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A Study on Face Recognition Techniques with Age and Gender Classification

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 A Study on Face Recognition Techniques with Age
and Gender Classification
Sandeep Kumar Sukhwinder Singh Jagdish Kumar
Department of Electronics and Department of Electronics and Department of Electrical
Communication Engineering Communication Engineering Engineering
PEC University of Technology, PEC University of Technology, PEC University of Technology,
Chandigarh-160012, India Chandigarh-160012, India Chandigarh-160012, India
sandeepkumar.phdece15@pec.edu.in sukhwindersingh@pec.ac.in jagdishkumar@pec.ac.in

Abstract- Nowadays research has explored to extracting
auxiliary information from various biometric techniques such as
fingerprints, face, iris, palm, voice etc. This information contains
some features like gender, age, beard, moustache, scars, height,
hair, skin color, glasses, weight, facial marks, tattoos etc. All this
information contributes more and more during identification.
The major changes that come across face recognition is to find
age & gender of the person. This paper contributes a significant
survey of various face recognition techniques for finding the age
and gender. The existing techniques are discussed based on their
performances. This paper also provides future directions for
further research.
Keywords- Biometrics, Age, Face Recognition, Gender.
I. INTRODUCTION
Biometrics is the unique measurable characteristics of
automatically recognizing an individual identification based
on their physical and behavioral characteristics [1].
Physiological are regarding the physique of the body such as
fingerprint, face, palm, iris and DNA [2]. On the other hand
behavioral involves the behavior of a person such as signature,
keystrokes and voice.
In the last 51 years, the face recognition system have been
researched as their low cost and are reliable in the different
fields such as forensic, commercial, health-care,
entertainment, government, traveling and immigration etc [3].
Nowadays the biometric system is a big business in the world.
The biometrics market grew in the year of 2000 with $400
million and in the year of 2011biometrics business is $5
billion. It is expected that the biometrics business would
increase up to $23 billion in the year of 2019 [10]. Due to their
intrusive property success of some biometrics systems (i.e.
fingerprint, palm and iris) depends on user cooperation but
face recognition systems are non-intrusive as it doesn‟t require
physical interaction of users to be identified once the input is
acquired [5]. One more important characteristic is Passive
Identification which means this biometric system identifies a
person in one-to-many environments (e.g. person in a crowed
place) [6]. This is why personal authentication face
recognition is considered as the friendly among all biometrics.
The face biometric system can identify various attributes from
the image such as gender, age, beard, moustache, scars, height,
hair, skin color, glasses, weight, facial marks, tattoos etc as
shown in figure 1. From these attributes biometric system can
extract some information from the data and compares this
information with the templates in the database to determine an
identity.
Face
Gender Contact Lens Beard
AGE Glasses Moustache
Hair Cap Makeup
Skin Accessories Tattoos
Scars Facial Marks Moles
Fig. 1: Auxiliary information from the face
II. BACKGROUND
In 1960 Woody et al. gave the first semi-automated facial
recognition technique. This technique required some features
such as mouth, nose, eyes and nose on the image [2][3]. After
that, face recognition techniques came in the picture. In 2001
onwards this biometric technique increased rapidly according
to figure 2. The main goal of this literature survey is the
justification of the constantly increasing scientific interest in
face recognition biometric technique. The literature analysis
can be achieved by analyzing the publications of the last 51
years related to the face. This complete database is used from
well known Scopus database [4]. This database includes
enough information for our analysis, hence it is accepted by
the research and scientific community. This analysis has been
performed by applying the keyword „face recognition‟. The
database of face recognition for various types of publications
namely, Article, Journals, Review, Book Chapters, Conference
Papers and Book as shown in figure 3. Moreover, the
importance of face recognition is justified by the publication
of more articles and conference paper. According to figure 3.
number of book and book chapter is quite small so there is a
scope of improvement in face recognition techniques. In the
 Fig. 2: Face Recognition related publications for the past 51 years
