Design and Installation Considerations of Wind

Turbine for Power Generation

Tanmoy Chakrabarti
ECE-2
117
th
4 Year

Abstract:- Offshore wind power generation, transmission and integration around the world
are becoming higher, and it provides technical and economic challenges for future
practitioners and industries to make an alternative transmission system to an existing system
in reduction of cost. In most of countries, e.g. The German government planned to install
25000MW of offshore wind farms by 2030. The greater part of offshore wind farms are
integrated with High Voltage AC (HVAC) transmission to the onshore grid. Offshore wind
farms are integrated with High Voltage DC (HVDC) transmission for long distances (>50km)
to the grid because of capacitive cable current in HVAC. The major challenge in HVDC
transmission is the installation, operation and maintenance (O&M) of the Voltage Sourced
Converter (VSC) HVDC substation in the offshore climate. Currently, in case offshore wind
farm the research have been fastened to reduce the complexity with increasing reliability and
minimizing cost. Offshore wind generation is an important trend of global wind power
generation. To reduce the cost of energy of offshore wind generation, high-power direct-drive
wind turbines are being pursued around the world. With the development of superconductors
and related technologies, superconducting (SC) generator offers a possible technological
approach to produce large-scale direct-drive wind turbines with a modest cost.

Introduction
Wind turbine design is the process of defining the form and specifications of a wind
turbine to extract energy from the wind.[1] [2] A wind turbine installation consists of the
necessary systems needed to capture the wind's energy, point the turbine into the wind,
convert mechanical rotation into electrical power, and other systems to start, stop, and control
the turbine.This article covers the design of horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT) since the
majority of commercial turbines use this design. In 1919, the physicist Albert Betz showed
that for a hypothetical ideal wind-energy extraction machine, the fundamental laws of
conservation of mass and energy allowed no more than 16/27 (59.3%) of the kinetic energy
of the wind to be captured. This Betz' law limit can be approached by modern turbine designs
which may reach 70 to 80% of this theoretical limit. In addition to aerodynamic design of the
blades, design of a complete wind power system must also address design of the hub,
controls, generator, supporting structure and foundation. Further design questions arise when
integrating wind turbines into electrical power grids.
Design considerations

Wind energy is a kind of solar energy. Wind energy describes the process by which wind is
used to produce electricity. The wind turbines convert the kinetic energy present in the wind
to mechanical power.
Wind energy is a renewable source of energy that determines the total power in the wind. The
wind turbines which convert kinetic energy to mechanical power, where in the mechanical
power is converted into electricity which acts as a useful source.
The wind energy formula is given by,
P = 1 / (2*ρ*A*V3)
Where,
P = power,
ρ = air density,
A = swept area of blades given by A = π r2 where r is the radius of the blades,
V = velocity of the wind.
Blade pitch or simply pitch refers to turning theangle of attack of the blades of a propeller or
helicopter rotor into or out of the wind to control the production or absorption of power.
Wind turbines use this to adjust the rotation speed and the generated power.

Blade solidity is an important design parameter for the axial flow impeller and is defined as
the ratio of blade chord length to pitch.
Blade Solidity = c/s
where, s= 2*pi*rm/nb
rm the mean radius
nb blade number
Chord length c is the length of the chord line
s is pitch

With the environmental pollution becoming worse and the primary energy reducing, people
pays more attention to the renewable energy. As one kind of clean renewable energy, the
wind energy is one of the most valuable new energy that is not only environmental friendly
but also possesses the most mature technology and huge business development potentials. As
the number of wind farm increasing year by year, the wind energy site selection becomes
more and more important.
Generally, wind energy site selection mainly focus on the places that has abundant wind
resource, stable wind direction, concentrated wind distribution and little destructive wind
speed, but the good natural resources in most cases will be affected by many external factors
such as the geography, the traffic, the mineral resources, the meteorological disaster, the
power grid access and so on. The followings are some guidelines that provide detailed
introduction about the wind farm site selection from different aspects.

1. How good is the wind resource on the site?

Good wind resource is the prerequisite of wind energy site selection, which can improve the
economic profits of the whole wind farm. For onshore wind projects, identify the wind class,
and whether it lines up with the cut-in speed and optimal wind speed for the proposed wind
turbine. Generally, the regions where wind power density reaches level 2 have development
value, the wind turbines can generate electricity with the wind speed reaching 3-25m/s, the
wind speed lower than 3m/s could not generate power while higher than 25m/s may damage
the turbines. It is also important to evaluate whether nearby obstacles will cause turbulence to
disrupt airflow access to the site and reduce turbine life. An industry rule of thumb: the
distance between a turbine and the nearest obstacle should be at least twice the turbine height,
unless the turbine is more than twice the height of the obstacle in which case the distance can
be less.
2. Is the geography suitable to build wind farm?
The landform also will affect the wind energy site selection. It is important to note that
locations such as the bottom of a hill or inside a valley are not good sites for a wind turbine.
The best locations in terms of wind resources are typically high on mountains, in large open
fields, or on the edge of bodies of water.

3. How about the traffic conditions?

Normally, the places with plenty of wind resources are located in remote regions, such as the
ridge, the gobi, the prairie and the islands. Roads in these regions mostly are narrow and
rugged, which is not easy to transport the huge turbines. Therefore, traffic plans should be
made in advance to meet the requirement of transporting the wind turbines.
4. Power grid access condition
The wind farm site should be near with the power grid, which can not only lower down the
construction cost but can reduce the power grid loss. The small wind power project should be
near with the power grid (10-35kv), the larger wind power project should be near with the
power grid (110-220kv).
5. Considering the meteorological disaster
In the process of site selection, the meteorological factor should be taken into consideration
since sometimes the weather may cause serious damages to the wind turbines. The freezing
temperature in the northern China may make the turbines stop working and reduce their life,
the hurricane and tornado in the seaside can destroy the turbines in minutes. Therefore,
meteorological investigation should be made before choosing the site.
Conclusion

It’s a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn’t pollute the air like power plants that rely on
combustion of fossil fuels, such as coal or natural gas. Wind turbines don’t produce
atmospheric emissions that cause acid rain or greenhouse gasses.Wind energy is a domestic
source of energy. The nation’s wind supply is abundant: over the past 10 years, cumulative
wind power capacity in the United States increased an average of 30% per year, outpacing the
28% growth rate in worldwide capacity.It’s sustainable. Wind is actually a form of solar
energy; winds are caused by the heating of the atmosphere by the sun, the rotation of the
earth, and the earth’s surface irregularities. For as long as the sun shines and the wind blows,
the energy produced can be harnessed to send power across the grid.Wind power is cost
effective. It is one of the lowest-priced renewable energy technologies available today,
costing between four and six cents per kilowatt-hour, depending upon the wind resource and
project financing of the particular project.Wind turbines can be built on existing farms or
ranches. This greatly benefits the economy in rural areas, where most of the best wind
sites are found. Farmers and ranchers can continue to work the land because the wind
turbines use only a fraction of the land. Wind power plant owners make rent payments to the
farmer or rancher for the use of the land providing landowners with additional income.