 COMPONENT DISCRIPTION:-

1. LM 358 IC
The LM358 is a low power dual operational amplifier integrated circuit
originally introduced by National Semiconductor. It is used in detector
circuits. The abbreviation LM358 indicates an 8-pin integrated circuit,
comprising two operational amplifiers at low power.

Pin Configuration of LM358 IC

The pin diagram of LM358 IC comprises of 8 pins, where
 Pin-1 and pin-8 are o/p of the comparator
 Pin-2 and pin-6 are inverting i/ps
 Pin-3 and pin-5 are non inverting i/ps
 Pin-4 is GND terminal
  Pin-8 is VCC+

APPLICATIONS OF LM358 IC
The LM358 is a low power dual operational amplifier integrated circuit
originally introduced by National Semiconductor. It is used in detector
circuits. The abbreviation LM358 indicates an 8-pin integrated circuit,
comprising two operational amplifiers at low power.

ADVANTAGES OF LM358 IC

These features include wide supply ranges, low supply current drain,
independent of supply voltage, wide unity gain bandwidth, ground
includes I common mode input voltage range, low input bias, open loop
differential voltage gain, internally frequency compensation etc

WORKING OF LM358 IC

IC LM358- LM358 consists of two independent, high gain operational

amplifiers in one package. Important feature of this IC is that we do not
require independent power supply for working of each comparator for
wide range of power supply. LM358 can be used as transducer amplifier,
DC gain block etc.

DIAGRAM OF LM358 IC
2.THERMISTOR.
an electrical resistor whose resistance is greatly reduced by
heating, used for measurement and control.

THERMISTOR 10K NTC

Thermistor is an electronic component used to calculate the
temperature.This is a type of resistor whose resistance varies with
change in temperature. ... Basically, there are two types of
thermistor one is NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) and
second one is PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient).
WORKING OF THERMISTOR IN FIRE
ALARM
Fire Alarm using Thermistor. ... The key component of the circuit is
Thermistor, which has been used as fire detector or fire sensor.
Thermistor is temperature sensitive resistor, whose resistance changes
according to the temperature, its resistance decreases with the increase
in temperature and vice versa.

APPLICATIONS OF THERMISTOR IN FIRE

ALARM
 A Thermistor is used to measure the temperature.
 The thermistor is used as an electrical circuit component
 For temperature compensation
 Circuit protection
 Voltage regulation
 Time delay, and Volume control.
 Thermistors are used in an automotive applications
 Instrumentation and Communication
 Consumer electronics
 Food handling and processing
 Industrial electronics
 Medical electronics
 Military and aerospace
THERMISTOR ARE CLASSIFIED INTO TWO
TYPES
 Thermistor Elements
 Thermistor Probes

Thermistor Elements
Thermistor elements are the simplest form of thermistor, it is
commonly used when space is very limited. OMEGA offers a wide
variety of thermistor elements which vary not only in form factor,
but also in their resistance Vs temperature characteristics. Since
thermistors are non-linear, the device used to read the temperature
must linearize the reading

Thermistor Probes
The standalone thermistor element is comparatively delicate and cannot be
located in a ruuged environment. OMEGA offers thermistor probes that
are thermistor elements fixed in metal tubes. Thermistor probes are much
more suitable for industrial enviraonments than thermistor elements

ADVANTAGES OF NTC THERMISTOR

The great advantage of thermistors is their high sensitivity. They are
used mostly for room temperature measurement up to moderately high
temperatures. ... A NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) device shows
a decrease of resistance when temperature increases. NTC thermistors
consist of a semiconductor.
 The thermistor has fast response over narrow temperature range.
 It is small in size.
 Contact and lead resistance problem not occurred due to large
resistance.
 It has good sensitivity in NTC region.
 Cost is low.

DISADVANTAGES OF THERMISTER
 The thermistor need of shielding power lines.
 The excitation current should be low to avoid self heating.
 It is not suitable for large temperature range.
 The resistance temperature characteristics are non linear

3.BATTERY
A container consisting of one or more cells, in which chemical energy is
converted into electricity and used as a source of power.

9 VOLT BATTERY
The nine-volt battery, or 9-volt battery, is a common size of battery that
was introduced for the early transistor radios. It has a rectangular prism
shape with rounded edges and a polarized snap connector at the top.

