Pv-Wind Hybrid Power

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY INSTITUT OF TECHNOLOGY
FACULITY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL

ENGINEERING (BiT)
Design of Renewable Energy project two
TITLE: SOLAR PV-WIND HYBRID
POWERGENERATION SYSTEM FOR RURAL AREA
Prepared by
1. Hailemariam Mulugeta……….0701858
SUBMITTED TO Mr.Mastewal
5th year MED Section;
SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] i

Table of Contents
LIST OF TABLE ......................................................................................................................................... iv
AKNOLEDEGMENT................................................................................................................................... v
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. vi
1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Literature Review ............................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1. Solar Energy Resource Assessment ............................................................................................ 2
1.1.2. Wind Energy Resource Assessment............................................................................................ 3
1.1.3. Hybrid Systems ........................................................................................................................... 3
1.2. Implementation of hybrid energy system ......................................................................................... 3
1.2.1 Components in a hybrid solar and wind system........................................................................... 4
1.3. Hybrid model of PV solar and wind energy ..................................................................................... 10
2. DESIGN .................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.1. Design of solar panel ........................................................................................................................ 11
2.1.1 Solar Energy............................................................................................................................... 11
2.1.2. How to Design Solar PV System .............................................................................................. 16
2.2. Design of wind turbine ..................................................................................................................... 21
2.2.1. How Wind Creates Energy ....................................................................................................... 21
2.2.2. Types of Wind Turbines ........................................................................................................... 22
2.2.3. Energy conversion chain, losses and characteristic power curve.............................................. 22
2.2.4. The Various Force Components Acting on the Blade Section.................................................. 25
2.2.5. Calculation of maximum efficiency of wind turbine ................................................................ 26
3. ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR-WIND POWER SYSTEM ..................................................................... 30
4. DISADVANTAGES OF A COMBINATION SYSTEM ....................................................................... 31
5. SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS ............................................................................................................. 31
6. APPLICATION OF SOLAR –WIND HYBRID SYSTEM ................................................................... 32
7. COST ANALYSIS.................................................................................................................................. 33
8. CONCLUSION ....................................................................................................................................... 36
9. REFERANCE ......................................................................................................................................... 37
10. PART, ASSEMBLY AND MANUFACTURING DRAWING ........................................................... 38
SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] ii

LIST OF FIGURE
Figure; 1. Components of solar panel ........................................................................................................... 4

Figure; 2. Exploded view of wind turbine .................................................................................................... 5
Figure; 3. Assembly drawing of wind turbine .............................................................................................. 6
Figure; 4. Hybrid power system.................................................................................................................... 7
Figure; 5.Working principle of hybrid system .............................................................................................. 8
Figure; 6. Arrangements of layer on solar panel ........................................................................................... 9
Figure; 7. Components of solar ray............................................................................................................. 12
Figure; 8. Solar angle on solar panel........................................................................................................... 13
Figure; 9. Wind Energy conversion chain .................................................................................................. 23
Figure; 10 .Characteristic power curve of wind turbine ............................................................................. 24
Figure ;11. Various Force Components Acting on the Blade ..................................................................... 25
Figure ;12.Wind speed along tube .............................................................................................................. 27
Figure; 13.Solar-wind hybrid used for hotel and office .............................................................................. 32
Figure; 14. Hybrid used for Solar Water Heaters ....................................................................................... 33
Figure; 15.Solar power used for school ...................................................................................................... 33
Figure ;16.Capital expenditure for land based wind power ........................................................................ 35
Figure; 17.Capital expenditure for offshore wind power plant ................................................................... 36
SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] iii

LIST OF TABLE
Table; 1.Residence device and daily energy consumption ......................................................................... 16
Table; 2.Offshore wind levelised cost of energy ........................................................................................ 35
SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] iv

AKNOLEDEGMENT
First of all I would like to say thank you for ALMIGHTY OF GOD for his
unforgotten able help in all direction whenever I prepare this docment.
Not only this but also I am also interested to say thank you for My Teacher
(Mastewal) for her continuous advice and comment on this project and for my
friends who give materials and any other information when I am doing this project.
SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] v

ABSTRACT
Shortage of electric power is a serious problem in Ethiopia. The population living
in urban and semi urban areas connected to the national grid makes only less than
20% of the total. The remaining 80% of the population in scattered rural villages
and have very remote chance to get electricity from the grid. The only realistic
approach to electrify the rural areas seems therefore to be the off grid system.
Study was conducted to assess suitability of stand-alone wind-solar PV hybrid
power.
Renewable energy sources i.e. energy generated from solar, wind, biomass, hydro
power, geothermal and ocean resources are considered as a technological option
for generating clean energy. But the energy generated from solar and wind is much
less than the production by fossil fuels, however, electricity generation by utilizing
PV cells and wind turbine increased rapidly in recent years. This paper presents the
Solar-Wind hybrid Power system that harnesses the renewable energies in Sun and
Wind to generate electricity. System control relies mainly on micro controller. It
ensures the optimum utilization of resources and hence improves the efficiency as
compared with their individual mode of generation. Also it increases the reliability
and reduces the dependence on one single source. This hybrid solar-wind power
generating system is suitable for industries and also domestic areas.
SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] vi

