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 First Edition

Scientist as a Communicator and Presenter

(Series)

SIS MA UAL

Wasima Shehzad

National University of Sciences & Technology

Rawalpindi
ISBN 969-8535-04-7

First Edition 2002

Copyright, Wasima ShchL:ad (2002)

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may by reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the author.

Printed by Instant Print System (Pvt) Ltd. Ph: 2290460

Copies printed 1000
Publisher: National University of Sciences & Technology, HQ

Rawalpindi
Title designed by: Manhatan Pakistan Ltd.

Typed and composed by Muhammad Haroon

cdi atcd

ill
lowe my sincere gratitude to Rector NUST Lt. Gen. Syed Shujaat Hussain for
consistent inspiration, encouragement and support for the publication of this book .

I am greatly indebted to all those at the NUST Constituent Colleges/Institutes who

gave their valuable comments and suggestions.

My great appreciation to Director Academics & Exams, Brig. Qaiser Hameed

Malik for his painstaking effort to review the manuscript.

Writing of this book would not have been possible without the continued
persuation, unrelenting support and critical comments of Dr. Tariq Mahmood.

Shanzay and Shazil's time which I gave to this book has also to be acknowledged.
My deepest gratitude to their unconditional love and to the special care my
parents took of them, in my absence.

1\'
 Preface
For carrymg out successful research, an entrepreneurial spirit is
required to spawn new and innovative ideas. This spirit for the
pursuit of truth and the extension of boundaries of knowledge means
nothing if not documented properly. Since thesis/dissertation
constitute a permanent and tangible proof of the research work
carried out by graduate students, it should be written in a scholarly
and presentable manner-which can be acceptable internationally.

Although the requirements for presentation of research results vary

according to different fields of specialization, certain features of
organization, arrangement, format and presentation are common to
most of such written work.

The present guidelines have been prepared to present a standard

format for writing the synopsis and thesis to be presented at the
National University of Sciences & Technology, Rawalpindi. This
will ensure uniformity in the format of the synopsis/thesis and will
help the students towards a standard style of presentation of their
research plans/findings .
The Author
 CONTEN1~S

Dedication III

Acknowledgements 1\'

Preface \'

1. Introduction ............................. . 6

2. Synopsis ................................ . 8

2.1 Format for Synopsis ........... .... . 8

2.1.1 Topic
2.1.2 Title
2.1.3 Title Page
2, 1.4 Text
2. 1,5 References

3. Thesis .................................. . 12

3.1 Preliminary pages ............ .... . 13

3.1.1 Title page

3,1.2 Approval page
3. 1.3 Dedication
 3.1.4 Acknow Iedgements
3. 1.5 Table of Contents
3. 1.6 List of Abbreviations
3.1.7 List of Tables
3.1.8 List of Figures
3.1.9 Abstract

3.2 Text Pages ........................... 15

3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Review of Literature
3.2.3 Materials & Methods
· 3.2.4 Results
3.2.5 Discussion
3.2.6 Conclusion
3.2.7 Recommendations
3.2.8 References
3.2.9 Footnotes
3.2.10 Appendices

3.3 Data Collection and Retention . ......... . 19

3.4 Chapters . .......................... . 20

2
4. Presentation .............................. . 22

4. 1 Typeface ......................... . 22
4.2 Pa per............................ . 22
4.3 Spacing and Indentation ........... . 23
4.4 Abbreviations .................... . 23
4.5 Symbols .. '........................ . 23
4.6 Fractions ........................ . 23
4.7 Punctuation ..................... . 23
4. 8 Numerals ........................ . 24

