A.

Classifications of social groups

A social group consists of two or more people who regularly interact and consider themselves a part of
the group. Sociologists differentiate between several different types of social groups. Enduring primary
groups are those that are close-knit and intimate and are typically small scale.
1. Primary group- A primary group is typically a small social group (small-scale society) whose
members share close, personal, enduring relationships. These groups are marked by members'
concern for one another, in shared activities and culture. Examples include family, childhood
friends, and highly influential social groups.
2. Secondary group- Unlike first groups, secondary groups are large groups whose relationships are
impersonal and goal oriented. People in a secondary group interact on a less personal level than in a
primary group, and their relationships are generally temporary rather than long lasting.
3. In-group- the terms refers to the social group which the members feel they belong and reassurance,
recognition, and fulfilment.
4. Out-group- An out-group is a social group with which an individual does not identify.
5. Voluntary group- A voluntary group or union (also sometimes called a voluntary organization,
common-interest association, association, or society) is a group of individuals who enter into an
agreement, usually as volunteers, to form a body (or organization) to accomplish a purpose.
6. Involuntary group- An involuntary group is a collection of individuals who work together because
they have no choice. They may be forced or involuntary threatened with penalty if they refuse to
become a part of group this group.
B. Types of crowd
1. A casual crowd is a collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time. The
people in this type of crowd have no real common bond, long-term purpose, or identity. An example
of a casual crowd is a gathering of people who are waiting to cross the street at a busy intersection in
a large city.
2. Conventional crowd result from more deliberate planning with norms that are defined and acted
upon according to the situation. See, this crowd is starting to form a circle around the man on the
platform. They have decided that this is the appropriate action to take.
3. The active crowd identifies an object or group of objects outside itself and proceeds to act directly
upon it or them.
4. An expressive crowd is a collection of people who gather primarily to be excited and to express one
or more emotions.
C. Others kinds of groups
 1. Ethnocentric is the belief of superiority is one's personal ethnic group, but it can also develop from
racial or religious differences. Ethnocentric individuals believe that they are better than other
individuals for reasons based solely on their heritage.
2. Xenocentric group- is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else's culture
rather than of one's own. Xenocentrism is countered by ethnocentrism, the perceived superiority of
one's own society to others.
3. Functional group- It is a group that represents a special occupational category seeking some reforms
or opposing some changes.
4. Peer group- a group of people of approximately the same age, status, and interests.
5. Reference group- A reference group is a group to which an individual or another group is compared.
Demographic Sociologists call any group that individuals use as a standard for evaluating
themselves and their own behaviour a reference group.
D. Types of peer group

1. Play group- A group whose relationships among its members are usually informal and spontaneous
and often free of adult supervision.
2. Gang- A better structured peer group then that has a more defined leadership.
3. Clique- a narrow exclusive circle or group of persons especially, one held together by common
interests, views, or purposes high school cliques.

# Explain

A. Negative side of ethnocentrism- The negative is that ethnocentrism can lead to arrogance and a tendency
to ignore the useful and even superior knowledge or mind set another group might offer.
B. Defect of bureaucratic ritualism- bureaucracies often have excessive, rigid, and sometimes petty rules
and regulations that can impede decision-making. When an organization focuses on the rules so much
that it prevents them from reaching the overall goal, it's called bureaucratic ritualism.
C. Code switching- code-switching or language alternation occurs when a speaker alternates between two
or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilinguals, speakers
of more than one language, sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each
other.