Lecture1 Introduction MWN

Mobile and Wireless
Networks
Outline XP
• Introduction to Communication Systems and

11
networking
2 Introduction to Mobile & Wireless Networks
• Introduction to Wireless Networks
• A taxonomy of wireless networks
CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

(Dr. Vinod Kumar Jain) 1
Wireless Terminologies “Soup” XP
Mobile
Computer Networks Cell
Communication Networks
Cellular Handover
Ad-hoc Sensors Roaming FDMA
TDMA ITU Wibree
Wireless HomeRF
Bluetooth GSM 3GPP
3GPP2 UMB
ZigBee
EDGE ITS OFDM
Terminologies IEEE 802.xx
WiMax
WiFi RFID HAPS GPRS
LTE IMT-2000 HiperMAN
Wibro OFDMA 3G
4G
Technologies MBWA WCDMA
HSPA+
TETRA
5G
Communication Concept XP
16 Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
Communication in general is the sharing of ideas and
information. It can be also defined as:
 The act of transmitting
 A giving or exchanging of information, signals, or messages as by talk, gestures, or

writing
 A means of communicating; specifically, a system for sending and receiving

messages, as by telephone, telegraph, radio, etc.
 A passage or way for getting from one place to another
 The art of expressing ideas, especially in speech and writing
 The science of transmitting information, especially in symbols
 Communication in its most expansive sense is everything and
anything (not just information) that gets sent and received
 D a t a C ommunication is a process of transferring information
from one entity to another.

DATA COMMUNICATIONS XP
The Data Communication consist two terms: Data and

Communication.
 The term telecommunication means communication
at a distance.
 The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form is agreed upon by the parties
creating and using the data.
Data communications are the exchange of data
between two devices via some form of transmission
medium such as a wire cable or radio waves.
Components of a Communication SystemXP
Figure : Communication Systems

 The source originates a message, which could be a human voice,
a television picture or data. The source is converted by an input
transducer into an electrical waveform referred to as the
baseband signal or message signal.
 The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient

transmission. The transmitter generally consists of one or more of
the following subsystems: a pre-emphasizer, a sampler, a
quantizer, a coder and a modulator.
 The channel is a medium through which the transmitter output is

sent, which could be a wire, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, or a
radio link, etc. Based on the channel type, modern
communication systems are divided into two categories: wireline
communication systems and wireless communication systems.
 The receiver reprocessed the signal received from the channel

by undoing the signal modifications made at the transmitter and
the channel. The task of the receiver is to extract the message
from the distorted and noisy signal at the channel output. The
receiver may consist of a demodulator, a decoder, a filter, and a
de-emphasizer.
 The receiver output is fed to the output transducer,
which converts the electrical signal to its original form.
 Transmitters and receivers are carefully designed to overcome
the distortion and noise. The Goal of Physical layer
Communication System is to transmit information accurately
and efficiently (power and spectrum).

Communications and Networks XP
 C ommunications
 Transmission of signals
 Encoding, interfacing, signal integrity, multiplexing etc.
 Networking
 Topology & architecture used to interconnect devices
 Networks of communication systems
Definition of Networks XP
 A Network is a structure with cords, threads or wires crossing
each other
 C omputer Network is a group of two or more computer
systems linked together
 Using hardware and software, these interconnected computing devices
can communicate with each other through defined rules of data
communications.
 In a network, computers can exchange and share information and
resources. A computer network may operate on wired connections or
wireless connections.

Definition of Computer Networks XP
 Science definition:
 A system of computers and peripherals, such as printers, that
are linked together. A network can consist of as few as two
computers connected with cables or millions of computers that
are spread over a large geographical area and are connected
by telephone lines, fiber optic cables, or radio waves. The
Internet is an example of very large network
Wireless Networks XP
 Wireless Networks:
 Un-tethered, no physical wire attachment
 Networks utilize Electromagnetic Waves (radio waves
and/or microwaves) to maintain communication channels
between computers
 Wireless Communication is the transfer of information over a
distance without the use of electrical conductors or wires

Digital Wireless Communication Model XP
Transmitted Received
signal signal
Antenna Antenna
Channel Received
Info. info.
Source Transmitter Noise
Receiver Destination
Source Channel
Formatter Modulator
encoder encoder
Source Channel
Formatter Demodulator
decoder decoder
Signal Propagation?
Modulations?
Multiple Access?
Wireless Technologies?
Issues to be addressed
Mobile vs Wireless XP
Mobile Wireless
 Mobile vs Stationary
 Wireless vs Wired
 Wireless ⇒ Media sharing issues
 Mobile ⇒ Routing, addressing issues