1. INTRODUCTION
We all know that the world is facing a major threat of fast depletion of the fossil
fuel reserves. Most of the present energy demand is met by fossil and nuclear
power plants. A small part is met by renewable energy technologies such as the
wind, solar, biomass, geothermal etc. There will soon be a time when we will face
a severe fuel shortage. As per the law of conservation of energy, “Energy can
neither be created, nor be destroyed, but it can only be converted from one form to
another”. Most of the research now is about how to conserve the energy and how
to utilize the energy in a better way. Research has also been into the development
of reliable and robust systems to harness energy from nonconventional energy
resources. Among them, the wind and solar power sources have experienced a
remarkably rapid growth in the past 10 years. Both are pollution free sources of
abundant power.
Solar energy is energy from the Sun. It is renewable, inexhaustible and

environmental pollution free. Solar charged battery systems provide power supply
for complete 24 hours a day irrespective of bad weather. By adopting the
appropriate technology for the concerned geographical location, we can extract a
large amount of power from solar radiations. More over solar energy is expected to
be the most promising alternate source of energy. The global search and the rise in
the cost of conventional fossil fuel is making supply-demand of electricity product
almost impossible especially in some remote areas. Generators which are often
used as an alternative to conventional power supply systems are known to be run
only during certain hours of the day, and the cost of fueling them is increasingly
becoming difficult if they are to be used for commercial purposes.
Wind energy is the kinetic energy associated with the movement of atmospheric
air. It has been used for hundreds of years for sailing, grinding grain and for
irrigation. Wind energy systems convert this kinetic energy to more useful forms of
power. Wind energy systems for irrigation and milling have been in use since
ancient times and at the beginning of the 20th century it is being used to generate
electric power. Windmills for water pumping have been installed in many
countries particularly in the rural areas. Wind turbines transform the energy in the
wind into mechanical power, which can then be used directly for grinding etc. or
SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 1

further converting to electric power to generate electricity. Wind turbines can be
used singly or in clusters called ’wind farms.
There is a growing awareness that renewable energy such as photovoltaic system

and Wind power have an important role to play in order to save the situation.
Hybrid power system consist of a combination of renewable energy source such as
wind generators, solar etc of charge batteries and provide power to meet the energy
demand, considering the local geography and other details of the place of
installation. These types of systems are not connected to the main utility grid. They
are also used in stand-alone applications and operate independently and reliably.
The best application for these type of systems are in remote places, such as rural
villages, in telecommunications etc. The importance of hybrid systems has grown
as they appear to be the right solution for a clean and distributed energy
production. This paper presents the Solar-Wind hybrid Power system that
harnesses the renewable energies in Sun and Wind to generate and supply
electricity to a private house, farm house, a small company, an educational
institution or an apartment house depending on the need at the site where used.
1.1. Literature Review

1.1.1. Solar Energy Resource Assessment
Previous studies on solar energy resource assessment of the country include Neway
(1996), Yacob and Frances (1996), Addis Ababa University (AAU) (2001), and
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment (SWERA) (2007). The study by
Neway (1996) compared the measurement of global solar radiation with
corresponding calculated values using Angestrom’s relations. The regression
coefficients were obtained and the correlation equations were determined to predict
the global solar radiation. The results show that Angestrom’s relations are valid for
the locations under study. Yacob and Frances (1996) used sunshine hour records
from 21 meteorological stations in the country to illustrate the general availability
of the resource. The report by AAU indicated that the annual average daily solar
radiation ranges from4.25 kWh/m2 to 6.25 kWh/m2. Solar radiation maps of the
country produced based on satellite data by SWERA (2007) also indicate that the
country has significant solar radiation potential.

1.1.2. Wind Energy Resource Assessment
The first study reported on Wind energy potential of the country was by Welde
Ghiorgis (1988). The study was based on wind speed data obtained from
meteorological observations. The study shows estimates of the expected energy
and explains reasons for expecting the calculated energy estimates to be potentially
useful. Later studies include Yacob and Frances (1996) and SWERA (2007).
Yacob and Fraces (1996) used wind and solar data from 21 meteorological stations
and previous studies to illustrate the wind and solar energy potential across the
country and SWERA (2007) came up with a map of wind and solar energy
potential in the country.
1.1.3. Hybrid Systems

Studies made on hybrid system for Ethiopia are scarce. A study made by RENAC
(2008) on feasibility of photovoltaic (PV)-diesel hybrid system for Ethiopia
favored the PV-diesel hybrid system despite the high investment cost of the hybrid
system. Another study made on the feasibility of solar – wind based hybrid system
was reported by Bekele and Palm (2010). This study assessed the solar and wind
energy potential for four locations in Ethiopia. HOMER software was employed to
make the analysis for a model community of 200 households. However, the study
concluded that the diesel power scheme (i.e. 100% diesel) was more feasible
option than the solar-wind-diesel set up.
1.2. Implementation of hybrid energy system

Intermittent energy resources and energy resources unbalance are the most
important reason to install a hybrid energy supply system. The Solar PV wind
hybrid system suits to conditions where sunlight and wind has seasonal shifts. As
the wind does not blow throughout the day and the sun does not shine for the entire
day, using a single source will hybrid not be a suitable choice. A arrangement of
combining the power harnessed from both the wind and the sun and stored in a
battery can be a much more reliable and realistic power source. The load can still
be powered using the stored energy in the batteries even when there is no sun or
wind. Hybrid systems are usually built for design of systems with lowest possible
cost and also with maximum reliability. The high cost of solar PV cells makes it
less competent for larger capacity designs. This is where the wind turbine comes
into the picture, the main feature being its cheap cost as compared to the PV cells.

