Course : BSI - 141

Assignment # 01
Semester : 1 st
Section : B
Class No. : 45
Submitted by : Syed Haseeb Shah
Submitted to : Prof. Amjad Ali
Date : 3 1 2019
Q #1 : The set W containing all the points of 2 of the
form (x, x) is a straight line.Is W a subspace of  2 ?Explain
Solution :
W = {(x, x) x ∈ }
Let u = (x1 , x1 ), v = (x2 , x2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;
(α) : u ⊕ v = (x1 + x2 , x1 + x2 )
As u ⊕ v is of the form (x, x).
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (x1 , x1 )
c ⊙ u = (cx1 , cx1 )
As u ⊙ v is of the form (x, x).
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is subspace of 2 .
--------------------------
Q #2 : Let W be the containing all points in
3 that lie in the xy plane.Is W a subspace of 3 ?Explain
Solution :
W = {(x, y, 0) x, y ∈ }
Let u = (x1 , y1 , 0), v = (x2 , y2 , 0) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;
(α) : u ⊕ v = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
As;
x1 + x 2 ∈ 
y1 + y 2 ∈ 
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (cx1 , cb1 , cc1 )

2 Ex#6.2.nb

∀ c , c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is subspace of 3 .
--------------------------
Q #3 :
consider a circle in the xy - plane centered at the origin whose equation is
x2 + y2 = 1. Let W be the set of all vectors whose tail is at the origin
and whose head is a point inside or
on the circle. Is W a subspace of 2 ?Explain.
Solution :
W = (x, y) x ∈  ∧ x2 + y2 ≤ 1
Let u = (x1 , y1 ), v = (x2 , y2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;
(α) : u ⊕ v = (x1 + x2 , y1 + y2 )
As x2 + y2 = 1
⇒ (x1 + x2 )2 + (y1 + y2 )2 = 1
⇒ x 1 2 + x 2 2 + y 1 2 + y 2 2 + 2 x 1 x2 + 2 y 1 y2 = 1
But xn 2 + yn 2 = 1;
⇒ 1 + 1 + 2 x 1 x2 + 2 y 1 y2 = 1
⇒ x1 x2 + y1 y2 = -1
As (1, 0), (0, 1) ∈ W
⇒ 0 + 0 ≠ -1
∴ u⊕v ∉ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (x1 , y1 )
c ⊙ u = (cx1 , cy1 )
As c ∈  ⇒ ∥ (cx1 , cy1 ) ∥ > 1
∴ c⊙u ∉ W
∴ W is not subspace of 2 .
--------------------------
Q #4 : Consider the square as shown in the accompanyinh
x
figure. Let W be the set of all vectors of the form  
y
where 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1. That is,
W is the set of all vectors whose tails is at the origin and whose
head is point inside or on the square.Is W a subspace  2 .Explain.
Solution :
x
W =   0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
y
 Ex#6.2.nb 3

x1 x
Let u =  , v =  2  be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;
y1 y2
x1 + x 2
(α) : u ⊕ v =  
y1 + y 2
As 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x2 ≤ 1
⇒ 0 ≤ (x1 + x2 ) ≤ 2
⇒0≤x≤2
Similarly 0 ≤ y1 ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y2 ≤ 1
⇒ 0 ≤ (y1 + y2 ) ≤ 2
⇒0≤y≤2
As the interval (0, 2) ⊃ (0, 1)
∴ u⊕v ∉ W
∴ W is not subspace of 2
--------------------------

Q #5 : Which of the following subsets of 3 are subspaces of 3 ?

The set of all vectors of the form;
(a) (a, b, 2)
Solution :
W = {(a, b, 2) a, b ∈ }
Let u = (a1 , b1 , 2), v = (a2 , b2 , 2) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , 2 + 2)
u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , 4)
As z = 4;
∴ u⊕v ∉ W
W is not subset of 3
--------------------------
(b) (a, b, c) where c = a + b
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c) a, b, c ∈  ∧ c = a + b}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 )
As cn = an + bn
u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 )
c = a + b;
4 Ex#6.2.nb

⇒ a1 + b1 + a2 + b2 = a1 + a2 + b1 + b2
⇒0=0
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 )

As cn = an + bn
c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , c (a1 + b1 ))
c = a + b;
⇒ c (a1 + b1 ) = ca1 + cb1
⇒0=0
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is subspace of 3 .
--------------------------
(c) (a, b, c) where c > 0
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c) a, b, c ∈  ∧ c > 0}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 )
As c1 , c2 ∈  ⇒ c1 + c2 ∈ 
∴ u⊕v ∉ W