APPLICATIONS OF BATTERY.

A 9-volt battery holds the same amount of charge as 6 AA batteries,

making it a much more powerful battery for Walkie-talkies and handheld
talk radios. ... Smoke Alarms: One of the most common uses for 9-volt
batteries are for smoke alarms or carbon monoxide detectors.

WORKING OF BATTERY

The batteries in a flashlight typically have a voltage of 1.5 volts. ... A 9-

volt alkaline battery — the kind used in portable radios — is rated at 1
ampere-hour, which means this battery can continuously supply one
ampere of current for 1 hour before it reaches the voltage threshold and
is considered depleted

BATTERY CONNECTER

4.BUZZER
An electrical device that makes a buzzing noise and is used for signalling.
A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be
mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers
and beepers include alarm devices, timers, and confirmation of user input
such as a mouse click or keystroke.
WORKING OF 5 VOLT BUZZER IN FIRE
ALARM

A buzzer or beeper is an audio signalling device, which may be

mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric (piezo for short). Typical
uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers.
10 K OHM RESISTOR :-
Value - 10 kΩ
Type - 4 Band Colour Code
Colour Code- Brown, Black, Orange, Gold
Multiplier - Orange, 1000
Tolerance - Gold Band ±5%

POTENTIOMETER:-
A potentiometer is a three-terminal resistor with a sliding or rotating
contact that forms an adjustable voltage divider.[1] If only two terminals
are used, one end and the wiper, it acts as a variable resistor or rheostat.
The measuring instrument called a potentiometer is essentially a voltage
divider used for measuring electric potential (voltage); the component is
an implementation of the same principle, hence its name.
Potentiometers are commonly used to control electrical devices such as
volume controls on audio equipment. Potentiometers operated by a
mechanism can be used as position transducers, for example, in a joystick.
Potentiometers are rarely used to directly control significant power (more
than a watt), since the power dissipated in the potentiometer would be
comparable to the power in the controlled load.
IMAGE OF POTENTIOMETER:-
 SIMPLE FIRE ALARM CIRCUIT
This is a very simple alarm circuit using Thermistor, LM358 Operational –
Amplifier and a Buzzer.

Circuit Diagram

The circuit diagram of this simple Fire Alarm Project is shown in the
following image.

Components Required
 1 x 10 K Thermistor
 1 x LM358 Operational Amplifier (Op – Amp)
 1 x 4.7 KΩ Resistor (1/4 Watt)
  1 x 10 KΩ Potentiometer
 1 x Small Buzzer (5V Buzzer)
 Connecting Wires
 Mini Breadboard
 5V Power Supply

Circuit Design
The design of the Fire Alarm Circuit with Siren Sound is very simple.
First, connect the 10 KΩ Potentiometer to the inverting terminal of the
LM358 Op – Amp. One end of the POT is connected to +5V, other end is
connected to GND and the wiper terminal is connected to Pin 2 of Op –
Amp.
We will now make a potential divider using 10 K Thermistor and 10 KΩ
Resistor. The output of this potential divider i.e. the junction point is
connected to the non – inverting input of the LM358 Operational
Amplifier.
We have chosen a small, 5V buzzer in this project to make the alarm or
siren sound. So, connect the output of the LM358 Op – amp to the 5V
Buzzer directly.
Pins 8 and 4 of the LM358 IC i.e. V+ and GND are connected to +5V and
GND respectively

Working of the Simple Fire Alarm Circuit

We will now see the working of the simple Fire Alarm Circuit. First thing
to know is that the main component in detecting the fire is the 10 K
Thermistor. As we mentioned in the component description, the 10 K
Thermistor used here is a NTC type Thermistor. If the temperature
increases, the resistance of the Thermistor decreases.
In case of fire, the temperature increases. This increase in temperature will
reduce the resistance of the 10 K Thermistor. As the resistance decreases,
the output of the voltage divider will increase. Since the output of the
voltage divider is given to the non – inverting input of the LM358 Op –
Amp, its value will become more than that of the inverting input. As a
result, the output of the Op – Amp becomes high and it activates the
buzzer.