Vardar (2005) - Time Dependent Stability Problem PDF

ITA/AITES
ITA/AITES – Training Course

TUNNEL ENGINEERING
Time dependent stability problems in tunnels

and
Time-dependent Behavior of the Rock Mass
Prepared by “Mahir Vardar”
Istanbul - 2005
5.May 1/42
1 Introduction
Index
Chapter 1
2 Rheological Characteristics and Behaviour of the Rock Masses
Chapter 2
3 Control of Stress and Deformation Changes in Time
Chapter 3
4 Changes of the Environmental Conditions in Time
Chapter 4
5 Changes of the Material Properties in Time
Chapter 5
6 Changes of the Properties and the characteristics of the discontinuous
7 Conclusions and references
Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 2/42

Introduction
1 Engineer-geological definition of the tunnel construction area
The alignment of a tunnel does not remain always in the same rock.
On the basis of the engineer-geological criteria it can be sometimes
rock, sometimes loose rock and even artificial replenishment.
But all these occurrences are mostly found within different ranges.
The most important is to know before already sufficiently where their
borders lie, as they are constituted and as they behave mechanically.

Introduction
The geological and topographical conditions intend the project parts of
a tunnel route. These areas are called as "homogeneous Zones " and
they are marked as a Rock Classes. For theses individual tunnel zones,
the measurements, construction sequence and the tunneling method has
no important changes. The construction speed remains constant.

Introduction
The size of the claimed area is decisive for the
mechanically-technical behavior of the Rock mass.

Introduction
The same geology with the same circumstances behaves mechanically different if the
opening size changes. After the engineer geological approach, for the same rock the
mechanical-technical behavior is different according to the system size. Therefore the
Diameter of the Tunnel is decisive for the technical conditions of a Rock mass.

Introduction
Vardar (1977)

Introduction

Introduction
1 Intact Rock–Rock Mass Relationship According to
Uni-axial Compression Strength
i
1 + log( N k ) f (Equation 1 )
σ in − situ = a.σ lab (VARDAR 1989)
1 + log( N k ) i
σin-situ; uniaxial compression strength expected to be in-situ
σlab;uniaxial compression strength of the rock sample
a;ratio of reducing strength of the rock according to an-isotropic loading conditions (0.2 ≤ a ≤ 1)
Nk; number of pieces affected on the construction area (rock element number)
i; number of inhomogeneity
f; number of strength reducing value ( 3 < f < 40)
The values of σlab and “coefficient a” can easily be estimated from laboratory
investigations, but for the values of i and f, more special investigations, such as
post-failure estimations, are needed.
The value of “coefficient a” can be found out by comparison of samples and is the
proportion of σmin to σmax.
a = σmin./ σmax (Equation 2)

Introduction
1 The value “f” can be estimated according to the type of rock mineral.
Rock Type “f”

Obsidian >40
Quartzite 30-40
Granite 25-35
Basalt 20-30
Sandstone 15-25
Limestone 12-20
Marl 8-15
Claystone 3-12
Number of Strength Reducing Value According to Post-Failure Investigations

Introduction
1 1 + 2i
x log( SB.k ) (Equation 3 )
f
σ in − situ = axσ lab x (VARDAR 1989)
1 + 2ix log( SB.k )
k: equivalence fracture frequency (kstini)
SB: system seniority, SB = 8 D, where D is the diameter of excavation hole
For the values of i and f, some new approaches have been developed according to the
equations of Barton and Müller.
i = κ JR (JA)0.5 (Equation 4) and

f = SRF tan φ (Equation 5)
According to this formulae, technical cohesion and internal friction angle
can be estimated.
crock = clab i0.5 σrock / σlab (Equation 6) and
internal friction angle

φrock = 90- (( 2 arctan (2 crock / σrock)) (Equation 7)

Introduction

Introduction

Introduction
1
In the tunnel construction, the optimal utilization
of the time is one of the important abandoning
situations for the mountain engineer. Therefore it
reaches on the one hand the most economic and on
the other hand the most reliable technical solution
for its building activity.
Therefore the tunneling is especially in difficult

geological conditions the art of the inspection and
control of the temporal processes.