Mobile communication XP
• Wireless vs. mobile Examples
  stationary computer
  laptop in a hotel (portable)
  wireless LAN in historic buildings
  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

• Integration of wireless into existing fixed networks:
– Local area networks: IEEE 802.11, ETSI (HIPERLAN)
– Wide area networks: Cellular 3G, IEEE 802.16
– Internet: Mobile IP extension
Limitations of the mobile environment XP
 Limitations of the Wireless Network

 limited communication bandwidth
 frequent disconnections
 heterogeneity of fragmented networks
 Limitations Imposed by Mobility
 route breakages
 lack of mobility awareness by system/applications
 Limitations of the Mobile Device
 short battery lifetime
 limited capacities

Wireless v/s Wired networks XP
 Regulations of frequencies
– Limited availability, coordination is required
– useful frequencies are almost all occupied
 Bandwidth and delays
– Low transmission rates
• few Kbits/s to some Mbit/s.
– Higher delays
• several hundred milliseconds
– Higher loss rates
• susceptible to interference, e.g., engines, lightning
 Always shared medium
– Lower security, simpler active attacking
– radio interface accessible for everyone
– secure access mechanisms important
Classification of Communication Networks

XP
 Signals  Service
 Analog, Digital  single service
 Scale  integrated service
 LAN, MAN, WAN, Internet  Transmission medium
 Transmission technology
 wired
 broadcast
 wireless
 point-to-point
Communication
Networks
Information Scale Services Transmission Transmission --------

Signals Technology Media
Single Service,
Digital, LAN, MAN, Broadcast, Wireless,
Integrated
Analog WAN Point-to-point Wired
services

Classification of Wireless Networks XP
 Wireless networks can be classified based on :
 Infrastructure
 Mobility
 Scale of network
 Application
 Services Coomunication
Networks
 Access technology
 Standardization
 Bandwidth
 size -------- Transmissio
n Media
--------
Wired Wireless
Access Standardizat
Infrastructure Mobility Scale Technology Application Services ions --------

 Based on infrastructure
 Infrastructured network
 composed of fixed and wired network nodes and gateways
 each main node has predefined separate role in the network
 cellular networks are infrastructured network
 PSTN backbone switches, MSCs, base stations, and mobile hosts
 Access points-based WLAN also fall into this area
 Infrastructure-less network (ad hoc networks)
 there is no pre-arrangement
 an arbitrary set of independent nodes capable of coordinating to form a
network dynamically

infrastructure
network
AP: Access Point
AP
AP wired network
AP
ad-hoc network

 Based on Access technology

 FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, OFDMA
 Based on Network application

 Sensor, wearable, pervasive, home networks
 Based on Services application

 Single service ( voice or data)
 Integrated Services (voice + data)

 Based on Standardizations
 3GPP: WCDMA, HSDPA, LTE
 3GPP2: CDMA2000, EV-DO, UMB
 IEEE: IEEE 802.11, IEEE 802.16,

 Based on Mobility
 What is Fixed, Portability , Mobility ?
 Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is designed assuming the user terminals
are fixed (static)
 No change of location during a call/connection
 A user terminals accesses the network always from a fixed location
 Portability means changing point of attachment to the network offline
 Mobility means changing point of attachment to the network online
 Fixed (Static) wireless networks

 Connected user is fixed or portable, used in case of
 Harsh Terrain
 Cost-effectiveness
 E.g.: Enabling internet access to a remote village
 Mobile wireless networks

 wireless nodes are mobile
 E.g.: Cellular networks, Mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs)

 Based on scope of the network
 Body Area Networks  Metropolitan Area Networks
 E.g.: Sensors inserted inside the body coordinate  E.g.: Community wireless networks
 Personal Area Networks  Wide Area Networks
 E.g.: Home Networking, Bluetooth and Zigbee networks  E.g.: Cellular and Satellite
 Local Area Networks networks
 E.g.: Wireless LANs, WiFi
WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN

GSM/ GPRS / CDMA IEEE802.16 IEEE802.11 Bluetooth
HyperLan
WAN
WAN-MAN
PAN
MAN
MAN-LAN
LAN-PAN
Pico-Cell
Personal Operating Space
~50km ~2km 0km ~10m

