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Department of Biophysics
Poznań University of Medical Sciences
!
CHEMICAL WORK: Secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl) by the
stomach and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3)
by the pancreas.
ELECTRICAL WORK: Q
All active cells accumulate certain ions against concentration gradient: they
accumulate electric energy in electric field which exists across cell membranes.
Q
The total energy expenditure of the body per unit time
carbohydrates fats proteins
The average energy equivalent of oxygen w for these three sources is 20 kJ per dm3 O2.
BMR IS THE ENERGY NECESSARY FOR MAINTAINING BASIC PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
PER UNIT TIME:
body mass m
It is affected by:
core at
37Cº
BMR
Surface area S correlates
with :
82 W
- body mass m and
- body shape (height h).
BMR = 70×m0.75 = 1694 kcal/day
Dry
Qreleased Qreleased
Qproduced
Qproduced
IFCORE
THE BODY HAS TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT TEMPERATURE IT MUST
37 Cº
LOSE HEAT AT THE SAME RATE AS IT IS PRODUCED !!!!
Radiation
Evaporation
(25%)
37 C
Partition of heat exchange Feedback Warm blood from
the body core
CONDUCTION OF HEAT IS THE TRANSFER OF
THERMAL ENERGY FROM ATOM TO ATOM OR
MOLECULE TO MOLECULE. IT IS THE TRANSFER
- the thermal conductivity, characterizes the OF ENERGY OF RANDOM ATOMIC VIBRATIONS
heat conducting medium AND MOVING ELECTRONS BY THEIR COLLISIONS,
FROM HOTTER TO COOLER PART OF A BODY,
ALONG THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENT LINES.
λ
warmer cooler THE BODY GAINS OR LOSES HEAT BY THE
area T2 Δx area T1 CONDUCTION ONLY THROUGHOUT DIRECT
CONTACT WITH WARMER OR COOLER
Heat flux SUBSTANCES!
Δ𝑄 ∆𝑇
THE HEAT FLUX 𝑆∙Δ𝑡 DEPENDS ON THE MEDIUM (λ), TEMPERATURE GRADIENT AND
∆𝑥
THE SURFACE AREA S AVAILABLE .
Assume that the thickness of the tissue between
the interior of the body is 3 cm and that the
average area through the which conduction can
occur is 1.5 m2.
ΔQ ΔT
= - λS
Δt Δx
λtissue = 0.2 W/mK
ΔT
P = - λS
Δx
37% of BMR
Radiation is the heat transfer by electromagnetic waves between
objects that are NOT IN CONTACT !
∆𝑄
= 𝜀𝜎𝑇 4 or 𝑃 = 𝜀𝜎𝑆𝑇 4
𝑆 ∙ ∆𝑡
P - total power radiated by a body of surface S,
T - temperature of a body (in absolute scale)
σ - Stefan-Boltzmann constant
- emissivity of an object ( = 1 for ideal radiator - black body)
OBJECTS (INCLUDING HUMAN BODY) NOT ONLY RADIATE BUT ALSO ABSORB THE
RADIANT (ELECTROMAGNETIC) ENERGY:
W
𝑃𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝜎𝑆 𝑇14 − 𝑇24 = 5,67 × 1.85m2 × 307K 4 − 293K 4 = 159W
m2 K 4
Basal metabolic rate for standard man (30 year, 70 kg, 1.85 m2): 81 W
CONVECTION IS THE HEAT TRANSFER BY MASS MOTION OF A FLUID SUCH AS AIR OR
WATER WHEN THE HEATED FLUID IS CAUSED TO MOVE AWAY FROM THE SOURCE OF
HEAT, CARRYING ENERGY WITH IT.
∆𝑄
= 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑇S − 𝑇A
𝑆∆𝑡
𝑃 = 𝐾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑆 𝑇S − 𝑇A
27%
207%
MECHANISM:
THERMAL ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO TRANSFORM
∆𝑄ev. WATER FROM THE LIQUID TO THE GASEOUS STATE.
= 𝐾ev. pS − 𝑝E
𝑆∆𝑡 THUS WHENEVER WATER VAPORIZES FROM THE
BODY SURFACE, THE HEAT REQUIRED TO DRIVE
𝑃 = 𝐾ev. 𝑆 𝑝S − 𝑝E THE PROCESS IS CONDUCTED FROM THE SKIN -
THEREBY COOLING IT.
pS – partial pressure of water EXAMPLE: Calculate the power necessary to evaporate 600
vapor at the skin surface, g of water (insensible sweating) in 24 hour:
pE – partial pressure of water
vapor in the environment, The amount of thermal energy necessary to change 1kg of
Kev. – proportionality water into water vapour (heat of vaporization) at skin
coefficient. temperature approximately equals 2.4×106 J/kg
J
0,600 kg ∙ 2.4 × 106
𝑃=
kg
= 17 W
21% of BMR
24 h ∙ 3600 s
EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM THE SKIN AND
THE LINING MEMBRANES OF THE RESPIRATORY
TRACT IS ONE OF MAJOR PROCESSES FOR LOSS OF
BODY HEAT AT HIGH TEMPERATURES!
HEAT SOURCES
Heat formation
by metabolism Gain of heat
by radiation
and
conduction
10 20 30 40 VASCULAR
Ambient temperature RESISTANCE
Heat loss by
Skin 8𝜂𝑙
convection
HEAT LOSSES
temperature 𝑅𝑣 =
and
radiation
𝜋𝑟 4
Heat loss
by
evaporation
II
Vasomotoric regulation
III
I Sweating
Range of heat loss and
Increased metabolism
45 Breakdown in heat-
Nerve malfunction and brain
44 regulating system –
damage
43 tthermoregulation inactive
Thermoregulation
42
substantially disturbed
41
40 Hard exercise, hard work,
39 fever, emotion
Effective thermoregulation
38
35-41C
37
36 Usual range of normal
35
34
33 Thermoregulation
32 substantially disturbed
31
30
Thermoregulation
29
Inactive
28
(From: Human Physiology, Vander, Sherman, Luciano) Affected by:
- diurnal cycle 5:00 am - minimum, 14:00-16:00 maximum
- menstrual cycle
ANALYSIS OF DATA
Feedback loop
Negative feedback:
is a type of feedback during which a system
responds so as to reverse the direction of change.
Since this process tends to keep things constant, it
is stabilizing and attempts to maintain
homeostasis.
SKIN TEMPERATURE
BODY INTERNAL ORGANS TEMPERATURE
INTERIOR BLOOD TEMPERATURE
THERMORECEPTORS OF:
INTERNAL
SKIN HYPOTHALAMUS
ORGANS
HEAT HEAT
PRODUCTION LOSS
EFFECTORS: TBLOOD
VASOMOTORIC
SWEAT
MUSCULAR
METABOLIC
REGULATING REFERENCE
CENTER TBLOOD-T0 TEMPERATURE
COMPARATOR
HYPOTHALAMUS T0 (SET POINT)
(HYPOTHALAMUS)