∴ W is subspace of 3 .
--------------------------
Q #6 : Which of the following subsets of 3 are subspaces of 3 ?
The set of all vectors of the form;
(a) (a, b, c) where a = c = 0
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c) a, b, c ∈  ∧ a = c = 0}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 )
As an = cn = 0
u ⊕ v = (0 + 0, b1 + b2 , 0 + 0)
u ⊕ v = (0, b1 + b2 , 0)
∴ u⊕v ∈ W
 Ex#6.2.nb 5

(β) : c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 )

As an = cn = 0
c ⊙ u = (c × 0, cb1 , c × 0)
c ⊙ u = (0, cb1 , 0)
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is subspace of 3 .
--------------------------
(b) (a, b, c) where a = -c
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c) a, b, c ∈  ∧ a = -c}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 )
As an = -cn ;
u ⊕ v = (-c1 - c2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 )
u ⊕ v = (-(c1 + c2 ), b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 )
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 )

As an = -cn ;
c ⊙ u = (c (-c1 ), cb1 , c × c1 )
c ⊙ u = (-cc1 , cb1 , cc1 )
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is subspace of 3 .
--------------------------
(c) (a, b, c) where a = c = 0
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c) a, b, c ∈  ∧ b = 2 a + 1}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 )
As bn = 2 an + 1;
u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , (2 a1 + 1) + (2 a2 + 1), c1 + c2 )
b = 2 a + 1;
⇒ (2 a1 + 1) + (2 a2 + 1) = 2 (a1 + a2 ) + 1
6 Ex#6.2.nb

⇒2≠1
∴ u⊕v ∉ W
∴ W is not subspace of 3 .
--------------------------
Q #7 : Which of the following subsets of 4 are subspaces of 4 ?
The set of all vectors of the form;
(a) (a, b, c, d) where a - b = 2
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c, d) a, b, c, d ∈  ∧ a - b = 2}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
a - b = 2;
⇒ (a1 + a2 ) - (b1 + b2 ) = 2
As a1 = 2 + b1 , a2 = 2 + b2
⇒ (2 + b1 + 2 + b2 ) - (b1 + b2 ) = 2
⇒4≠2
∴ u⊕v ∉ W
∴ W is not a subspace of 4 .
--------------------------
(b) (a, b, c, d) where c = a + 2 b and d = a - 3 b
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c, d) a, b, c, d ∈  ∧ c = a + 2 b, d = a - 3 b}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
As cn = an + 2 bn , dn = an - 3 bn ;
u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , a1 + 2 b1 + a2 + 2 b2 , a1 - 3 b1 + a2 - 3 b2 )
d = a - 3 b;
⇒ a1 - 3 b1 + a2 - 3 b2 = a1 + a2 - 3 (b1 + b2 )
⇒0=0
c = a + 2 b;
⇒ a1 + 2 b1 + a2 + 2 b2 = a1 + a2 + 2 (b1 + b2 )
⇒0=0
∴ u⊕v ∈ W
 Ex#6.2.nb 7

(β) : c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 , cd1 )

As cn = an + 2 bn , dn = an - 3 bn ;
c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , c (a1 + 2 b1 ), c (a1 - 3 b1 ))
d = a - 3 b;
⇒ c (a1 - 3 b1 ) = ca1 - 3 cb1
⇒0=0
c=a+2b;
⇒ c (a1 + 2 b1 ) = ca1 + 2 cb1
⇒0=0
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is subspace of 4 .
--------------------------
(c) : (a, b, c, d) where a = 0 and b = -d
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c, d) a, b, c, d ∈  ∧ a = 0, b = -d}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
As an = 0, bn = -dn ;
u ⊕ v = (0 + 0, -d1 - d2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
u ⊕ v = (0, -d1 - d2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
As a = 0 and b = -d;
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 , cd1 )

As an = 0, bn = -dn ;
c ⊙ u = (c × 0, c (-d1 ), cc1 , cd1 )
c ⊙ u = (0, -cd1 , cc1 , cd1 )
As a = 0 and b = -d;
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is subspace of 4 .
--------------------------
Q #8 : Which of the following subsets of 4 are subspaces of 4 ?
The set of all vectors of the form;
(a) (a, b, c, d) where a = b = 0
Solution :
8 Ex#6.2.nb