Battery system is needed to store solar and wind energy produced during the day
time. During night time, the presence of wind is an added advantage, which
increases the reliability of the system. In the monsoon seasons, the effect of sun is
less at the site and thus it is apt to use a hybrid wind solar system.
1.2.1 Components in a hybrid solar and wind system

A. Photovoltaic solar power
Solar panels are the medium to convert solar energy into the electrical energy.
Solar panels can convert the energy directly or heat the water with the induced
energy. PV (Photo-voltaic) cells are made up from semiconductor structures as in
the computer technologies. Sun rays are absorbed with this material and electrons
are emitted from the atoms .This release activates a current. Photovoltaic is known
as the process between radiation absorbed and the electricity induced. Solar power
is converted into the electric power by a common principle called photo electric
effect. The solar cell array or panel consists of an appropriate number of solar cell
modules connected in series or parallel based on the required current and voltage.
Figure; 1. Components of solar panel

B.Wind Power
The wind energy is a renewable source of energy. Wind turbines are used to
convert the wind power into electric power. Electric generator inside the turbine
converts the mechanical power into the electric power. Wind turbine systems are
available ranging from 50W to 3-4 MW. The energy production by wind turbines
depends on the wind velocity acting on the turbine. Wind power is able to feed
both energy production and demand in the rural areas. It is used to run a windmill
which in turn drives a wind generator or wind turbine to produce electricity.
Figure; 2. Exploded view of wind turbine

Figure; 3. Assembly drawing of wind turbine
C.Batteries
The batteries in the system provide to store the electricity that is generated from
the wind or the solar power. Any required capacity can be obtained by serial or
parallel connections of the batteries. The battery that provides the most
advantageous operation in the solar and wind power systems are maintenance free
dry type and utilizes the special electrolytes. These batteries provide a perfect
performance for long discharges.

C.Inverter
Energy stored in the battery is drawn by electrical loads through the inverter,
which converts DC power into AC power. The inverter has in-built protection for
Short-Circuit; Reverse Polarity, Low Battery Voltage and Over Load.
D. Microcontroller
The microcontroller compares the input of both Power system and gives the signal
to the particular relay and charges the DC Battery. The DC voltage is converted
into AC Supply by Inverter Circuit. The MOSFET (IRF 540) is connected to the
Secondary of the centre tapped transformer. By triggering of MOSFET
alternatively, the current flow in the Primary winding is also alternative in nature
and we get the AC supply in the primary winding of the transformer.
Figure; 4. Hybrid power system

So, how does Hybrid work?
A solar- wind based hybrid system consists of the following components connected
together to generate power as per the drawing below;
Figure; 5.Working principle of hybrid system

1. A Solar Panel - This is a string of Photo-voltaic cells connected together to
generate a fixed amount of power when sunlight falls on it. We typically place
a series of these Panels that is shown as Solar Array in the schematic above, on
the roof or any other place that is shade--free. The Solar Panel generates DC or

Direct Current. FFF
Figure; 6. Arrangements of layer on solar panel

2. Wind Turbine - They typically have 3 blades attached to a rotor, and are
mounted on a pole at a suitable height to take advantage of wind speeds at greater
heights. When the wind blows, it turns the blades producing Electricity using an
Alternator that is housed in the Wind Turbine casing.
3. The Optional Charge Controller and Battery - This is an OPTIONAL part of the
Hybrid Plant. These are used in only those cases where there is no connection to
the Utility Power, and all of the power requirements of the building are to be only
met through Hybrid Power. In such cases the Power generated by the Plant is first
used to charge batteries.
4. The Inverter - This is the HEART of the Hybrid Plant. Put simplistically, it
converts the power generated by the Plant to Alternating Current or AC, that is
accepted by all Electrical Devices in the Building. Thus, this is what ensures that
all existing Devices can be used as is, when we switch to CLEAN & GREEN
Hybrid Power.
5.The Utility Meter - This meter continually measures your Electricity

Consumption, and can even count the amount of excess power your Hybrid Plant

might be generating beyond what you use, that can be given back to the Utility
Grid. Any such power that is given back reduces the amount that appears on your
Utility Bill each month.
Components in a hybrid solar and wind system
1.3. Hybrid model of PV solar and wind energy