Introduction
1
The time-dependent phenomena in tunnelling
emerge not only because of the rheological
characteristics of the Rock masses under constant
conditions, but rather they are also a component
of the environmental interaction of the technical,
physically-mechanical and or chemical processes.
Therefore the factors, that evoke the temporal

changes in the tunnel construction stages, are
comprehensively treated and discussed in this
ITA-Training Course .

Chapter 1
2
Rheological characteristics and behaviour of the Rock mass
All geological occurrences are rheological materials. Their
mechanical behavior is determined of the form and size of the
tension field, of its deformation characteristics and of the
duration of the stress.
Normally, independent from
time the breach load
(σbreach), the elastic
parameters (E, ν) under the
constant deformation speeds
and sometimes also the
volume changes are
determined.

Chapter 1
2 Rheological characteristics and behaviour of the Rock mass
All rheological materials creep under constant loads. But, the creep forms and
the sequence of these deformations are different. Some end after an accelerating
phase with a collapse and some stop after a decreasing time. How and when a
material yields, depends on the size of the stress. Each rheological material has
one critical tension valued (σcri) whereby it flows with constant speed.

Chapter 1
Comprehensively; the geological materials can behave
practically two time dependent shaping types. If the stress
is less than the critical tension, the temporal shaping allays
decreases. If the stresses are more higher than the critical
tension, the rock mass deformation starts accelerating till
collapse.

Chapter 1
Under the increasing load conditions, a creep process
develops with all these different deformation mechanisms.
1. Decreasing Stage
2. Constant Stage
3. Accelerating Stage

Chapter 1
Example: AYAŞ TUNNEL
The temporal convergence values in the Top and at both
sides of the Ayas tunnel. After 88 days, it came in km
6+760 after accelerating shaping to the breach.
1- Decreasing Stage
2- Constant Stage
3- Accelerating Stage

Chapter 1
The upper part of the graphic

shows the σ−ε− behaviour and
the under section the time
depended deformations of the
creep processes with all the
different mechanisms.
Decreasing Stage
Constant Deformation Stage
Accelerating Stage

Chapter 2
The support pressure-boundary displacement curve for elastic, stable non-
elastic and unstable non-elastic behavior of the grounds and their reactions in
according to the excavation types are shown in this figure.
After Hudson and Harrison (1997)

Chapter 2
Control of Stress and Deformation Changes in Time is to know and to
determine, how high are the stability risks in the tunnel construction stage and
how safe is the tunnel building in operating life-span.
The well-known Rabcewicz-Pacher curve for the determination of the
extension resistance is not other as the curve of the time-dependent breach
load reduction (Charakteristic 1) of the rock masses.

Chapter 2
In this sense, the task of the tunnel constructer is to measure the

convergence (generally all the shaping) systematically, to define whose
form and whose development and to determine finally accordingly the
correct time for the correct precaution.

Chapter 2
Blue sections of the diagram are for the safety conditions and the yellow
sections are risky.

Chapter 2
In this picture, stress-deformation-times dependence is summarized
represented for the determination of the technical intervention for the risk
inspection in a Tunnel construction.
Blue sections of the diagramme are for the safety conditions and the yellow
sections are risky.

Chapter 2
Deformation rate and deformation velocity define the precaution time and the
precaution type during a tunnel construction. These measured dates are
unavoidable for the risk inspection in a Tunnel.
All the yellow and red sections of the diagramme are risky.

Chapter 2
The temporal convergence values in the Top and at both sides of the Ayas tunnel in
excavation sections without Ring Closing.
Closing In spite of very strong supporting of the
tunnel walls, it came because of the missing or belated ring closing to uncontrolled
deformations and after 88 days, in km 6+760 it was broken.
Example: AYAŞ TUNNEL

Chapter 2
Development of the time dependant displacements at the
crown (Chainage 64+035, Station 49) of the Bolu Tunnel
Elmalık Portal Left Tube
6/9/12 m Single base Extensometers Example: BOLU TUNNEL
Station 49 - Ch. 64+035
Target 1 (crow n)
Installed 31/3/97
Excavated 28/3/97
RİNG CLO SURE