 Based on Signals passing through the systems
 Continuous or Analog signals : take on all possible values of
amplitude
 E.g.: older cellular network
 Analog modulations are used
 Digital or Discrete Signals: take on finite set of voltage levels
 E.g.: 2G and beyond Wireless Networks
 Digital Modulations are used

 Based on range (size) of channel bandwidth

 In communications, band is referred to as the range of frequencies
(bandwidth) used in the channel. Depending on the size of the band (in
terms of kHz, MHz or GHz, they can be categorized as narrowband or
broadband. The wider (or broader) the bandwidth of a channel, the greater
the information-carrying capacity, given the same channel quality.
 Narrowband wireless network
 Narrowband wireless use a smaller frequency range (bandwidth)
compared to broadband communications, E.g.: Voice telephony
network (dialup)
 Broadband wireless network
 broadband refers to a wireless networks of greater bandwidth ( in
MHz, GHz) , E.g, UWB, WiMax, LTE,..
Advantages of Wireless Networking XP

 Mobility
 Freedom to move about without being tethered by wires
 Permits many industries to shift toward an increasingly mobile workforce
 Gives team-based workers the ability to access the network resources
 E asier and less expensive installation
 Installing network cabling in older buildings can be a difficult, slow, and
costly task
 Makes it easier for any office to be modified with new cubicles or furniture
 Spatial flexibility in radio reception range: spatial reuse, coverage, mobility
 Increased reliability
 Network cable failures may be the most common source of network problems
 Disaster recovery
 In the event of a disaster, managers can quickly relocate the office

Disadvantages of Wireless Networking XP
 Higher interference and low reliability
 infrared : affected by sunlight, heat sources, physical obstacle
 radio signal : blocked by obstacles, interfered by electrical devices
 broadcast nature interfering each other
 self-interference with multipath
 Compared with wired
 lower - bandwidth, transmission rate, slower speed, degraded QoS
 higher – jitter time, delays, connection setup time
 Generally very low transmission rates for higher numbers of users (“shared
resources”)
 Highly variable network conditions
 higher data loss rate due to interference
 received power diminishment with distance
 frequent disconnection and channel change by user movement
Disadvantages of Wireless Networking XP

Limited resources
 battery, computing power, memory, disk size
Health risks
 High levels of RF can produce biological damage through heating
effects
 Wireless devices emit low levels of RF while being used
Limited availability of useful spectrum
 frequencies have to be coordinated
Lower security, simpler active attacking

radio interface accessible for everyone
 base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones
 Always shared medium
 secure access mechanisms important

Wireless Channel is Very Different! XP
 Wireless channel “feels” very different from a wired
channel.
 Not a point-to-point link: Electromagantec wave signal propagates in patterns
determined by the antenna gains and environment
 Noise adds on to the signal (AWGN)
 Signal strength falls off rapidly with distance (especially in cluttered environments):
large-scale fading.
 Shadowing effects make this large-scale signal strength drop-off non-isotropic.
 Fast fading leads to huge variations in signal strength over short distance, times, or
in the frequency domain.
 Interference due to superimposition of signals, leakage of energy can raise the
noise-floor and fundamentally limit performance:
 Self-interference (inter-symbol, inter-carrier), Co-channel interference (in a
cellular system with high frequency reuse), Cross-system (microwave ovens vs
WiFi vs bluetooth)
 Results:
 Variable capacity
 Unreliable channel: errors, outages
 Variable delays.
 Capacity is shared with interferers.
Examples of Wireless Communication XP

Systems
 Codeless telephones --- use radio to connect a portable handset to
a dedicated base station over a distance of a few tens of meters.
 Paging systems --- Communication systems that broadcast a page
from every base station in the network and send brief messages to
a subscriber.
 Cellular telephone systems --- provide a wireless connection to the
PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) for any user location
within the radio range of a system.
 Garage car opener
 Remote controllers for home entertainment equipment
 Hand-held walkie-talkies
 Wireless keyboard and mouse
 Wireless Lan router and adapter
 • …..