history of face recognition the last 15 years have been found to
be most productive years in which maximum papers have been
published. This data is very high which means that the
research in the field of face recognition experiences its highest
evolution so far. The outcomes of this analysis should be
translated to more research activities and high prior-
knowledge must favor the discovering and developing of the
next generation frameworks in face recognition and
applications.
Fig. 3: Face related publications for the past 51 years for different Documents
III. CHALLENGES of FACE RECOGNITION
Most of the applications such as computer, human crowd
surveillance, face processing, artificial intelligent, content
based image retrieval and video surveillance etc. require face
detection for identification and verification the enrolled users
[7]. The skin color segmentation is the major problem for face
identification [8] [9]. Facial segmentation accuracy depends
on the pose, noise, lighting conditions and distance between
the object and the camera. The various types of challenges
coming in the picture during face detection are described
below:
A. Pose
The most challenging situation is that the human face
varies with respect to the relative camera-face pose (45
degrees, profile, frontal and upside down).
B. Facial Expression
The facial expression such as anger, fear, disgust,
happiness, sadness and surprise is most influential
temperaments for human beings to communicate their
feelings.
C. Illumination
Illumination is a major challenge during face recognition.
This factor is related to the lightening and angle of the light.
D. Occlusion
Occlusion is the main challenge during face recognition
because sometimes the face is partially covered and occluded
by others objects.
E. ImagingCondition
During the face image capture some factors such as
different lightening conditions and camera characteristic
(lenses, sensor response) affect the face recognition accuracy.
F. Different Facial Features
Different type of facial features such as glasses, beard, hair
moustache, scars, moles, tattoos, skin colors and makeup
affect the face recognition accuracy.
G. Face Size features, skin color, shape and texture are used [14, 15]. These
This factor is also a major challenge because face size can methods are very sensitive to illumination, occlusion,
vary a lot person to person. Not only different people have existence of skin color regions, and adjacent faces as shown in
different sized faces but the face closer to the camera and far figure 5.
away from the camera also pose a challenge.
H. Facial Expression
This factor depends on the nature of the images i.e. face
images vary at different camera rotations about its optical axis.
IV. CHALLENGES of FACE RECOGNITION
Face recognition is the sub-area of pattern recognition
research and technology. Overview of face recognition system
is shown in figure 4. Firstly we take input image from the (a) (b)
standard cameras and this image is known as input image [3].
Secondly pre-processing is performed to improve the image
quality and to reduce the noise in the taken images. Next
phase is face segmentation where face part is a cropped from
the human body and background of the image. In the next
phase, feature extraction is done after segmenting the input
image to a very good level and relevant features are identified
which can help in distinguishing that person to other people.
In the last phase, a template is generated for enrollment and (c) (d)
matching purpose. Finally, a matching is done at the biometric
system for identification of the authenticated person, if there Fig 5: (a) Original Image, (b) Skin Color Binary Image, (c) Skin Color
is a match then output will come in the form of user accepted Mark Area, (d) Image verified by face length breadth ratio [14]
otherwise user rejected [2][7]. Face recognition systems can C. Template-based methods
be divided into different categories: Template based methods are sensitive to pose, scale and
A. Knowledge-based methods shape variation of the human body. Deformable template
The knowledge-based techniques are based on geometry of methods have been proposed to deal with such variations of
the face and arrangement of the facial features [11]. These pose, scale and shape of the body. Template based methods
knowledge based methods describe the shape, size and texture. using the elastic models include shape parameters as well as
Some methods describe few other characteristics of facial intensity information of facial features.
features such as head, eyebrows, eyes, nose and chin [12]. The
major problem of these techniques is that they do not perform
well because of different types of pose or head orientations as
shown in my implementation results of V-J algorithm in figure
4 [13].