The escalation in electrical energy costs associated with fossil and nuclear fuels,
and enhanced public awareness of potential environmental impacts of conventional
energy systems has created an increased interest in the development and utilization
of alternate sources. Photo voltaic and wind energy are being increasable
recognized as cost effective generation sources in small isolated power systems. A
realistic cost benefit analysis requires evaluation models that recognize the highly
erratic nature of these energy sources while maintaining the chronology and inter
dependence of the random variables inherent in them. Currently we can observe
very fast development of new electrical power sources called renewable sources.
These sources are environmentally friendly and use primary energy carriers like
solar, wind and water flow, biogas, biomass etc. The escalation in costs and
environmental concerns involving conventional electric energy sources has
increased interest in renewable energy sources. Wind, Solar PV and Biomass
power generations are viable options for future power generation. Besides being
pollution free, they are free recurring costs. They also offer power supply solutions
for remote areas, not accessible by the grid supply. Today, around 30,000 wind
turbines and more than 1, 00,000 off-grid Solar PV systems are installed all over
the world. Hybrid systems can address limitations in terms of –

1. Fuel Flexibility 2.Efficiency
3. Reliability 4.Emissions 5.Economics
The hybrid system of solar/wind is environmental friendly. Uses conventional

energy resources. Need of the hour to use conventional energy resources. Efficient
way of supplying electricity. Wind speed and sun shine is different in different
parts of the world. As the wind does not blow all the time nor does the sun shine all
the time, solar and wind power alone are poor power sources. Hybridizing solar
and wind power sources together with storage fuel cell to cover the periods of time
without sun or wind provides a realistic form of power generation. The amount of
land required for utility-scale solar power plants currently approximately 1 km2 for
every 20–60 megawatts (MW) generated.
2. DESIGN
2.1. Design of solar panel

2.1.1 Solar Energy
Sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. These photons
contain various amounts of energy corresponding to the different wavelengths of
the solar spectrum. When photons strike a photovoltaic cell, they may be:
Reflected, pass right through, or Be absorbed.
Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When

enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (a
semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the material's
atoms. Special treatment of the material surface during manufacturing
makes the front surface of the cell more receptive to free electrons, so
the electrons naturally migrate to the surface.

Figure; 7. Components of solar ray
Source; Renew able engineering technology one handbook
The tilt of the earth’s axis and its motion around the sun causes variation: in the
intensity and duration of sunlight received at different places on the earth, which
results in the seasons and in the apparent motion of the sun across the sky.
 solar irradiance
Where; Isc; is the solar constant, and
N; is the day number of the year,
Io; is solar irradiance

Solar irradiance is the amount of solar energy incident on a surface per unit time,
per unit area.
 Solar Angles
The declination is the angular distance of the sun north or south of the
earth’s equator. The declination angle, δ, is given by:
Solar geometry: Solar and Collector angles
Figure; 8. Solar angle on solar panel

 Sun Angles
z= Zenith angle – the angle between the vertical (zenith) and the
line of the sun
s = Solar attitude angle – the angle between the horizontal and

the line to the sun

s = Solar azimuth angle – the angle of the projection of beam
radiation on the horizontal plane (with zero due south, east
negative and west positive)
 Collector Angle
 = Slope – the angle between the planes of the collector and the horizontal
 = Surface azimuth angle – the deviation of the projection on a horizontal plane of

the normal to the collector from the local meridian (with zero due south, east
negative and west positive)
 = Angle of incidence – the angle between the beam radiation on the collector and
the normal
 Solar geometry: Sun angles

Where;
 Solar geometry: Sun angles: Sunset angle and day length

Where;
 Solar geometry: Collector angles
 Solar geometry: Collector angles

2.1.2. How to Design Solar PV System
Before sizing the array, the total daily energy in Watt-hours (E), the average sun
hour per day Tmin, and the DC-voltage of the system (VDC) must be determined.
Once these factors are made available we move to the sizing process and we have
to determine the daily energy consumption.
Table; 1.Residence device and daily energy consumption

What is solar PV system?
Solar photovoltaic system or solar power system is one of renewable energy

system which uses PV modules to convert sunlight into electricity. The electricity
generated can be stored or used directly, fed back into grid line or combined with
one or more other electricity generators or more renewable energy source. Solar
PV system is very reliable and clean source of electricity that can suit a wide range
of applications such as residence, industry, agriculture, livestock, etc.

Major system components
Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according

to your system type, site location and applications. The major components for solar
PV system are solar charge controller, inverter, battery bank, auxiliary energy
sources and loads (appliances).
 PV module – converts sunlight into DC electricity.

 Solar charge controller – regulates the voltage and current coming from the PV
panels going to battery and prevents battery overcharging and prolongs the
battery life.
 Inverter – converts DC output of PV panels or wind turbine into a clean AC
current for AC appliances or fed back into grid line.
 Battery – stores energy for supplying to electrical appliances when there is a
demand.
 Load – is electrical appliances that connected to solar PV system such as lights,
radio, TV, computer, refrigerator, etc.
 Auxiliary energy sources - is diesel generator or other renewable energy
sources.
Solar PV system sizing
1. Determine power consumption demands
The first step in designing a solar PV system is to find out the total power and
energy consumption of all loads that need to be supplied by the solar PV system as
follows.
1.1. Calculate total Watt-hours per day for each appliance used. Add the Watt-
hours needed for all appliances together to get the total Watt-hours per day which
must be delivered to the appliances.
1.2 Calculate total Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules. Multiply the
total appliances Watt-hours per day times 1.3 (the energy lost in the system) to get
the total Watt-hours per day which must be provided by the panels.