Wireless Vs. Wireline Communications
XP
---- Challenges in Wireless Communication Systems
 Wireless channel
 Have time varying and multipath propagation properties.
 Communicate over a medium significantly less reliable than
wired physical layer.
 Are unprotected from outside signals and interceptions. Multiuser
interference (MUI) is a significant problem in wireless
communications.
 Has neither absolute nor readily observable boundaries outside
of which stations are known to be unable to receive network
frames.
 User Mobility
 Destination address does not equal to a fixed destination location.
 Power management --- performance, interference level and
power consumption.
 Hand-off --- A mobile switches its serving base station while
moving from cell to cell.
 Location management --- tracks the user’s movement, support
users roaming delivers calls to the user at its current location.
Perspectives XP
• Network designers: Concerned with cost-effective design

– Need to ensure that network resources are efficiently utilized and
fairly allocated to different users.
• Network users: Concerned with application services

– Need guarantees that each message sent will be delivered without
error within a certain amount of time.
• Network providers: Concerned with system administration

– Need mechanisms for security, management, fault-tolerance and
accounting.

Highlight of Current
& Future trends
Outline XP
 Wireless Standards
 The Evolution path of Wireless Technologies
 Key Technologies for 4G Systems

Wirless Network Standards XP
AIE: Air Interface Evolution
LTE: Long Term Evolution
BWA: Broadband Wireless Access
Standard Development Organizations
USA mainly
Japan China Korea Japan Europe UK USA
ITU Organization XP
ITU (International Telecommunication Union) is a UN agency with the
following structure
ITU International Telecommunication Union

ITU-R Radiocommunication Sector Telecommunication
ITU-T Standardization Sector Telecommunication
ITU-D Development Sector
 Note that Standardization work: driven by the private sector

 All major ICT companies are members of ITU
 ITU is uniquely different from other UN organizations in that the private sector has
rights to participate on equal footing with governments, and actually are responsible
for all technical standards developed by ITU, which are called "Recommendations"
 http://itu.int/aboutitu/structure

What is 3GPP & 3GPP2? XP
The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) is a
collaboration between groups of telecommunications
associations, known as the Organizational Partners.
The initial scope of 3GPP was to make a globally
applicable third-generation (3G) mobile phone system
specification based on evolved Global System for
Mobile Communications (GSM) specifications within the
scope of the International Mobile Telecommunications-
2000 project of the International Telecommunication
Union (ITU).
What is 3GPP & 3GPP2? XP

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2),

specifies standards for another 3G technology based on
IS-95 (CDMA), commonly known as CDMA2000.
The 3GPP support team (also known as the "Mobile
Competence Centre") is located at the ETSI headquarters
in Sophia-Antipolis (France).

3GPP & 3GPP2 Parteners XP
 The 3GPP is a global collaboration between 6 partners as shown

below.
 The group aims to develop a globally accepted 3rd-generation
mobile system.
3GPP Organizational Partners

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) Japan
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions (ATIS) USA
China Communications Standards Association (CCSA) China
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Europe
Telecommunications Technology Association (TTA) Korea
Telecommunication Technology Committee (TTC) Japan
3GPP Releases XP
3GPP standards are structured as Releases. Discussion of 3GPP thus frequently refers
to the functionality in one release or another
Version Released Info

Phase 1 1992 GSM Features
Phase 2 1995 GSM Features, EFR Codec,
Release 96 1997 Q1 GSM Features, 14.4 kbit/s User Data Rate,
Release 97 1998 Q1 GSM Features, GPRS
Release 98 1999 Q1 GSM Features, AMR, EDGE, GPRS for PCS1900
Release 99 2000 Q1 Specified the first UMTS 3G networks, incorporating a CDMA air interface
Release 4 2001 Q2 Originally called the Release 2000 - added features including an all-IP Core Network
Release 5 2002 Q1 Introduced IMS and HSDPA

Release 6 2004 Q4 Integrated operation with Wireless LAN networks and adds HSUPA, MBMS, enhancements to
IMS such as Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC), GAN
Release 7 2007 Q4 Focuses on decreasing latency, improvements to QoS and real-time applications such as VoIP.
This specification also focus on HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access Evolution), SIM high-
speed protocol and contactless front-end interface (Near Field Communication enabling
operators to deliver contactless services like Mobile Payments), EDGE Evolution.
Release 8 2008 Q4 First LTE release. All-IP Network (SAE). New OFDMA, FDE and MIMO based radio interface,
not backwards compatible with previous CDMA interfaces. Dual-Cell HSDPA.
Release 9 2009 Q4 SAES Enhancements, WiMAX and LTE/UMTS Interoperability. Dual-Cell HSDPA with MIMO,
Dual- Cell HSUPA.
Release 10 2011 Q1 LTE Advanced fulfilling IMT Advanced 4G requirements. Backwards compatible with release
8 (LTE). Multi-Cell HSDPA (4 carriers).
Release 11 Planned to 2012 Q3 Advanced IP Interconnection of Services. Service layer interconnection between
national operators/carriers as well as third party application providers.
Release 12 TBD Content still open (as of January 2012).