W = {(a, b, c, d) a, b, c, d ∈  ∧ a = b = 0}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
u ⊕ v = (0, 0, c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
∵ 0, 0, c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 ∈ W
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 , cd1 )

c ⊙ u = (0, 0, cc1 , cd1 )
∵ 0, 0, cc1 , cd1 ∈ W
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
∴ W is the subspace of 4 .
--------------------------
(b) : (a, b, c, d) where a = b = 1 and c + d = 1
Solution :
W = {(a, b, c, d) a, b, c, d ∈  ∧ a = 1, b = 0, c + d = 1}
⇒c=1-d
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
As c = 1 - d
u ⊕ v = (1, 0, (1 - d1 ) + (1 - d2 ), d1 + d2 )
u ⊕ v = (1, 0, 2 - d1 - d2 , d1 + d2 )
⇒ a = 1, b = 0, c + d = 2 - d1 - d2 + d1 + d2
⇒c+d=2∉W
∴ u⊕v ∉ W
∴ W is not in the subspace of 4 .
--------------------------

(c) : (a, b, c, d) where a > 0 and b < 0

Solution :
W = {(a, b, c, d) a, b, c, d ∈  ∧ a > 0, b < 0}
Let u = (a1 , b1 , c1 , d1 ), v = (a2 , b2 , c2 , d2 ) be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
 Ex#6.2.nb 9

u ⊕ v = (a1 + a2 , b1 + b2 , c1 + c2 , d1 + d2 )
a1 > 0, a2 > 0 ⇒ a1 + a2 > 0;
b1 < 0, b2 < 0 ⇒ b1 + b2 < 0;
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 , cd1 )

c ⊙ u = (ca1 , cb1 , cc1 , cd1 )
a1 > 0, ∀ c ∈  ⇒ ca1 > 0 or, ca1 < 0;
b1 < 0, ∀ c ∈  ⇒ cb1 < 0 or, cb1 > 0;
∴ c⊙u ∉ W
W is not in the subspace of 4 .
--------------------------
Q #9 : Which of the following subsets of P2 are subspaces?
The set of all polynomials of the form;
(a) a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 where a0 = 0
Solution :
W = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 ∈ P2 ∧ a0 = 0
Let u = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 , v = b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0  ⊕ b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 

u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (a0 + b0 )
u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (0 + 0)
u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t
i.e a0 = 0
∵ a2 , b2 , a1 , b1 ∈ , then their sum is also an element of 
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = c ⊙ a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + ca1 t + ca0
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + ca1 t + c × 0
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + ca1 t
i.e a0 = 0
∵ c, a1 , a2 ∈ , then their sum and product is also an element of 
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
⇒ W is a subspace.
--------------------------
10 Ex#6.2.nb

(b) a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 where a0 = 2
Solution :
W = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 ∈ P2 ∧ a0 = 2
Let u = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 , v = b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0  ⊕ b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 

u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (a0 + b0 )
a0 + b 0 ;
⇒ a0 + b0 = 2
∵ ∀ a0 , b 0 a0 + b 0 ≠ 2
∴ u⊕v ∉ W
⇒ W is not a subspace.
--------------------------
(c) a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 where a2 + a1 = a0
Solution :
W = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 ∈ P2 ∧ a2 + a1 = a0 
Let u = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 , v = b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0  ⊕ b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 

u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (a0 + b0 )
As a2 = a0 - a1 , b2 = b0 - b1 ;
u ⊕ v = (a0 - a1 + b0 - b1 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (a0 + b0 )
a2 + a 1 = a 0 ;
⇒ (a0 - a1 + b0 - b1 ) + (a1 + b1 ) = (a0 + b0 )
⇒ a0 + b0 = a0 + b0
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = c ⊙ a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + ca1 t + ca0
As a2 = a0 - a1 ;
c ⊙ u = c (a0 - a1 ) t2 + ca1 t + ca0
a2 + a 1 = a 0 ;
⇒ c (a0 - a1 ) + ca1 = ca0
⇒ ca0 - ca1 + ca1 = ca0
⇒ ca0 = ca0
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
 Ex#6.2.nb 11

⇒ W is a subspace.
--------------------------

Q #10 : Which of the following subsets of P2 are subspaces?