4.9 Pagination ...................... . 24

4.10 Headings ........................ . 25

4.10.1 Chapter Headings

4.10.2 Text Headings

5. Graphics ............................... . 28

5.1 Tables
5.2 Figures

6. Footnotes ............................... . 32

3
 ""T!'JI"";"JSAS !J. r, ;-"BG'~ L"/,!Sh'" ....J. e

7. Quotations ................................ . 35

7.1 Formatting Quotations .............. . 36

7.l.1 Incorporation in the Text

7.1.2 Indentation of Quotations

7.2 Types of Quotations .................. 37

7.2.1 Indirect Quotations (Reporting)

7.2.2 Direct Quotations

7.3 Punctuating Quotations .............. 38

7.4 Useful Phrases for Writing Quotations .. 39
7.5 Words and Abbreviations commonly .... 40

used in connection with Quotations and

Footnotes

8. References ................................ . 43

8.1 Citation in the Text .................. . 43

8.2 Bibliography ....................... . 44

8.2.1 Listing and Ordering

8.2.2 Indentation
8.2.3 Journals

4
 8.204 Books
8.2.5 Symposium Papers
8.2.6 Conference Proceedings
8.2.7 Report
8.2.8 Thesis
8.2.9 Unpublished Report
8.2.10 Unpublished Manuscript
8.2.11 Reference from Newspaper
8.2.12 Reference from Internet
8.2.13 Corporate Author
8.2.14 Encyclopaedias and other Alphabetized Works

9. Binding & Submission ...................... . 51

9.l Title .............................. . 51

9.2 Colour ............................ . 52
9.3 Spine ............................. . 52

10. Scientific Misconduct. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

10.1 Piracy .............................. . 53

10.2 Plagiarism ......................... . 53
10.3 Fraud .............................. . 53
lOA Intellectual Honesty ................ .. . 54

10.5 Allegation of Scientific Misconduct. ...... . 54

11. Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

5
 INTRODUCTI()~ T 1

A thesis is an original and scholarly contribution to the discipline, approved by

and defended before the evaluation committee.

A synopsis introduces briefly your narrowed, focussed topic of the research. It is

still general enough that you have room to maneuver, but it puts your ideas in a
box which sets limits on what can and wi ll be done in the research project.
Probably the most important criteria for a synopsis is that it proposes a road map
and anticipates the conclusion. Readers feel uncomfortable about undertaking a
trip with no destination. The advisors/advisory committee use the informat ion
provided in the synopsis to decide if research project to be undertaken is worth
while.

Secondly readers should be able to have a fair idea about the predominant purpose
of the research project. Any project will probably have snippets of various
purposes, but you should set out one thing in particular. This is called the research
question or problem 'identified'. This clearly obvious, manageable purpose is the
predominant research purpose.

Then it is appreciated if the synopsis describes clearly the methodology to be used

and hints at the order in which the information will be presented in the thesis.

6
 :s /""o;ae_'s :Sf: 7''1:9S:~ 'S """ .... 8

There is a little difference in the general writing of a synopsis and a thesis. A

synopsis is a brief presentation of future research plans, while the thesis is an
elaborate presentation of the research findings. Therefore, the basic principles for
typing and presentation remain same for both.

7
 SYNOPSIS 1_ 2

Synopsis is presented and approved before the actual research is initiated. The
main aim of the synopsis is to outline the suitability of the topic for further
research and to show the potentials of the worker to conduct the studies under the
available conditions. A synopsis normally deals with the following:

a. What do you want to do?

b. Why do you want to do it?
c. How do you plan to go about it?

2.1 Format for Synopsis

A synopsis includes the following components:

• Title page
• Text

• References

2.1.1 Topic. The research topic should be problem oriented, thought

provoking and innovative in nature.

2.1.2 Title. The title should be a specific title not a general one.
Typically it is of 10-12 words. One word titles are too ambiguous and too
generic. On the other hand, lengthy titles only confuse the readers.
 SY."'.Ojpsts & ~.'7;> 9 S ' S I/.!Ell ,.... '""' Ell

2.1.3 Title Page. Title page is the first page of the synopsis, which should
contain the exact title of the research. Thesis Title should be precise,
explicit, descriptive and as short as possible. It should be free of syntax
enors and centered at the top and typed in upper casco A typical title
length is 12-15 words.

This page also includes the full name alongwith registration number of the
student and the approval of the Thesis Committee, called Guidance and
Examination Committee (GEC), for Ph.D ; and Chai1111an and/or Dean (as
per general regulations). See Appendix I.