3GPP: Building on Releases XP
Release 99: Enhancements to Release 10 LTE-Advanced

GSM data (EDGE). Majority of meeting the requirements set
deployments today are based by ITU’s IMT-Advanced
on Release 99. Provides project.
support for
GSM/EDGE/GPRS/W CDMA
radio-access networks. Also includes quad-carrier
operation for HSPA+.
Release 4: Multimedia Release 9: HSPA and LTE

messaging support. First steps enhancements including
toward using IP transport in HSPA dual-carrier operation
the core network. in combination with MIMO,
EPC enhancements,
femtocell support, support for
Release 5: HSDPA. First regulatory features such as
phase of Internet Protocol emergency user- equipment
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). positioning and Commercial
Full ability to use IP-based Mobile Alert System (CMAS),
transport instead of just and evolution of IMS
Asynchronous Transfer Mode architecture.
(ATM) in the core network.
Release 6: HSUPA. Enhanced

multimedia support through Release 8: HSPA Evolution,
Multimedia Broadcast/Multicast simultaneous use of MIMO
Services (MBMS). Performance and 64 QAM. Includes dual-
specifications for advanced carrier HSPA (DC-HSPA)
receivers. W ireless Local Area wherein two W CDMA radio
Network (W LAN) integration channels can be combined
Release 7: Evolved EDGE. Specifies HSPA+, higher order modulation and MIMO. Performance enhancements, improved
option. IMS enhancements. for a doubling of throughput
spectral efficiency, increased capacity, and better resistance to interference. Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)
Initial VoIP capability. performance. Specifies
enables efficient “always-on” service and enhanced uplink UL VoIP capacity, as well as reductions in call set-up delay for
Push-to-Talk Over Cellular (PoC). Radio enhancements to HSPA include 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) in OFDMA-based 3GPP LTE.
the downlink DL and 16 QAM in the uplink. Also includes optimization of MBMS capabilities through the
multicast/broadcast, single-frequency network (MBSFN) function.
Defines EPC.
What is IEEE? XP
 The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE, read I-Triple-

E) is a non-profit professional association headquartered in New York City
that is dedicated to advancing technological innovation and excellence
 IEEE is one of the leading standards-making organizations in the world.
IEEE performs its standards making and maintaining functions through the
IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA).
 IEEE standards affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy,
biomedical and healthcare, Information Technology (IT), telecommunications,
transportation, nanotechnology, information assurance, and many more.
 In 2005, IEEE had close to 900 active standards, with 500 standards under
development.
 O ne of the more notable IEEE standards is the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group
of standards which includes the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard and the IEEE
802.11 Wireless Networking standard

Where are we Going? XP
Cuurent Wireless Networks
2. Wireless
1. Cellular LANs -WPAN 3. Broadband
(CDMA, GSM,WCDMA HSPA) (802.11x, Wireless
802.15.x) Access (802.16,802.20)
• Outdoor • Enterprise/Hotspots • Outdoor

• Mobile • Fixed • Fixed
• Medium data rates • High data rates • High data rates
• Voice & Data • Data only • Mostly Data
More Mobility
?
More Data and voice
rates are support are
needed needed
Radio evolution roadmap towards 4G XP

3GPP , 3GPP2, Mobile WiMAX Timeline XP
All three dominating standards (3GPP, 3GPP2, Wimax) show high improvements in
uplink and downlink peak data rates in the next years
All Wireless Technologies pave the road to 4GXP

3GPP & Mobile WiMAX Timeline XP
Mobile WiMAX
Rel 1.0 Rel 1.5 Rel 2.0
802.16e-2005 802.16e Rev 2 802.16m
IP e2e Network
3GPP IMT-
HSPA HSPA+ Advanced
Rel-6 Rel-7 & Rel-8
4G
Ckt Switched Network
LTE & LTE Advanced
IP e2e Network
Mobile WiMAX
time to market
advantage
CDMA-Based OFDMA-Based
2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
Mobile Technology Evolution XP