The set of all polynomials of the form;
(a) a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 where a1 = 0, a0 = 0
Solution :
W = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 ∈ P2 ∧ a1 = 0, a0 = 0
Let u = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 , v = b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0  ⊕ b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 

u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (a0 + b0 )
u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (0 + 0) t + (0 + 0)
i.e a0 = 0, a1 = 0
u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2
∵ a2 , b2 ∈ , their sums is also an element of 
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = c ⊙ a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + ca1 t + ca0
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + c × 0 × t + c × 0
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + 0 t + 0
i.e a0 = 0, a1 = 0
∵ c, a2 ∈ 
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
⇒ W is a subspace.
--------------------------

(b) a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 where a1 = 2 a0
Solution :
W = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 ∈ P2 ∧ a1 = 2 a0 
Let u = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 , v = b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0  ⊕ b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 

u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (a0 + b0 )
As a1 = 2 a0 ;
12 Ex#6.2.nb

u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (2 a0 + 2 b0 ) t + (a0 + b0 )
a1 = 2 a 0 ;
(a0 + b0 ) = 2 (a0 + b0 )
∴ u⊕v ∈ W

(β) : c ⊙ u = c ⊙ a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 
c ⊙ u = ca2 t2 + ca1 t + ca0
a1 = 2 a 0
⇒ ca1 = 2 ca0
⇒ a1 = 2 a0
∴ c⊙u ∈ W
⇒ W is a subspace.
--------------------------
(c) a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 where a2 + a1 + a0 = 2
Solution :
W = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 ∈ P2 ∧ a2 + a1 + a0 = 2
Let u = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0 , v = b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 be any two vectors in W and c ∈ ;

(α) : u ⊕ v = a2 t2 + a1 t + a0  ⊕ b2 t2 + b1 t + b0 

u ⊕ v = (a2 + b2 ) t2 + (a1 + b1 ) t + (a1 + b1 )
a2 + a1 + a0 = 2;
⇒ a2 + b2 + a1 + b1 + a1 + b1 ≠ 2
∴ u⊕v ∉ W
⇒ W is not a subspace.
--------------------------

Q #25 : In each part determine whether

the given vector v belongs to span {v1 , v2 , v3 }, where
v1 = (1, 0, 0, 1), v2 = (1, -1, 0, 0), v3 = (0, 1, 2, 1)
(a) : v = (-1, 4, 2, 2)
Solution :
c1 v1 + c 2 v2 + c 3 v3 = v
⇒ c1 (1, 0, 0, 1) + c2 (1, -1, 0, 0) + c3 (0, 1, 2, 1) = (-1, 4, 2, 2)
⇒ (c1 , 0, 0, c1 ) + (c2 , -c2 , 0, 0) + (0, c3 , 2 c3 , c3 ) = (-1, 4, 2, 2)
⇒ (c1 + c2 , -c2 + c3 , 2 c3 , c1 + c3 ) = (-1, 4, 2, 2)
c1 + c2 = -1 ___ __ (A)
 Ex#6.2.nb 13

-c2 + c3 = 4 ___ __ (B)

2 c3 = 2 ___ __ (C)
c1 + c3 = 2 ___ __ (D)
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 0 1
0 -1 1 4
0 0 2 2
1 0 1 2

1 0 1 5
R 0 -1 1 4
R1 + R 2 , 3
2 0 0 1 1
1 0 1 2

1 1 0 1
0 -1 1 4
R4 - R 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 -3
The system is inconsistent.
--------------------------
(b) : v = (1, 2, 0, 1)
Solution :
c1 v1 + c 2 v2 + c 3 v3 = v
⇒ c1 (1, 0, 0, 1) + c2 (1, -1, 0, 0) + c3 (0, 1, 2, 1) = (1, 2, 0, 1)
⇒ (c1 , 0, 0, c1 ) + (c2 , -c2 , 0, 0) + (0, c3 , 2 c3 , c3 ) = (1, 2, 0, 1)
⇒ (c1 + c2 , -c2 + c3 , 2 c3 , c1 + c3 ) = (1, 2, 0, 1)
c1 + c2 = 1 ___ __ (A)
-c2 + c3 = 2 ___ __ (B)
2 c3 = 0 ___ __ (C)
c1 + c3 = 1 ___ __ (D)
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 0 1
0 -1 1 2
0 0 2 0
1 0 1 1

1 0 1 3
R3 0 -1 1 2
R1 + R 2 ,
2 0 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
14 Ex#6.2.nb