Date of admission at the university, date of initiation of the research work

and the probable duration i.e. the estimated time till the completion of the
work is also indicated.

2.1.4 Text. The text of the synopsis should be organized into following
sections, which appear continuously one after another without a page
break:

a. Abstract. An abstract of the synopsis should very briefly narrate

the general feature of the synopsis. It is an abbreviated but accurate
representation of the contents. It should be a single paragraph dealing
with the following questions:

• Why do you intend to extend already done work?

• What is your hypothesis?

• What is already known about it?
• What are the limitations of that work?

9
 • What is your work going to help?

b. Introduction. It should briefly spell out the background of the

problem and the objectives/proposed hypothesis of the study. It should
specifically answer the following questions:

• What is the specific problem?

• Why is it a problem?
• What is going to be done about the problem? (objectives)

Rationale Objectives

backward in time forward in time

c. Review of Literature. It is. a brief running text of the

previous relevant information on the research topic, attempting to
guide the reader towards the need for the present research. Only
important recent work should be reviewed, emphasizing that the
studies are not a duplication of the previous work.

d. Plan of Work. The strategy to be followed 111 the present

research work should be briefly spelled out, giving the study area,
probable population, sampling/census techniques and/or
experimental design, chemicals/equipments/experimental material,
mode of collection of data and/or parameters to be analyzed and
possible analytical techniques to be exploited. The reference to the

10
 .sy,.,....ops·-= '"' '"reS.:::'a \.I'f!ff} 'C' .."C

technique to be used, formula/theory followed, equipment!

instructions used, may be given, as and where needed. The
statistical procedure for the analysis of data should also be defined.

2.1.5 References. Full citations (as given in reference section) of all the
references appearing in the different parts of the text should appear in
alphabetical order. The style of reference citation given in reference
section should be followed. Usually some 8-12 references are cited in a
synopsis, ~ut it is not a very strict limit.

II
 THF:SIS r~ 3

A thesis is the documentation of the research work carried out over a certain
period of time with the following components:

l. Introduction
2. Review of Literature
3. Methodology
4. Results
5. Discussion
6. Conclusion
7. Recommendations
8. References
9. Appendices

Format of Thesis

The final form of the thesis should contain the preliminary pages and the text
pages, appearing in the following sequence:

12
 SynopsIs & ThesIs MJElJ.J7)a../IElJ

3.1 Preliminary Pages

Preliminary pages are an important part of thesis. They are included before
the main text.

The preliminary pages may appear in the order given below:

• Title Page

• Approval Page

• Dedication

• Acknowledgements

• Table of Contents

• List of Abbreviations

•
•
List of Tables
List of Figures 1 Where applicable

3.1.1 Title Page. Each copy of the thesis must include a title page. The page
must bear the full title of the thesis, full name of the candidate, registration
number, degree for which the thesis is submitted and the name of the
Department/Institute/Faculty and year (facsimile of the page appears as
Appendix II). This will be the only page, which will not bear a page
number, but will be considered as the first preliminary page.

3.1.2 Approval Page. Title Page will be followed by an approval page,

which will be signed by the members of the Supervisory Committee, at the
time of its submission, and the Extemal Examiner, at the time of Viva-
Voce/defense examination. It shall be prepared in accordance with the
Appendix III.

13
3.1.3 Dedication. The candidate, if desires, may dedicate his work to
some particular person(s) or to anything he wishes to.

3.1.4 Acknowledgements. The candidate, if desires (the scientific ethics

generally demand), may acknowledge the help he/she received from
person(s) and sponsoring/funding agencies during the eourse of research .
This should be brief (around 200 words) and dignified.

3.1.5 Table of Contents. Thesis must contain an elaborate table of

contents for the convenience of the reader indicating the page for each title
appearing in sequence, as it appears in the text. Lists of tables, figures
(maps, diagrams, charts, etc.) plates or illustrations (photographs, etc)
which appear in the text (if required) may follow the "Table of Contents"
in the same sequence. These must be arranged 111 their numeral order
indicating the text page from which each starts.