2. Size the PV modules
Different size of PV modules will produce different amount of power. To find out
the sizing of PV module, the total peak watt produced needs. The peak watt (WP)
produced depends on size of the PV module and climate of site location. We have
to consider “panel generation factor” which is different in each site location. For
Thailand, the panel generation factor is 3.43. To determine the sizing of PV
modules, calculate as follows:
2.1. Calculate the total Watt-peak rating needed for PV modules. Divide the total
Watt-hours per day needed from the PV modules (from item 1.2) by 3.43 to get
the total Watt-peak rating needed for the PV panels needed to operate the
appliances.
2.2. Calculate the number of PV panels for the system. Divide the answer
obtained in item 2.1 by the rated output Watt-peak of the PV modules available to
you. Increase any fractional part of result to the next highest full number and that
will be the number of PV modules required. Result of the calculation is the
minimum number of PV panels. If more PV modules are installed, the system will
perform better and battery life will be improved. If fewer PV modules are used,
the system may not work at all during cloudy periods and battery life will be
shortened.
3. Inverter sizing
An inverter is used in the system where AC power output is needed. The input
rating of the inverter should never be lower than the total watt of appliances. The
inverter must have the same nominal voltage as your battery.
For stand-alone systems, the inverter must be large enough to handle the total
amount of Watts you will be using at one time. The inverter size should be 25-
30% bigger than total Watts of appliances. In case of appliance type is motor or
compressor then inverter size should be minimum 3 times the capacity of those
appliances and must be added to the inverter capacity to handle surge current
during starting.
For grid tie systems or grid connected systems, the input rating of the inverter
should be same as PV array rating to allow for safe and efficient operation.

4. Battery sizing
The battery type recommended for using in solar PV system is deep cycle battery.
Deep cycle battery is specifically designed for to be discharged to low energy
level and rapid recharged or cycle charged and discharged day after day for years.
The battery should be large enough to store sufficient energy to operate the
appliances at night and cloudy days. To find out the size of battery, calculate as
follows
4.1 Calculate total Watt-hours per day used by appliances.
4.2 Divide the total Watt-hours per day used by 0.85 for battery loss.
4.3 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.2 by 0.6 for depth of discharge.
4.4 Divide the answer obtained in item 4.3 by the nominal battery voltage.
4.5 Multiply the answer obtained in item 4.4 with days of autonomy (the number
of days that you need the system to operate when there is no power produced by
PV panels) to get the required Ampere-hour capacity of deep-cycle battery.
5. Solar charge controller sizing
The solar charge controller is typically rated against Amperage and Voltage
capacities. Select the solar charge controller to match the voltage of PV array and
batteries and then identify which type of solar charge controller is right for your
application. Make sure that solar charge controller has enough capacity to handle
the current from PV array. For the series charge controller type, the sizing of
controller depends on the total PV input current which is delivered to the controller
and also depends on PV panel configuration (series or parallel
configuration).According to standard practice, the sizing of solar charge controller
is to take the short circuit current (Isc) of the PV array, and multiply it by 1.3.
Solar charge controller rating = Total short circuit current of PV array x 1.3

Solar PV system design
A solar PV system design can be done in four steps:
 Load estimation.
 Estimation of number of PV panels.
 Estimation of battery bank.
 Cost estimation of the system.
 Base condition: 2 CFLs (18 watts each), 2 fans (60 watts each) for 6hrs a
day.
Assumptions taken for design
 Inverter converts DC into AC power with efficiency of about 90%.

 Battery voltage used for operation = 12 volts
 The combined efficiency of inverter and battery will be calculated as
:combined efficiency = inverter efficiency × battery efficiency = 0.9 × 0.9 =
0.81 = 81%
 Sunlight available in a day = 8 hours/day (equivalent of peak radiation.
 Operation of lights and fan = 6 hours/day of PV panels.
 PV panel power rating = 40 Wp (Wp, meaning, watt (peak), gives only peak
power output of a PV panel)
 A factor called „ operating factor‟ is used to estimate the actual output from a
PV module.[The operating factor between 0.60 and 0.90 (implying the output
power is 60 to 80% lower than rated output power) in normal operating
conditions, depending on temperature, dust on module, etc.]
 The total energy requirement of the system (total load) i.e. Total connected
load to PV panel system
= No. of units × rating of equipment = 2 × 18 + 2 × 60 = 156 watts
 Total watt-hours rating of the system
= Total connected load (watts) × Operating hours = 156 × 6 = 936 watt-hours
 Actual power output of a PV panel
= Peak power rating × operating factor
= 40 × 0.75 = 30 watt

 The power used at the end use is less (due to lower combined efficiency of the
system.
= Actual power output of a panel × combined efficiency
= 30 × 0.81 = 24.3 watts (VA)
= 24.3 watts
 Energy produced by one 40 Wp panel in a day
= Actual power output × 8 hours/day (peak equivalent)
= 24.3 × 8 = 194.4 watts-hour
 Number of solar panels required to satisfy given estimated daily load :
= (Total watt-hour rating (daily load)/(Daily energy produced by a panel)
=936/194.4 = 4.81 = 5 (round figure)
 Inverter size is to be calculated as :

 Total connected load to PV panel system = 156 watts
 Inverter are available with rating of 100, 200, 500 VA, etc
 Therefore, the choice of the inverter should be 200 VA.
2.2. Design of wind turbine

2.2.1. How Wind Creates Energy
Wind is a form of solar energy caused by a combination of three concurrent events:
 The sun unevenly heating the atmosphere.