DS 6 m
150,00
DS 9 m
130,00
DS 12 m
Displacem ent (m m )
110,00
90,00
70,00
50,00
30,00
10,00
-10,00
29.03.1997
08.04.1997
18.04.1997
28.04.1997
08.05.1997
18.05.1997
28.05.1997
07.06.1997
17.06.1997
27.06.1997
07.07.1997
17.07.1997
27.07.1997
06.08.1997
16.08.1997
26.08.1997
05.09.1997
15.09.1997
25.09.1997
05.10.1997
15.10.1997
25.10.1997
04.11.1997
14.11.1997
24.11.1997
Chapter 2
Comparison between deformations measured by extensometers and tunnel deformation
(Bolu Tunnel-Station 49 - Ch. 64+035)
Elm alik Portal Left Tube
Com paris on betw een Extensom eters Settlement of Target 1
and Tunnel Deform ation
Station 49 - Ch. 64+035
Target 1 (crow n)
28/5/97 RING CLOSUR

Installed 31/3/97
Excavated 28/3/97
280,00
260,00
240,00
220,00 DS 12 m
200,00 Targ. 1 (mm)
180,00
Displacement (mm)
160,00
140,00
120,00
100,00
80,00
Elongation of Ext. Rods
60,00
40,00
20,00
0,00
11.03.1997
21.03.1997
31.03.1997
10.04.1997
20.04.1997
30.04.1997
10.05.1997
20.05.1997
30.05.1997
09.06.1997
19.06.1997
29.06.1997
09.07.1997
19.07.1997
29.07.1997
08.08.1997
18.08.1997
28.08.1997
07.09.1997
17.09.1997
27.09.1997
07.10.1997
17.10.1997
27.10.1997
06.11.1997
16.11.1997
26.11.1997
Chapter 2
3 Comparison between deformations measured by extensometers and tunnel deformation
Stage 1
Decreasing Deformations : ln uv,h = apri ln t + kpri
Extensometer Lenght Decreasing Deformations
0-6 m u = 4,067 ln(t) - 2,8788
6-9 m u = 10,833 ln(t) - 5,7112
Decreasing Deformations
9-12 m u = 15,265 ln(t) - 6,4731
70,00
60,00
DS 6 m u = 15,265 ln(t) - 6,4731
Displacement (mm)
50,00
DS 9 m
40,00 DS 12 m
30,00
u = 10,833 ln(t) - 5,7112
20,00
10,00
u = 4,067 ln(t) - 2,8788
0,00
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (Day)

Chapter 2
3 Comparison between deformations measured by extensometers and tunnel deformation
Stage 2
Constant Deformations : uv,h = asec t + ksec
Extensometer Lenght Constant Deformations
0-6 m u = -0,0363t + 16,534
6-9 m u = -0,0282t + 45,075
Constant Deformations
9-12 m u = -0,0435 t + 59,035
60,00
50,00
u = -0,0435t + 59,035
Displacement (mm)
40,00
DS 6 m u = -0,0282t + 45,075
30,00 DS 9 m
DS 12 m
20,00
10,00
u = -0,0363t + 16,534
0,00
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Time (Day)

Chapter 2
3 Stage 3
Accelerating Deformations : uv,h = kter exp (ater t)
uv,h = kter exp (ater t)
Extensometer Lenght Constant Deformations
0-6 m u = 0,5431e 0,021t
6-9 m u = 7,2625 e 0,0116t
9-12 m u = 9,7539 e 0,0113

Chapter 2
Main results for the time passing till to ring closure in problematical
section of the Bolu Tunnel (78 days) can be summarized as follows:
• At the crown of the tunnel 206 mm deformation occurs after 50 days

• 58 mm of this deformation is in the first 12 meters and 148 mm
of the deformation belongs to deeper areas around the tunnel.
• The velocity of the deformations at the crown is 3.3 mm/day,
but in the first 12 meters the velocity of the deformation is 1.25 mm/day
• In the first 12 meters (Area supported by the anchors) for 50 days
only 58 mm deformation,
• for the next 95 days the deformations are in acceptable ranges
• After 70 days of the ring closure the deformations start to increase,
because of not installing reinforced inner lining.

Chapter 2
Very strong Supporting of the tunnel walls were not sufficient for the
control of the deformations as long as the ring was closed and the
interiors Lining was incorporated. Stand up time was wrong calculated.
Example:
AYAŞ TUNNEL

Chapter 2
BOLU TUNNEL
Elmalik Portal
Station 49 km 64+034
Stress Measurement in the Left Tube

Chapter 2
If the measured values in Extensometers (measurement anchors) are similar to the
convergence, the anchor lengths are correctly determined. In this case, the Anchor
end lie outside of the pseudo plastic zone. Therefore they are full effective.