Trend of Evolution
• Service : Voice  Multimedia
• Bandwidth : Narrow band  Wide band
• Technology : Multi-scheme  OFDM/MIMO
• Operation : Single mode  Multi-mode
• Market : Diverged  Harmonized
GOALS
 All IP network
 Broadband services
 Flexible spectrum utilization
 Seamless evolution .
 Low CAPEX and OPEX

Wireless technology evolution path toward 4G XP
2005/2006 2007/2008 2009/2010 2011/2012 2013/2014
GSM/ EDGE, 200 kHz EDGEevo VAMOS

DL: 473 kbps DL: 1.9 Mbps Double Speech
GPRS UL: 473 kbps UL: 947 kbps Capacity
UMTS HSDPA, 5 MHz HSPA+, R7 HSPA+, R8 HSPA+, R9 HSPA+, R10

DL: 2.0 Mbps DL: 14.4 Mbps DL: 28.0 Mbps DL: 42.0 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 2.0 Mbps UL: 2.0 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps UL: 11.5 Mbps UL: 23 Mbps UL: 23 Mbps
HSPA, 5 MHz
DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76 Mbps
IMT- Advance
LTE (4x4), R8+R9, 20MHz LTE-Advanced R10

DL: 300 Mbps DL: 1 Gbps (low mobility)
UL: 75 Mbps UL: 500 Mbps
X
UMB ?
1xEV-DO, Rev. 0 1xEV-DO, Rev. A 1xEV-DO, Rev. B
cdma DO-Advanced
1.25 MHz 1.25 MHz 5.0 MHz DL: 32 Mbps and beyond
2000 DL: 2.4 Mbps DL: 3.1 Mbps DL: 14.7 Mbps UL: 12.4 Mbps and beyond
UL: 153 kbps UL: 1.8 Mbps UL: 4.9 Mbps
Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX, 802.16e Advanced Mobile

scalable bandwidth Up to 20 MHz WiMAX, 802.16m
1.25 . 28 MHz DL: 75 Mbps (2x2) DL: up to 1 Gbps (low mobility)
typical up to 15 Mbps UL: 28 Mbps (1x2) UL: up to 100 Mbps
LTE: Merging Technologies XP

Mobile Broadband Coverage XP
Urban Suburban Rural
LTE LTE potential

HSPA
EDGE
Co-existence between all technologies
XP
2005-2015 Wireless Industry Forecast ( Market Potential)
56  Declining growth expected for traditional cellular infrastructure Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
(2006-2010)
 2009-10 growth driven by WiMAX 802.16e + LTE
$ (billions)
 W-CDMA expanding continues in Western Europe, North America and Japan
45
39.7
40 38.5
37.3
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
34.7
35
31.8
29.1 WCDMA/HSDPA
30
27.1
26.4
24.9 LTE (3GPP)
25 26.6 24.0
22.2 25.8 22.2
20.4 20.6
20 18.8 19.0 CDMA
17.5 (IS95-A / 1X RTT / EV-DO)
15.5
14.2 16.5
15 15.2 UMB/LTE (3GPP2)
12.5 11.9
10.8 14.0
9.4
10 11.6 11.5 11.1 10.9 8.1 10.1 7.9 iDEN
10.5 9.9 6.7
5.7 7.4 5.6
5.9
5 3.7
2.4 3.2 5.4 WiMAX Mobile (802.16e)
1.4 1.2 1.1 1.5 4.1 3.8
0.8 2.5 2.0
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Source: H&N, Strategy &
Technology , September 2007

Dr Salman Ali AlQahtani
”Everything that benefits from being connected

will be connected”
A Wider Vision: Everything Connected XP

Today 2020
Max Launch Vision
LTE performance 2009
2014
Mass 0.5
WCDMA / HSPA market
billion >6 50
billion billion
Largest 4
GSM / EDGE coverage
billion
Towards 100% penetration
Source: Informa & Ericsson

4G Networks XP
4G Architecture
4G Main Features Others
Bluetooth
CMDS
1. Smart Antenna (Beam forming: follow users BWAN
as they move) GPRS
2. New Air Interface 802.11a

3. Lower cost IP Bone
CDMA1x
WLAN Network
4. All-IP Based network architecture (IPv6 Core)
CDMA
5. Higher bandwidth 802.11b
GSM
6. Heterogeneous Network ( Multi-Standards)
2G/2.5G
7. QoS, Security, …. WCDMA
CDMA2000
8. Full integration of “hot spot” and “cellular” TDSCDMA