 Irregularities of the earth's surface.
 The rotation of the earth.
The terms "wind energy" and "wind power" both describe the process by which the
wind is used to generate mechanical power or electricity. Wind turbines convert
the kinetic energy from the wind into mechanical power. This mechanical power
can be used for specific tasks (such as grinding grain or pumping water) or a
generator can convert this mechanical power into electricity.
A wind turbine turns energy in the wind into electricity using the aerodynamic
force created by the rotor blades, which work similarly to an airplane wing or
helicopter rotor blade. When the wind flows across the blade, the air pressure on
one side of the blade decreases. The difference in air pressure across the two sides

of the blade creates both lift and drag. The force of the lift is stronger than the drag
and this causes the rotor to spin. The rotor is connected to the generator, either
directly (if it's a direct drive turbine) or through a shaft and a series of gears (a
gearbox) that speed up the rotation and allow for a physically smaller generator.
This translation of aerodynamic force to rotation of a generator creates electricity.
2.2.2. Types of Wind Turbines

Horizontal-Axis Turbines: Horizontal-axis wind turbines (pictured right) are what
many people picture when you think of wind turbines. They most commonly have
three blades and are operated "upwind," with the turbine pivoting at the top of the
tower so the blades facing into the wind.
Vertical-Axis Turbines: Vertical-axis wind turbines (pictured left) come in several

varieties, including the eggbeater-style Darrieus model, named after its French
inventor. These turbines are Omni directional, meaning they don't need to be
adjusted to point into the wind to operate.
Wind turbines can be built on land or offshore in large bodies of water like oceans
and lakes.
2.2.3. Energy conversion chain, losses and characteristic power curve

Energy conversion chain. Wind energy utilization converts energy extracted from
moving air masses into electrical energy. Conversion usually involves several steps
as illustrated in Fig. below.

Figure; 9. Wind Energy conversion chain
Characteristic power curve. The power yield of wind energy converters, for
instance on the basis of the average power generated within 10 minutes, can be
determined by means of a converter-specific characteristic power curve. It reveals
the dependency of the average electrical power from the respective average wind
velocity and thus shows the operational characteristics of the converter. With
regard to operational characteristics, four different phases (Fig. below) can be
distinguished.

Figure; 10 .Characteristic power curve of wind turbine
Phase I. If the respective wind speed is lower than the converter-specific minimum
speed, the converter will not start. This applies in particular to high-speed
converters that only have a small blown surface when the converter is idle. The
power of the useful speed difference is insufficient to surmount the converter’s
friction and inertia forces and to enable converter operation. Thus, there is no
electrical power generated at the generator outlet.
Phase II. If the airflow speed exceeds the wind speed required for start-up, the
converter will start and generate electrical energy. The theoretical useful wind
power increase is proportional to the wind speed in its third power. Yet, the useful
electrical energy at the generator outlet is not exactly proportional to the theoretic
useful energy as losses which are not linear to speed (e.g. aerodynamic friction
losses) occur within this range of the characteristic power curve.
Phase III. Due to the limited generator capacity, matching the respective converter
dimensions, the power absorbed by the rotor of a given wind energy converter
must not exceed the installed nominal generator power over an extended period.
Phase IV. If the wind speed exceeds a certain speed limit determined by the
converter design and type the wind energy converter must be shut down to prevent
mechanical deterioration. Under the described meteorological conditions no
electric power will be yielded.

2.2.4. The Various Force Components Acting on the Blade Section
Airfoil Terminology
Figure ;11. Various Force Components Acting on the Blade
The angle of attack α is the angle between the chord line and the relative
Wind W, and it is given by α= β - φ
α = the angle of attack
β = is pitch angle
α = is angle of attack

2.2.5. Calculation of maximum efficiency of wind turbine
Betz Limit
 This theoretical limit is based on the physics of air flow NOT a limit of
technology or being able to design a better turbine.
 Modern good turbines are able to extract about 40% of the power available
in the wind. Engineering work is continual in pushing the performance
toward the Betz limit of 59%.

Figure ;12.Wind speed along tube
 the conservation of mass
AoVo  AU  A4V4

The thrust on the rotor is given by the change of momentum of the flow
T  m(Vo  V4 )  AoVo 2  A4V4 2

 From the above equations
T  AU (Vo  V4 )
 The thrust on the rotor can also be expressed from the pressure difference
T  A(P  P )
2 3
 Now applying Bernoulli's equation:
 For upstream ; Po 
1 1
Vo 2  P2  U 2
2 2
 For downstream ; 1 1
P3  U 2  P4  V4 2
2 2
1
 Subtracting Equation ; P2  P3  (Vo2  V42 )
2