Chapter 3
4 Changes of the Environmental Conditions in Time
1- Natural factors
Water
Temperature
Gas
Earthquakes
2- Man made factors
Loading
Reloading
Excavation
Improvement and Consolidation

Chapter 4
5 Changes of the Material Properties in Time
Weathering and Alteration

Dissolving
Swelling

Chapter 5
6 Changes of the Properties and the characteristics of
the discontinuous
Development of the New Discontinuities
Pseudo plasticization
(Plasticization because of the loosening of the rock mass)
The change of the internal geometry of the Discontinuities

because of the mobility of the Joint elements

Conclusions
7
•In tunneling optimal time utilization is one of the most
important processes.
•For squeezing rocks, stability of the tunnel is controlled not

only with rheological conditions, the system is effected also
with system seniority (size of the excavation) and time
utilization also.
•In order to overcome the problems developped by time

dependant behavior of the rock mass, it is recommended to
design and install high strenght reinforced innerlining which
will support the whole engineering structure together with
the primary lining.

References
7
Schubert, W., Steindorfer A. (2002). Selective Displacement Monitoring during Tunnel Excavation.
Int. conference & exhibition on tunnelling and underground space use. Workshop on displacement
monitoring in tunnels. Handouts. Istanbul 2002, Turkey
Hoek, E., Carranza-Torres, C., and Corkum, B. (2002). Hoek-Brown failure criterion. Proc. 5th North
American Rock Mechanics Symposium, Toronto, July, 2002, 267-273.
Barla G., M. Barla, L. Repetto (1999). Continuum and discontinuum modelling for design analysis of
tunnels. 9th Int. Congr. on Rock. Mech., Paris, 1999, France.
Schubert, W.,(1998). Grundlagen der NATM. Technische Universität Graz Institut für Felsmechanik
und Tunnelbau, 1998, LV: 220.001
Hoek E., E.T. Brown (1997). Practical estimates of rock mass strength. Int.J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Vol.
34, pp. 1156-1186.
Singh B., Jethwa J.L., Dube A.K., Singh B. (1992) - Correlation between observed support pressure
and rock mass quality. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, 7, pp. 59-74.
Brown E.T., J.W. Bray, B. Ladanyi, E. Hoek (1983). Characteristic line calculations for rock tunnels.
J. Geotech. Eng. Div. Am. Soc. Civ. Engrs., 1983, 109. pp. 15-39.
Vardar, M. (1977), Zeiteinfluss auf das Bruchverhalten des Gebirges in der Umgebung von Tunneln,
Veröff. des Institutes für Bodenmech. und Felsmech. der Univ. Karlsruhe, 1977
Vardar, M., Koçak. C., Tokgözoğlu, F., 1998, Bolu Tünelindeki zamana bağlı deformasyonların
kökeni ve gelişimine ilişkin örneklemeler, 4. Ulusal Kaya mekaniği Sempozyumu Bildiriler Kitabı,
22-23 Ekim, Zonguldak

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ITA/AITES

ITA/AITES – Training Course

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels

Prepared by “Mahir Vardar”

7 Conclusions and references

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 2/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 3/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 4/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 5/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 6/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 7/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 8/42

a = σmin./ σmax (Equation 2)

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 9/42

Rock Type “f”

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 10/42

i = κ JR (JA)0.5 (Equation 4) and

internal friction angle

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 11/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 12/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 13/42

Therefore the tunneling is especially in difficult

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 14/42

Therefore the factors, that evoke the temporal

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 15/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 16/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 17/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 18/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 19/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 20/42

The upper part of the graphic

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 21/42

After Hudson and Harrison (1997)

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 22/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 23/42

In this sense, the task of the tunnel constructer is to measure the

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 24/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 25/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 26/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 27/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 28/42

RİNG CLO SURE

28/5/97 RING CLOSUR

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 31/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 32/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 33/42

• At the crown of the tunnel 206 mm deformation occurs after 50 days

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 34/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 35/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 36/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 37/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 38/42

Weathering and Alteration

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 39/42

Development of the New Discontinuities

The change of the internal geometry of the Discontinuities

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 40/42

•For squeezing rocks, stability of the tunnel is controlled not

•In order to overcome the problems developped by time

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 41/42

Time dependent stability problems in tunnels 42/42

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