Fig 6: A 14x16 pixel ratio template [8]

Fig 4: Face Segmentation Results obtained on CMU dataset images
B. Feature invariant approaches
Main aim of these techniques is to find structural features
of the human face even with lighting conditions varying.
Different types of structural features such as facial local
D. Template-based methods
The appearance based methods used for face detection are
Eigen faces, Linear Discriminant Analysis, Neural Networks,
Support Vector Machine and Hidden Markov Models. With
the help of these methods the whole image is scanned and
image regions are identified as face or non face. During
template matching appearance based methods will come in the
picture.
First main step of face recognition system is face
segmentation and comparison of various types of face
detection techniques as shown in Table I. According to
literature survey face detection techniques have low accuracy
so there is a scope of improvement in term of accuracy. Georgia Tech 50 people of images.
Second main step of face recognition system is the feature Indian Movie 34512 images of 100 Indian actors are in different age,
database pose, gender, expression and occlusion.
extraction and according to Table II performance is not JAFFE 213 images of 7 facial expressions each female
optimum so there is a scope of further improvement in feature Labeled 8,500 faces (taken from Wikipedia).
extraction techniques. Various types of face databases which Wikipedia faces
are easily available for research community on the internet and LDHF Database 100 people‟s images at different distances of 60m,
some well known face database are shown in Table III. 100m, and 150m from the subject‟s.
MIT-CBCL 200 images are in different illumination, pose, and
database complex background.
TABLE I: COMPARISON OF EXISTING TECHNIQUES OF FACE YouTube 604 images of 151 subjects
DETECTION MORPH 55,134 images of 13,000 people‟s. This database
Database describes gender, date of birth, and date of acquisition.
Ref Segmentation Dataset Performance 3D face 1149 of facial color of 105 adults.
Techniques Oulu Face 125 different faces are in different illuminant
Database conditions.
[12] RGB Colour Space Self-prepared Accuracy of DR= 80%
Yale face 165 greyscale images of 15 individuals - 11 images per
120 Images
Database subject.
[16] YcbCr + RGB + FRGC 302 CDR = 82.7%
YouTube Faces 3,425 videos of 1,595 different people‟s.
Canny Edge Images FPR = 22.8%
The PUT Face 9971 images of 100 people‟s.
MR = 17.2%
[17] Skin Colour Self-prepared DR= 88.9%
[18] Adaboost & SVM MIT + CMU ER=5.41 Biometrics is the unique measurable characteristics of Despite
(2500 Images) the advantages of iris as a biometric modality, iris spoofing
[19] RGB-H-CbCr Self-prepared FDR = 28.29%
DSR = 90%
poses a threat where an imposter impersonates an enrolled
user‟s identity to gain the user‟s privileges. This poses a great
DR: Detection Rate, CDR: Correct detection Rate, FPR: False Positive Rate, challenge to iris recognition when used in large-scale
MR: Missing Rate, ER: Error Rate,, FDR: False Detection Rate, DSR:
Detection Success Rate applications. The detection of fake iris due to printed iris
image or textured contact lens can be broadly categorized as:
i) recognizing iris textural pattern, ii) exploiting biological
TABLE II: COMPARISON OF EXISTING TECHNIQUES OF FACE characteristics for iris liveness detection and iii) analyzing
FEATURE EXTRACTION
physical properties of the iris.

Ref Segmentation Feature Dataset Performance V. AGE

Techniques Extraction Face recognition systems are essential in real time
[20] Haar Features LBP CK+ and 89.64% and applications such as for identification of the missing children
and Adaboost JAFFE 85.06% and passport verification because there is significant age
[21] Adaboost LBP and FDDB DR = 0.77% difference between investigate and gallery images [26]. One
MCT and MIT and 0.91%
+ CMU more practical application in which age is a condition for
[22] Skin Color ANN LFW and CR = 89.5% access to a product is alcohol or tobacco. Table IV represents
PEAL MDR= 10.5 the comparison of various techniques to find out the ages of
FDR = 0.5%
[23] Viola-Jones SVM Self- Training time
prepared period 60%
300 increases
Images
[24] Hough SVM AR FR rate
Transform database increased by
7.7%
LBP: Local Binary Pattern, ANN: Artificial Neural Network, SVM: Support
Vector Machine, MCT: Modified Census Transform, DR: Detection Rate,
MDR: Missing Detection Rate, FDR: False detection Rate

TABLE III: COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT FACE DATABASE [25]