 The expression for the thrust become
1
T  (Vo2  V42 )
2
 Equating the first and above thrust equation
1
(Vo2  V42 )  AU (Vo  V4 )
2
Vo  V4
U 
2
The velocity at the rotor U is often defined in terms of an axial interference factor
‘a’ as
U  Vo (1  a)
Balancing Equations
V4  Vo (1  2a)
 The change in kinetic energy of the mass flow
1
P  mKE  AU (Vo 2  V4 2 )
2
The expressions for power becomes
P  2A Vo 3 a (1  a ) 2
dP
 Maximum power occurs when  0
da
1
Which leads to an optimum interference factor? a 
3
 Maximum power becomes
16 1
Pmax  ( A Vo 3 )
27 2
 The factor 16/27 is called the Betz-coefficient
 The efficiency is given by
Where;

 Ud=V4
 Uu=V0
 At=A2
Estimation of required wind turbine power rating
Assume that annual energy requirement of a certain village is 20000 kWh; we

calculate that what will be the size of wind turbine that is required to be installed to
meet the energy requirement.
Following assumptions are taken into account for estimation:
 Annual energy requirement – 20000 kWh

 Propeller type wind machine is used
 Coefficient of performance – 0.40
 Wind speed at 15 meter height is 5 meter/sec (if the turbine hub is placed at the
height other than 15 meter, the wind speed should be estimated as shown in
„vertical‟ wind speed variation section‟.
 Density of air – 1 kg/m…..since altitude increase air density decrease

 Capacity factor – 0.30 (i.e. 30% of the time, wind machine is producing energy
at rated power).
 Number of hours in a year 8760 hours.
The power density of wind (power per unit area)

= ½ × air density × (velocity) 2
= 0.5 × 1 × (5 × 5 × 5)
= 62.5 watt/m.
Actual power density that will be converted to useful energy
= Cp × transmission loss × generator loss
 Considering losses
 Coefficient of performance Cp = 0.40
 Transmission losses (rotor to generator) = 0.90

 Generator losses = 0.90
 Overall loss factor
= 0.40 × 0.90 × 0.90
= 0.324
 Actual power density

= 62.5 × 0.324
= 20.25 W/m2
 Annual energy density (useful)
= power density × number of hours per year
= 20.25 × 8760 = 177.39 kWh/m2
 The rotor size and turbine power rating estimation:
Total annual energy required / Useful energy density
= 20000/ 177.39= 112.75 m2
 Radius of the rotor blade, (R)
πR2 = 112.75
R= 5.91 meter
 Power rating of the turbine
=Actual power density × area of the rotor
= 20.25 × 112.75
= 2.28 kW
 Actual rated power of the turbine rating should be
= power rating / capacity factor
= 2.28/0.30
Thus, an 8 kW rated power wind turbine will provide desired annual energy under
given situation. = 7.6 kW ~ 8Kw
3. ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR-WIND POWER SYSTEM

When one source isn't available (overcast skies or calm air), the system will still be
able to provide energy from the alternate energy source. The clean, emission-free
power acts as a reliable backup or supplemental power source.
 When both sun and wind is present, the batteries will charge even faster.

 On a cost per Watt basis, solar panels have a higher initial cost than wind
turbines. With this hybrid system, you can spend more on wind power to offset
the number of required solar panels and still achieve the same output.
 Solar panels require very little maintenance (cleaning when necessary). Wind
turbines need only periodic service (rotational inspection and lubrication of
moving parts).
4. DISADVANTAGES OF A COMBINATION SYSTEM

 Weather conditions are unpredictable and a hybrid system cannot be relied
upon as a primary power source for critical applications. Check to see if
energy conserving appliances could help reduce your energy consumption
requirements.
 The solar panels and wind turbines need to be adequately sized to supply
enough power to the batteries. If insufficient energy is produced, the
batteries will not be fully charged in a convenient time frame. If too much
power is produced, the extra energy will simply be wasted.
 The system should be esthetically pleasing to you and your neighbors. Solar
panels require adequate room with full exposure to the sun; wind turbines
need unobstructed access to the wind.
 Wind power will generate some noise as the blades rotate in a strong breeze.
5. SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS
Systems need to be designed for the maximum amount of electricity that will be
generated from both sources. A charge controller must have a current rating that is
high enough to accommodate the maximum current when both sources are
generating peak power (too much current will burn out components). These units
should have an automatic electrical disconnect circuit that will stop the current
from damaging the batteries once they are fully charged. Also, the solar panel
should have a separate charge controller with a maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) circuit to optimize the energy efficiency of the panel. Other system
considerations include:
 The solar panels should be in an open area free of obstructions and shadows.

 The wind turbine should be attached to a secure mounting pole as high as
possible with full exposure to air currents.
 Ensure that the wind turbine does not shadow the solar panels.
 When doing maintenance, disconnect the entire system since the other power
source may still be able to deliver electricity.
 The wires should be thick enough to handle the maximum current load from
both sources.
6. APPLICATION OF SOLAR –WIND HYBRID SYSTEM

 The solar wind hybrid systems are used where the load is relatively small.
 In commercial and industrial sectors, the systems are used (for example) in
rural offices or small tourist hotels where power shortage is chronic.
Figure; 13.Solar-wind hybrid used for hotel and office

 Installation of Solar Water Heaters
Figure; 14. Hybrid used for Solar Water Heaters
 It can be used in schools especially in rural and urban fringe areas.
Figure; 15.Solar power used for school