3.1.6 List of Abbreviations. Special abbreviations used in the text of the

thesis can be listed in alphabetical order with the explanation and be
placed after the 'Table of Contents'.

3.1.7 List of Tables. These should be given on separate pages and should
come after the 'Table of Contents'.

3.1.8 List of Figures. These should be given on separate pages. These

pages should be placed after the 'Table of Contents'.

If all of the above three lists have to be given, List of Abbreviations will
come first (immediately after 'The table of Contents'), 'List of Tables'
second, followed by the' List of Figures'.

14
 S~"'7.cC 'DS/S' ~ 7~7;9S'S • v"

3.1.9 Abstract. An abstract, of not more than 250 words for M.Sc and
M.Pbil thesis, should follow the 'Table of Contents' . The abstract should
be brief and written in complete sentences. It should state succinctly the
objectives/problem, the experimental design, the principle observations
and conclusions. Headings and references should not appear in abstract.
Abstract should include the answcrs to the following questions:

• Why the research was started?

• What did you do, and how?

• What did you find?

• What do your findings mean?

Generally an abstract is dealt in a single paragraph but in certain cases it

may be extended to two to three paragraphs. No abbreviations except
those of standard terminology should be used . A Ph.D Thesis carries (1

summary instead of Abstract and which should not be more than 600
words. It follows the same above rules of the abstract, covering the
summary of all the chapters.

The abstract/summary should confirm to the same requirements regarding

space margins and punctuation as the main body of the work.

3.2 Text Pages

The preliminary pages should be followed by the main text. The main text
may contain the following sections, appearing in the same sequence:

• Introduction
• Review of Literature
• Materials & Methods

• Results

15
 • Discussion

• Conclusion

• Recommendations

• References

• Appendices (where applicable)

3.2.1 Introduction. Introduces the problem and spells out the main
objectives/hypothesis of the research. This includes the introduction of the
research topic, background and/or significance of the study. It very clearly
phrases the statement of the problem focussing on what exactly is the
research question that the study seeks to explore.

background
significance
Introduction~~---- rationale (baekvvard in time)
~

objectives (forward ill time)

~

If the study is testing any hypothesis, then it should state how the hypothesis has
been formulated; How it has been previously looked at '! What have been
previous findings? What assLlmptions have been used as a basis for the
hypothesis.

Introduction

Interesting

Lead into the

work
 Introduction should be brief. The length of introduction may vary fro111
one to five A-4 size pages but not more than that. The facts and figures
must be supported by references.

3.2.2 Review of Literature. This is the first chapter of the thesis which
prepares and briefly updates the reader about the current status of the
research findings in tl1e field, duly supported by suitable references (very
general and/or universal facts may not be supported by a reference). This
should be in the form of an integrated running text, presenting a general
synthesis of the known facts on the problem under study, rather than
presenting a summary of the papers appearing in chronological order. It
may be prepared under different headings or titles, which are part of the
study. The relevant literature is discussed in a scholarly manner. The
writer may use direct and indirect quotations , duly referred and criticised
mentioning deficiencies of the previous work and leading to the study
under consideration.

3.2.3 Materials and Methods. This chapter is a detailed objective narration

of the study area, materials used, sampling/census technique(s),
methodslinstruments exploited and the technique(s) used in analysis,
which may help the reader in understanding of the results.

One must give special attention to the following points:

• Experimental design
• Diagram of a system(s)
• Scientific terminology/names
• Chemical names, formulas and manufacturers
• Equipment names, models, specification and manufacturers

17
 • If you made a change to a reference method, mention that change

Detailed descriptions should be given of the conceptual and operational

definitions and how was/were the hypothesices tested?

3.2.4 Results. The results (without giving explanations/comparisons with

other studies) of the study should be presented in running text, duly
supported by the data, presented in tables, figures, plates, etc., pointing the
salient points. The results should lead to the generalized statements of the
researcher, which may be carried for discussion. The statistical legends
and symbols can be presented in consultation with the supervisor. Key
should be provided where necessary.