1 1 0 1
0 -1 1 4
R4 - R 1
0 0 2 2
0 0 0 -2
The system is inconsistent.
--------------------------
(c) : v = (-1, 1, 4, 3)
Solution :
c1 v1 + c 2 v2 + c 3 v3 = v
⇒ c1 (1, 0, 0, 1) + c2 (1, -1, 0, 0) + c3 (0, 1, 2, 1) = (-1, 1, 4, 3)
⇒ (c1 , 0, 0, c1 ) + (c2 , -c2 , 0, 0) + (0, c3 , 2 c3 , c3 ) = (-1, 1, 4, 3)
⇒ (c1 + c2 , -c2 + c3 , 2 c3 , c1 + c3 ) = (-1, 1, 4, 3)
c1 + c2 = -1 ___ __ (A)
-c2 + c3 = 1 ___ __ (B)
2 c3 = 4 ___ __ (C)
c1 + c3 = 3 ___ __ (D)
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 0 -1
0 -1 1 1
0 0 2 4
1 0 1 3

1 0 1 0
R 0 -1 1 1
R1 + R 2 , 3
2 0 0 1 2
1 0 1 3

1 0 1 0
0 -1 1 1
R4 - R 1
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 -3
The system is inconsistent.
--------------------------
(d) : v = (0, 1, 1, 0)
Solution :
c1 v1 + c 2 v2 + c 3 v3 = v
⇒ c1 (1, 0, 0, 1) + c2 (1, -1, 0, 0) + c3 (0, 1, 2, 1) = (0, 1, 1, 0)
⇒ (c1 , 0, 0, c1 ) + (c2 , -c2 , 0, 0) + (0, c3 , 2 c3 , c3 ) = (0, 1, 1, 0)
⇒ (c1 + c2 , -c2 + c3 , 2 c3 , c1 + c3 ) = (0, 1, 1, 0)
 Ex#6.2.nb 15

c1 + c2 = 0 ___ __ (A)
-c2 + c3 = 1 ___ __ (B)
2 c3 = 1 ___ __ (C)
c1 + c3 = 0 ___ __ (D)
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 0 0
0 -1 1 1
0 0 2 1
1 0 1 0

1 0 1 1
0 -1 1 1
R1 + R 2
0 0 2 1
1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1
0 -1 1 4
R4 - R 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 -1
The system is inconsistent.
--------------------------
Q #26 : Which of the following vectors are linear combinations of
1 -1 1 1
A1 =  , A2 =  ,
0 3 0 2
2 2
A3 =  
-1 1
Solution :
c1 A1 + c 2 A2 + c 3 A3 = A
1 -1 1 1 2 2 a b
c1   + c2   + c3  = 
0 3 0 2 -1 1 c d
c -c1 c c2 2 c3 2 c3 a b
 1 + 2 + = 
0 3 c1 0 2 c2 -c3 c3 c d
c + c2 + 2 c3 -c1 + c2 + 2 c3 a b
 1 = 
-c3 3 c 1 + 2 c2 + c3 c d
c1 + c 2 + 2 c 3 = a
-c1 + c2 + 2 c3 = b
-c3 = c
3 c 1 + 2 c2 + c3 = d
Matrix form of the system is :
16 Ex#6.2.nb

1 1 2 a
-1 1 2 b
0 0 -1 c
3 2 1 d

1 1 2 a
0 2 4 b+a
R2 + R 1 , R 4 - 3 R 1
0 0 -1 c
0 -1 -5 d-3a

1 1 2 a
0 2 4 b+a
2 × R4
0 0 -1 c
0 -2 -10 2d-6a

1 1 2 a
0 2 4 b+a
R4 + R 2
0 0 -1 c
0 0 -6 2d-5a+b

1 1 2 a
0 2 4 b+a
R4 - 6 R 3
0 0 -1 c
0 0 0 2d+b-5a-6c
The system is consistent if 2 d + b - 5 a - 6 c = 0

(a)
5 1
A= 
-1 9
2d+b-5a-6c=0
⇒ 2 (9) + (1) - 5 (5) - 6 (-1) = 0
⇒0=0
(b) :
-3 -1
A= 
3 2
2d+b-5a-6c=0
⇒ 2 (2) + (-1) - 5 (-3) - 6 (3) = 0
⇒0=0
(c) :
-3 -2
A= 
3 2
2d+b-5a-6c=0
⇒ 2 (2) + (-2) - 5 (-3) - 6 (3) = 0
 Ex#6.2.nb 17