 It can be used for military (charging of communication units) as well as in
railways (track signaling)
7. COST ANALYSIS
 Total pv system costs
The total cost of a PV system is made up of the costs of the PV modules, BOS and
installation. While different PV technologies have different PV module costs, the
overall PV system cost also depends on the size of the system (due to the
economies of scale with large utility-scale projects), and on whether the system is

ground- or roof mounted. To analyze costs, PV systems can be grouped into three
main end-use markets:
 Residential PV systems typically do not exceed 20 kW and are usually roof

mounted;
 Large-scale building PV systems typically do not exceed 1 MW and are
placed on large buildings or complexes, e.g. commercial buildings, schools,
hospitals, universities;
 Utility-scalePV systems are larger than 1 MW and are generally ground-
mounted; and
Cost estimation of a PV system
 Cost of arrays = No. of PV modules × Cost/Module

5 × 8000 (for a 40 WP panel @ Rs.200/WP) = Rs.40000
 Cost of batteries
= No. of Batteries × Cost/Module
=1 × 7500= Rs.7500
 Cost of Inverter
= No. of inverters × Cost/Inverter = 1 × 5000
= 1 × 5000 = Rs.5000
 Total cost of system
= A + B + C = 40000 + 7500 + 5000 = Rs.52500
[Additional cost of wiring may be taken as 5% of total system cost]
 Total cost for wind
The cost of a wind turbine of per kW basis runs between Rs.30000 and Rs.50000.
For the above calculation a 8 kW wind turbine would cost about 8 × 40000
=Rs.320000.

Table; 2.Offshore wind levelised cost of energy
Figure ;16.Capital expenditure for land based wind power

Figure; 17.Capital expenditure for offshore wind power plant
8. CONCLUSION
In the present work a Solar PV Wind Hybrid Energy System was implemented. A
portion of the energy requirement for a private house, farm house, a small
company, an educational institution or an apartment house depending on the need
at the site where used has been supplied with the electricity generated from the
wind and solar power. It reduces the dependence on one single source and has
increased the reliability. Hence we could improve the efficiency of the system as
compared with their individual mode of generation.

9. REFERANCE
1. Renewable Energy Technology and Environment Economics.
2. Renewable energy technology one hand book.

3. Solar Cells and their Applications Second Edition, Lewis Fraas, Larry
Partain, Wiley, 2010.
4. Mapping the World's Wind Energy Potential World Bank, 28
November 2017
5. H.X. Yang, L. Lu, J. Burnett 2003. “Weather data and probability
analysis of hybrid photovoltaic– wind power generation systems in
Hong Kong”, Renewable Energy, vol. 28, No. 11, pages 1813-1824.
6. www.wikipedia.com

10. PART, ASSEMBLY AND MANUFACTURING DRAWING
10.1PART DRAWING FOR SOLAR PANEL
Solar panel
Inverter

Battery
Solar assembly

10.2PARET DRAWING FOR WIND TURBINE
Blade Shaft
Housing

Base
Rotor

Lower must
Washer

Upper must
Assembly

Pv-Wind Hybrid Power

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BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY INSTITUT OF TECHNOLOGY

FACULITY OF MECHANICAL AND INDUSTRIAL

5th year MED Section;

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] i

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] ii

Figure; 1. Components of solar panel ........................................................................................................... 4

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] iii

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] iv

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] v

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] vi

Solar energy is energy from the Sun. It is renewable, inexhaustible and

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 1

There is a growing awareness that renewable energy such as photovoltaic system

1.1. Literature Review

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 2

1.1.3. Hybrid Systems

1.2. Implementation of hybrid energy system

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 3

1.2.1 Components in a hybrid solar and wind system

Figure; 1. Components of solar panel

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 4

Figure; 2. Exploded view of wind turbine

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 5

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 6

Figure; 4. Hybrid power system

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 7

Figure; 5.Working principle of hybrid system

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 8

Figure; 6. Arrangements of layer on solar panel

5.The Utility Meter - This meter continually measures your Electricity

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 9

Components in a hybrid solar and wind system

1.3. Hybrid model of PV solar and wind energy

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 10

3. Reliability 4.Emissions 5.Economics

The hybrid system of solar/wind is environmental friendly. Uses conventional

2.1. Design of solar panel

Only the absorbed photons provide energy to generate electricity. When

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 11

Where; Isc; is the solar constant, and

N; is the day number of the year,

Io; is solar irradiance

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 12

Solar geometry: Solar and Collector angles

Figure; 8. Solar angle on solar panel

s = Solar attitude angle – the angle between the horizontal and

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 13

 = Surface azimuth angle – the deviation of the projection on a horizontal plane of

 Solar geometry: Sun angles

 Solar geometry: Sun angles: Sunset angle and day length

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 14

 Solar geometry: Collector angles

 Solar geometry: Collector angles

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 15

Table; 1.Residence device and daily energy consumption

Solar photovoltaic system or solar power system is one of renewable energy

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 16

Solar PV system includes different components that should be selected according

 PV module – converts sunlight into DC electricity.

Solar PV system sizing

1. Determine power consumption demands

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 17

SOLAR-WIND HYBRIDE POWER GENERATION, [PR.BY HAILEMARIAM.M] 18