3.2.5 Discussion. This is the most important part of the thesis, where the
results are interpreted under a scientific logic duly supported by the
previous studies/references. The discussion should be based upon the
results of the study. Usually the generalizations of the results are carried
for discussion. Results and discussion should be presented objectively
without giving the personal opinion.

Discussion can also include a list of the problems encountered and a brief
description of how these were solved.

3.2.6 Conclusion. This part of the document entails summary of the

research work . Reference(s) should be given to the appropriate
sections/facts/figures where implementation/results reflect, how the
objective(s) enumerated in the introduction of the thesis have been
achieved.

18
 .~

3.2.7 Recommendations. Here suggestions for future studies of the

research problem are given indicating the problem(s) not touched or
solved through the present work. Guidelines for the future research work
are also proposed.

3.2.8 References. All the references cited in the text and notes should
appear in this sectioll. These should be arranged in alphabetical order to
the last name of the author. The style of citjng references has been given
in section Eight of this Manual.

3.2.9 Footnotes. Footnotes should generally be avoided, but this is a

matter of preference, which the candidate should decide with his
Supervisor. Notes may appear as footnotes at the bottom of individual
pages or may be gathered in a section at the end of each chapter as end
notes or may be placed all together in a section at the very end of the text.

3.2.10 Appendices. This section may contain supporting data for the text in
the form of one or more appendices . It may include table(s), facsimile of
the questionnaire/data collection sheet(s) illustrations, maps and other
similar data, which can not be placed in the other parts of the main text.
This data should be in the organized form. Appendices should be
numbered alphabetically or numerically. Each must also have an
appropriate title.

3.3 Data Collection and Retention

Importance of keeping and maintaining an accurate record of the research

under taken by the student is not less significant than the derivation of
appropriate results. Therefore all the data (primary and secondary) should

19
 be recorded promptly and accurately by an appropriate method so that it
can be checked later, if required. All the entries in the record
sheet/diary/journal should be signed and dated by the researcher where
possible. The purpose is the retrieval or reproduction of the primary data
and/or results if necessary. The existence of verifiable data allows the
research work to be checked and tested by the investigation (disciplinary)
committee if an allegation of scientific misconduct is made. (see chapter
10).

These data records are not the part of thesis but must be maintained.

3.4 Chapters

For M.Sc & M.Phil each of the above sections should be considered as
separate chapters, numbered in consecutive order (references and
appendices should not be numbered as a chapter). However, for Ph.D.
thesis which normally deals with widely different fields and demands a
separate handling of different parts of the total research, each part
(considered as a chapter) may contain separate introduction, materials and
methods, results and discussion, appearing as continuous text. However, in
such cases a general overall introduction, review of literature and
discussion/conclusions shall be developed, appearing as the first in text
chapters and the last chapter, respectively. The references should always
appear before appendices.

In such cases the layout should be as follows:

• General introduction 2-5 pages

• General review of literature as in 3.2.2

20
• General Methodology

• Study One
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results & discLlssion

• Study Two
• Introduction
• Methodology
• Results & discLlssion
• General Discussion & Conclusion

21
 4.1 Typeface

4.1.1 Typing of the text should be double spaced (Font. 12 T imes New
Roman (TNR) with the exception of captions, footnotes, long
quotations, reference entries of more than one line, tables and
appendices, etc. No inter-lineations, crossing out of letters or
words are pennissible. Correction fluid may be used, but sparingly
and with great care and no such corrections should involve more
than three words.

4.1.2 Nothing in the text should be italicized, except the scientific names
and the words from languages other than English.

4.1.3 Prefer not to underline anything in the body of the text rather it
should appear italic.

4.2 Paper

The thesis is to be submitted on a 80 g or 100% cotton paper of 28.75 x

22.6 cm (11.5 x 9", i.e. A-4) size, with 3.8 cm left (binding side) 3.0 cm
right, top, and lower margins.