3G
9. Support for multimedia applications
10.Convergence of Wireline, Wireless, and IP
worlds Architecture of 4G
wireless systems
Ref. : [4G Forum]
Convergence is what 4G is about XP

Cellular Cellular
GSM 2G
Servcies
2.5/3G
&
Cellular Applications
4G
Connection
Broadcast
IP Based Core Network DVB/DAB
Short Range
PAN/LAN/WAN Layer
WLAN
Seamless connectivity to all Fixed HIPERLAN
networks, applications, &
services
Anytime Anywhere

Seamless connectivity of the networks XP
Billing VHE SIP Proxy Signalling WAP Accounting ISP
Server Gateway
The
Internet
Satellite FES
Context-aware informatio n
Centre
IP backbone
i
Broadcast Networks
(DAB, DVB-T) i
GSM /
GPRS
3G/3.5G
IP-based
Multi-Access Radio Networks micro-mobility Wireless
- will support growing services LANs
Communicate
with Any
Network
Key Technologies for 4G Systems XP

OFDM MIMO
Orthogonal Multiple Input,
Frequency Division Multiple Output
Multiplexing
▪ Multiple antennas to transmit and

▪ Increased spectrum c apacity receive radio signals
through scalable data rates ▪ Boosts data transmission speed by
▪ Low complexity number of transmitting antennas
▪ Efficient broadband data ▪ Robustness of range (allows non line-
transmission of-sight connectivity, e.g. indoor)
Multi-Hop Access Point

SDR UMTS/HSDPA
GSM/
EDGE
Server Multi-hop Node Software Defined

Internet
Radio W iMAX
AP
MHN W LAN
▪ Increase coverage by multi- 3Gplus 4G
hop nodes and intelligent Terminal

▪ Reconfiguration/multi-standard
routing ▪ Flexible spectrum management
▪ Fast deployment ▪ Device and base station negotiate
▪ Reduced infrastructure appropriate access
costs

MIMO-OFDMA is the Future of Wireless XP
Delivered
Throughput
SIMPLIFIES
SPECTRUM
4G ADVANCED RF
<200 Mbps EFFICIENCY
MIMO-OFDMA TECHNIQUES
OPTIMIZES
LEVERAGES
<20 Mbps SPECTRUM
3G CDMA BANDWIDTH
ALLOCATION
<500 kbps
2G GSM (TDMA)
Early ’90s Mid-’90s Early ’00s Mid-’00s
OFDMA offers better spectral efficiency – directly translates to higher throughput and capacity
Wireless Technologies Comparison XP

4G
WiMAX
Network
Large
Simplicity
Coverage
WiFi
Broad 802.11
Band
Full 3GPP IEEE

Security QoS
Mobility
3GPP2
3G /HSDPA

Radio Access Technologies Positioning XP
degree of mobility
ITS - Intelligent Transport
Systems,
2G 3G HAPS - High-altitude
driving, …
Stratospheric Platform Station

mobile
W-CDMA
3.9G
ITS 5G
CDMA
GSM
GPRS 4G HAPS
portable/ walking
LTE &
IEEE 802.16m
mobile
HSDPA
EDGE EV-DO
EV-DV IEEE LTE- Advanced
FlashOFDM 802.16e
(802.20) Advanced- IEEE 802.16m
WiMAX
DECT 4G
WLAN
(IEEE 802.11x) IEEE
stationary
BlueTooth 802.16a,d
nomadic
UWB
Ethernet (Twisted Pair)
Ethernet (Fiber)
Mb/s
0.1 1 10 100 103 104
4G Complete Vision XP
67
Diverse User Devices
Fully Autonomous
Converged
Ser vices 2012+ Networks
Any Service
Any Place
Software
Any Time
Independency
Any Device
Ubiquitous
Mobile Access
Any Network

Mobile Wireless Generation, Standards & Technologies
XP
Generations Standards Technologies
0G (radio
MTS · MTA · MTB · MTC · IMTS · MTD · AMTS · OLT · Autoradiopuhelin
telephones)
AMPS family AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-3, ANSI/TIA/EIA-553) · N-AMPS (TIA/EIA/IS-91) · TACS · ETACS