Database Description
AT & T 40 people with 10 images of each (different lighting
Database conditions). Fig. 7: Age related publications for the past 10 years
AR Database 4,000 color images of 70 men‟s and 56 women‟s.
CAS-PEAL Face 99,594 images of 1040 people are in different Pose, different categories. Two important factors play a vital role in
Database Expression, Accessory, and Lighting conditions. the real life. Firstly, accumulated data suggest that age
CMU Multi-PIE 750,000 images of 337 people.
CK 486 images of 97 people‟s estimation faces can be quite accurate, but there is scope of
FERET 1000 people of images further improvement because age factor is sensitive and
Kinect Face 52 people in different lighting and occlusion depends on the basis of group membership [27]. Secondly, it
Database conditions.
is proved that human face aging depends on ethnicity and preprocessing step for face recognition. The face recognition
genders. This analysis gives right directions for further has been explored in a large manner by many researchers but
research to identify the ages from the images. very few works have been explored in case of gender
TABLE IV
classification [28]. The face image is used for classifying the
EXISTING INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEWS ON AGE ESTIMATION gender, so the gender classification process can make face
TECHNIQUES recognition twice as fast by reducing the search time for
recognizing the person. Table V represents the comparison of
Ref Feature Database Accuracy
various techniques for identification to the gender.
Extraction
TABLE V: EXISTING INTRODUCTORY OVERVIEWS ON GENDER
[31] SVM FG-NET 4.07% ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES
MORPH 5.05 ± 0.11
[32] PCA+USA FG-NET 94.87% Ref. Feature Classifiers Database Accuracy
[33] Deep NN eWIT 65.8% Extraction
[34] NTCA+LBP FG-NET 48.96% [46] LBP NN FERET 80.2%
MORPH 83.8% [47] PCA LDA FERET 85%
[35] PCA/SVM CACD 94.2% [48] LBP and WLD Nearest FERET 98.82%
MORPH 92.8% Neighbor
[36] Gabor/HOG WhoIsIt 28.53 ± 1.03 [49] PCA SVM & K-NN Self- 93%
FG-Net 20.34 ± 0.47 prepared
[37] KDCV / NN FG-NET 93% Database
[38] SVM LFW 88.6 ± 0.3 [50] PCA CDLA FERET 87.44%
[39] AAM FG-NET 95% [51] Adaboost Fusion FRGCv2 86%
[40] GOP+SVM Passport EER=30.5% [52] PCA Euclidean FERET 82%
[41] GB FG-NET 82.7% [53] PCA LDA FRGC 55.47%
[42] RMIR MORFH MAE=8.6 [54] PCA SVM Self- 93.33%
[43] DML FG-NET 84% prepared
[44] SSE FG-NET MAE=5.21 [55] LBP Adaboost Private 96.32%
[45] AMF YGA MAE=8(M), 7.8(F) [56] LBP Adaboost FERET 95.75%
[57] PCA NN Private 88.7%
SVM: Support Vector Machine, PCA: Principal Component Analysis, [58] ICA LDA FERET 99.3%
LBP: Local Binary Pattern, NN: Neural Network, HOG: Histogram of [59] PCA SVM Private 91.1%
Oriented Gradient, AAM: Active Appearance Model
LBP: Local Binary Pattern, PCA: Principal Component Analysis, NN:
Neural Network, LDA: Linear Discriminative Analysis, SVM: Support
VI. GENDER Vector Machine
Gender classification is an easy task for humans to identify
a person according to his or her face but it‟s a very VII. CONCLUSION
challenging task for computers [28]. Last 10 years of gender This paper presents a comprehensive survey of face
classification for different databases are shown in figure 7. recognition and various challenges in the last 51 years. This
This analysis gives fruitful directions for further research in literature analysis showed continuously increasing interest in
the field of gender classification [29]. the field of face recognition. During face recognition some
well known problems such as pose, facial expression,
illumination, occlusion, different facial features etc. have
attained a lot of attention in the research community of
computer vision and pattern recognition. Various types of
techniques have been proposed to compensate to all these
challenges but still there are some unsolved challenges, so
there is a scope of optimization. All these analysis will give a
right direction to the researcher in future to resolve the
unsolved challenges.
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