22
 k>~_~,':c""" 'J'l\..t'fIS, ~ """"'" ~7,

4.3 Spacing and Indentation

4.3.1 The text should be fully justified. Use a single space after all
punctuation marks , including full stop.

4.3.2 The first line of the paragraph should be indented, and single line
space be given between paragraphs.

4.4 Abbreviations

For abbreviations, in general , the full term should be spelled out when it
appears first time in the text (with abbreviation in parenthesis). Later, only
the abbreviations can be used in rest of the text. Abbreviations should be
in capital letter (s) without full stop (s) , or otherwise necessary.

4.5 Symbols

Always write ' per cent' in the text and not the % symbol. Similarly
chemical symbols or formula should not bc used (e.g., write, 'Wate r is
required' rather than writing, 'H20 is required ').

4.6 Fractions

No fractions should be used in the text. They should be spelled out e.g.,
half rather than Yz and five-eight for %.

4.7 Punctuation

4 .7.1 Points of the compass and seasons of the year should not be written
with capital letters unl ess these are a part of the name, e.g.,

')0
_ .1
 'The wind is in the north west'
'South East Regional Development Board'.

4.7.2 The definite article, "the" should not be written with capital "T"
before the name unless it is a part of that name, e.g. ,
'the King's Fund'
or 'The Royal College'.

4.8 Numerals

4.8.1 Insert a space between a numeral and the unit of measurement,

e.g. , 3 mm, or 15°C. No space should be given between educes and
associated numerals, e.g., 5.0-6.0 mm or between extreme
measurement and ranges, e.g., (10-30) or 25 -35.

4.8.2 Do not start a sentence with mathematical abbreviations.

4.9 Pagination

All pages, except the title page, are to bear a page number. The title page
is understood as preliminary page i. Other preliminary pages will be
numbered in lower-case. Roman Numerals (ii, iii, etc.) at the bottom in the
center of each page. The subsequent text, plates, notes , references,
appendices are to be numbered in a single sequence of Arabic Numerals
(1, 2, etc) beginning with page 1 expressed on the first page of the text.
The Arabic Numerals will appear at the top in the centre of each page.
Page numbers must fall on or within the specified margins which are as
follows:

24
 sIs eli!. 717hJss/s lAAIelfl7J IUlEil

• Left margin (or binding edge) 3.8 cm

• All other margins 3.0 cm.

4.10 Headings

All the headings, except those beyond fifth level, should appear in bold
letters. Font size should be as follo ws:

Chapter Number 16 TNR

Chapter Heading 16- 18 "
First Level Heading 14 "
Second Level Heading 12 "
Third Level Heading 12 "

4.10.1 Chapter Headings

The heading for the chapter numbers should be in italics and

justified to the right hand side of the page appearing with fi rst
letter (i.e., " C") in capital (uppercase). The chapter headings
should be all capital (in upper case) adjusted in the centre.

4.10.2 Text Headings

All other headings in the text should be set over to the left-hand
margin and the text should begin on the next line with indentation.

a. First level heading

The first level headings should be all in bold capital.

b. Second level heading

Second level heading should be typed in small (lowercase)

bold letters with the first letter of each main word in
capital.

25
 c. Third level heading

Third level headings may appear in the text with the first
letter as capital and the rest in lower case. All headings
should be assigned digital number.

No full stop should be used after the heading. Colons (:) can be used after the fifth
degree of headings, when these are directly followed by the text.

26
 SynopsIs &. ThesIs /JWJ£l]/l7JIl.//£l]

First
level Chapter Chapter
heading heading ~mber
\ /
\ } I
Chapter 2

MA TERIALS AND METHODS

2.1 SELECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL MATERIAL

2.1.1 Provision of Gene Pool

2.1.1.1 Selection of gene lines

Second
Third level
level heading
heading

27
 GRAPHICS 5

5.1 Tables

a. Every table must bear a title which should be written on the top of
the table.

b. If a table title is more than one line long, it should be double-

spaced.

c. The title must be typed after the table number on the same line,
e.g.,

Table I: The .......... .. .. ..... . in the liver.