1G
Other NMT · Hicap · Mobitex · DataTAC
GSM/3GPP family GSM · CSD
3GPP2 family cdmaOne (TIA/EIA/IS-95 and ANSI-J-STD 008)
2G
AMPS family D-AMPS (IS-54 and IS-136)
Other CDPD · iDEN · PDC · PHS
GSM/3GPP family HSCSD · GPRS · EDGE/EGPRS (UWC-136)
2G transitional
(2.5G, 2.75G)
3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1X (TIA/EIA/IS-2000) · 1X Advanced
Other WiDEN
3GPP family UMTS (UTRAN) · WCDMA-FDD · WCDMA-TDD · UTRA-TDD LCR (TD-SCDMA)
3G (IMT-2000)
3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Release 0 (TIA/IS-856)
3GPP family HSPA · HSPA+ · LTE (E-UTRA)
3G transitional CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Revision A (TIA/EIA/IS-856-A) · EV-DO Revision B (TIA/EIA/IS-

3GPP2 family 856-B) · DO Advanced
(3.5G, 3.75G, 3.9G)
IEEE family Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) · Flash-OFDM · IEEE 802.20
3GPP family LTE Advanced (E-UTRA)
4G(IMT-Advanced)
IEEE family WiMAX-Advanced (IEEE 802.16m)
5G Research concept, not under formal development
A Wider Vision: Everything Connected XP

4G =
• Communication
• Anytime
• Anywhere
• with Anybody
• on Any device
• through Any network

Next Topics XP
Topic Description
Radio wave propagation, Multi-path characteristic of radio wave, Short/long
Radio Propagation term fading, Indoor and Outdoor propagation models.
Digital Modulation in Modern Wireless Systems: QPSK, DQPSK, p/4 DQPSK,

Modulation Techniques n-QAM, OFDM
- Contention-Based (Random-based) Protocols: ALOHA, CSMA

Multiple Access Techniques - Reservation based Protocols: FDMA, TDMA, CDMA
- Fundamental of SC-FDMA and OFDMA
Cellular Concepts Basic principles of cellular systems, e.g., Cell layout, Planning, Interference
-Fixed Channel Allocation (FCA), Dynamic Channel Allocation (DCA), Hybrid

Traffic Channel Allocation &
Channel Allocation (HCA)
Mobility - Handover, mobility management
Cellular Systems (LTE) Fundamental of LTE & LTE-Advanced
Wireless MAN (WIMAX) Fundamental of WIMAX (Fixed and Mobile)
4G Key technologies MIMO, Software Defined Radio, Cognitive Radio Networks
Operation of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN, incl. CSMA/CA, RTS/CTS, power

Wireless LAN management, 802.11a/b/g/n, 802.11e
Overview of operation of low-power wireless systems based on IEEE 802.15.1

Wireless PAN (Bluetooth) and IEEE 802.15.4 (Zigbee)


Lecture1 Introduction MWN

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Mobile and Wireless

• Introduction to Communication Systems and

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

 A giving or exchanging of information, signals, or messages as by talk, gestures, or

 A means of communicating; specifically, a system for sending and receiving

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

The Data Communication consist two terms: Data and

Components of a Communication SystemXP

Figure : Communication Systems

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

 The transmitter modifies the baseband signal for efficient

 The channel is a medium through which the transmitter output is

Components of a Communication SystemXP

 The receiver reprocessed the signal received from the channel

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

• Wireless vs. mobile Examples

  laptop in a hotel (portable)

  wireless LAN in historic buildings

  Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)

Limitations of the mobile environment XP

 Limitations of the Wireless Network

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

Classification of Communication Networks

Information Scale Services Transmission Transmission --------

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

Classification of Wireless Networks XP

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

Classification of Wireless Networks XP

 Based on Access technology

 Based on Network application

 Based on Services application

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

Classification of Wireless Networks XP

 Fixed (Static) wireless networks

 Mobile wireless networks

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

WWAN WMAN WLAN WPAN

Personal Operating Space

~50km ~2km 0km ~10m

Classification of Wireless Networks XP

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

 Based on range (size) of channel bandwidth

Advantages of Wireless Networking XP

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

Disadvantages of Wireless Networking XP

Lower security, simpler active attacking

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

Examples of Wireless Communication XP

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

• Network designers: Concerned with cost-effective design

• Network users: Concerned with application services

• Network providers: Concerned with system administration

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

Standard Development Organizations

Japan China Korea Japan Europe UK USA

ITU International Telecommunication Union

 Note that Standardization work: driven by the private sector

CS608-Mobile and Wireless Networks

What is 3GPP & 3GPP2? XP

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2),