⇒ -1 ≠ 0
(d) :
1 2
A= 
0 1
2d+b-5a-6c=0
⇒ 2 (1) + (2) - 5 (1) - 6 (0) = 0
⇒ -1 ≠ 0
∴ only (a) and (b) can be expressed as linear combinations of v 1 , v2 , v3 .
--------------------------
Q #27 In each part determine whether the given vector p (t)
belongs to the span [p1 (t), p2 (t), p3 (t)] where p1 (t) = t2 - t,
p2 (t) = t2 - 2 t + 1, p3 (t) = -t2 + 1
(a) :
p (t) = 3 t2 - 3 t + 1
Solution :
c1 p1 + c 2 p2 + c 3 p3 = p
c1 t2 - t + c2 t2 - 2 t + 1 + c3 -t2 + 1 = 3 t2 - 3 t + 1
c1 t2 - c 1 t + c 2 t2 - 2 c 2 t + c 2 - c 3 t2 + c 3 = 3 t 2 - 3 t + 1
(c1 + c2 + c3 ) t2 + (-c1 - 2 c2 ) t + (c2 - c3 ) = 3 t2 - 3 t + 1
c1 + c 2 + c 3 = 3
-c1 - 2 c2 = -3
c2 - c 3 = 1
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 1 3
-1 -2 0 -3
0 1 -1 1
1 1 1 3
R2 + R 1 0 -1 1 0
0 1 -1 1
1 1 1 3
R3 + R 2 0 -1 1 0
0 0 0 1
The system is inconsistent
(b) :
p (t) = t2 - t + 1
Solution :
c1 p1 + c 2 p2 + c 3 p3 = p
18 Ex#6.2.nb

c1 t2 - t + c2 t2 - 2 t + 1 + c3 -t2 + 1 = t2 - t + 1

c1 t2 - c 1 t + c 2 t2 - 2 c 2 t + c 2 - c 3 t2 + c 3 = t 2 - t + 1
(c1 + c2 + c3 ) t2 + (-c1 - 2 c2 ) t + (c2 - c3 ) = t2 - t + 1
c1 + c 2 + c 3 = 1
-c1 - 2 c2 = -1
c2 - c 3 = 1
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 1 1
-1 -2 0 -1
0 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
R2 + R 1 0 -1 1 0
0 1 -1 1
1 1 1 1
R3 + R 2 0 -1 1 0
0 0 0 1
The system is inconsistent.

(c) :
p (t) = t + 1
Solution :
c1 p1 + c 2 p2 + c 3 p3 = p
c1 t2 - t + c2 t2 - 2 t + 1 + c3 -t2 + 1 = t + 1
c1 t2 - c 1 t + c 2 t2 - 2 c 2 t + c 2 - c 3 t2 + c 3 = t + 1
(c1 + c2 + c3 ) t2 + (-c1 - 2 c2 ) t + (c2 - c3 ) = t + 1
c1 + c 2 + c 3 = 0
-c1 - 2 c2 = 1
c2 - c 3 = 1
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 1 0
-1 -2 0 1
0 1 -1 1
1 1 1 0
R2 + R 1 0 -1 1 1
0 1 -1 1
 Ex#6.2.nb 19

1 1 1 0
R3 + R 2 0 -1 1 1
0 0 0 2
The system is inconsistent.

(d) :
p (t) = 2 t2 - t - 1
Solution :
c1 p1 + c 2 p2 + c 3 p3 = p
c1 t2 - t + c2 t2 - 2 t + 1 + c3 -t2 + 1 = 2 t2 - t - 1
c1 t2 - c 1 t + c 2 t2 - 2 c 2 t + c 2 - c 3 t2 + c 3 = 2 t 2 - t - 1
(c1 + c2 + c3 ) t2 + (-c1 - 2 c2 ) t + (c2 - c3 ) = 2 t2 - t - 1
c1 + c 2 + c 3 = 2
-c1 - 2 c2 = -1
c2 - c3 = -1
Matrix form of the system is :
1 1 1 2
-1 -2 0 -1
0 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 2
R2 + R 1 0 -1 1 1
0 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 2
R3 + R 2 0 -1 1 1
0 0 0 0
c1 + c 2 + c 3 = 2
-c2 + c3 = 1
Let c3 = -∞ ≤ t ≤ +∞
c2 = t + 1
c1 = 1 - 2 t
The system is consistent.

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