is the most common Du, H. and Tan, K. H., (2014c). “Transport properties of
type of glass and accounts for 90% of manufactured concrete with glass powder as supplementary
glass. It is a open question as to whether the results cementitious material.” ACI Materials Journal, ac-
could apply to other types of glass like lead glass and cepted for publication.
borosilicate glass. The pozzolanic reactivity depends on Dyer, T. D. and Dhir, R. K. (2001). “Chemical reactions
the chemical composition and properties of the glass. To of glass cullet used as cement component.” Journal of
understand the pozzolanic performance of a specific Materials in Civil Engineering, 13(6), 412-417.
glass powder, it is recommended to (1) carry out chemi- Helmuth, R., (1987). “Fly ash in cement and concrete.”
cal composition analysis to meet the minimum chemical Illinois: Portland Cement Association.
requirement for pozzolans; (2) determine the strength Jain, J. A. and Neithalath, N., (2010). “Chloride
activity index; and (3) investigate the different replace- transport in fly ash and glass powder modified
ment levels on mechanical and durability performances concretes-influence of test methods on micro-
on concrete. structure.” Cement and Concrete Composites, 32(2),
148-156.
Acknowledgements Jawed, I. and Skalny, J., (1978). “Alkalis in cement: a
The technical assistance of Ms. Li Wei and Mr. Ang review II. Effects of alkalis on hydration and
Beng Oon from the Structural Engineering and Material performance of Portland cement.” Cement and
Laboratory, National University of Singapore, in the Concrete Research, 8, 37-51.
conduct of TGA and XRD tests, is gratefully acknowl- Jin, W., Meyer, C. and Baxter, S., (2000) “Glascrete-
edged. concrete with glass aggregate.” ACI Materials
Journal, 97(2), 208-213.
References Khmiri, A., Chaabouni, M. and Samet B., (2013).
Ali, E. E. and Al-Tersawy, S. H., (2012). “Recycled “Chemical behavior of ground waste glass when used
glass as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in as partial cement replacement in mortars.” Construc-
self compacting concrete.” Construction and Building tion and Building Materials, 44, 74-80.
Materials, 35, 785-791. Kim, J., Moon, J. H., Shim, J.W., Sim, J., Lee, H.G. and
ASTM C 39/C 39M, (2005). “Standard test method for Zi, G., (2014). “Durability properties of a concrete
compressive strength of cylindrical concrete speci- with waste glass sludge exposed to freeze-and-thaw
mens.” Philadelphia: American Society of Testing and condition and de-icing salt.” Construction and
Materials. Building Materials, 66, 398-402.
ASTM C 109/C 109M, (2005). “Standard test method Kocaba, V., (2009). “Development and evaluation of
for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars methods to follow microstructural development of
(using 2-in. or [50-mm] cube specimens).” Philadel- cementitious systems including slags.” PhD thesis.
phia: American Society of Testing and Materials. Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne.
ASTM C 1202, (2005). “Standard test method for Ling, T. C., Poon, C. S. and Kou, S. C., (2011).
electrical indication of concrete’s ability to resist “Feasibility of using recycled glass in architectural
H. Du and K. H. Tan / Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 12, 468-477, 2014 477
cement mortars.” Cement and Concrete Composites, characteristics of concrete and its comparison to fly
33(8), 848-854. ash.” Cement and Concrete Composites, 30(6), 486-
Matos, A. M. and Sousa-Coutinho, J., (2012). 496.
“Durability of mortar using waste glass powder as Shao, Y., Lefort, T., Moras, S. and Rodriguez, D.,
cement replacement.” Construction and Building (2000). “Studies on concrete containing ground waste
Materials, 36, 205-215. glass.” Cement and Concrete Research, 30(1), 91-100.
McGrath, P. F. and Hooton, R. D., (1999). “Re- Shi, C., Wu, Y., Riefler, C. and Wang, H., (2005).
evaluation of the AASHTO T259 90-day salt ponding “Characteristics and pozzolanic reactivity of glass
test.” Cement and Concrete Research, 29(8), 1239- powders.” Cement and Concrete Research, 35(5),
1248. 987-993.
Mindess, S., Young, J. F. and Darwin, D., (2003). Shi, C., Stegemann, J. A. and Caldwell, R. J., (1998).
“Concrete.” 2nd ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. “Effect of supplementary cementing materials on the
Mirzahosseini, M. and Riding, K. A., (2014). “Effect of specific conductivity of pore solution and its
curing temperature and glass type on the pozzolanic implications on the rapid chloride permeability test
reactivity of glass powder.” Cement and Concrete (AASHTO T277 and ASTM C1202) results.” ACI
Research, 58, 103-111. Materials Journal, 95(4), 389-393.
Neithalath, N., (2008) “Quantifying the effects of Taha, B. and Nounu, G., (2009). “Utilizing waste
hydration enhancement and dilution in cement pastes recycled glass as sand/cement replacement in
containing coarse glass powder.” Advanced Concrete concrete.” Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering,
Technology, 6(3), 397-408. 21(12): 709-721.
Rajabipour, F., Maraghechi, H. and Fischer, G., (2010). Tan, K. H. and Du, H., (2013). “Use of waste glass as
“Investigating the alkali-silica reaction of recycled sand in mortar: Part I - fresh, mechanical and dura-
glass aggregates in concrete materials.” Journal of bility properties.” Cement and Concrete Composites,
Materials in Civil Engineering, 22(12), 1201-1208. 35(1), 109-117.
Shayan, A. and Xu, A., (2004). “Value-added utilization Wright, J. R., Cartwright, C., Fura, D. and Rajabipour,
of waste glass in concrete.” Cement and Concrete F., (2014). “Fresh and hardened properties of concrete
Research, 34(1), 81-89. incorporating recycled glass as 100% sand
Schwarz, N., Cam, H. and Neithalath, N., (2008). replacement.” Journal of Materials in Civil
“Influence of a fine glass powder on the durability Engineering, 26(10), 04014073.