No word in capital letters or with initial capital letters should be

typed except the first word of the title or otherwise if it is a special
abbreviation e.g. DNA.

d. Table should be numbered with Arabic numerals (1 ,2,3, .... ). The

table number should have the chapter number first, followed by the
number of the table. For example fi rst table of chapter three will be
written as Table 3.1.

28
 SynopsIs .& ThesIs tlv!JE/lQ7JILIJElJ

e. The unit of measurement should be written in column heading

instead of repeating for every entry in the column (s).

f. If a table is too long for one page, type' continued ' at the bottom of
the fi rst page and 'Table' 'Page 2' at the top of a new page, then
repeat the column headings on the new page before typing the rest
of the table.

g. If the table is typed on 'landscape' it must be inserted in thesis

with untitled side in the binding.

h. The explanatory note, if any, should be typed immediately under

that table . Identify each footnote with a reference character,
making sure that it is linked to the correct matching character in
the body of the table.

J. The numbers in the body of a table should be aligned on the

decimal point. If ± or = signs or 'to' (6 to 8) are used they shoul d
be first aligned on these characters and there on to decimal, e.g.

68 .1 ± 1.5
234.0 ± 21.0
0.29 ± 0.03
K. Each table should be self explanatory, with appropriate/heading, so
that it could be read independent of the text.

5.2 Figures

a. Titles of the figures should be written under the figures.

29
 b. Size and shape of the fi gures should be well within the limits of the
page size on which the text will be typed (A 4 page) .

c. The figures/graphs should be given capital Arabic numerals (e.g.,

1,2, .. ..etc.).

d. All figures or graphs should be of the same size on the paper. Each
figure or graph should bear a self-sufficient legend, appearing in
the bottom of the figure/graph. The legend should be typed doubl e
space after the figure number, as

Figure 1: A line sketch of the .. ... . . . ... .. . .. distribution of power.

e. If the figure/graph is in landscape, the side without title should go

towards binding.

f. Each figure/diagram should be self-explanatory so that it could be

read independent of the text.

g. Unnecessary figures can be avoided. Sometimes allied figures gi ve

a better analysis if these are presented in the same figure or appear
on the same page where these can be compared. It is generally
believed that if an information appears in table it should not be
repeated in the figure, until very essentially required.

h. Illustration should be drawn in Indian ink, preferably on bristle

board. Good quality computer simulations (preferably with laser
printers) can also be used.

30
 Sy:'7Jopsls 8. 1f7hJssIs IJVfJBJil7lILU!J]

J. Photographs should be high contrast, low gloss, high quality

pictures. They may be printed on 21.5 x 28 cm (8.5 x 11 inch)
photographic paper in order to avoid mounting.

k. Cellulose tape (including transparent scotch tapes) rubber cement,

mucilage or ordinary glue are not to be used in submitti ng the fi nal
hard bound copies of the thesis. Dry mounting of illustrations is
preferred but any high quality sealant of guaranteed permanency is
acceptable. Staple pins, pins or paper clips are not allowed .

1. For tables, full-page diagrams, pages with illustrations or mo unted

photographs, the same margins are required as for type written
pages.

m. Inclusion of oversized pages shou ld be avoided. These shou ld be

reduced without sacrificing legibility. However, if at all required,
oversize fold out pages or illustrations is allowed, but the fo lded
edges must be at or within the marginal limits. If full-page
photographs are used, they must allow for trimming and bindi ng
without sacrifice of any significant content. Full-page illustration
may have accompanying caption pages facing them ; such
illustrations and their caption page will be numbered in the
sequence of text numbers.

n. Table, figures , plates, etc. should be in proximity to the text, where

these are referred, rather than appearing in the end.

31
 FOOTNOTES[ D

A footnote is a note at the bottom or foot of a page in a book or a journal: it is

used to explain a word or other item, or to add some special information or a
reference. Sometimes footnotes appear at the end of an essay or article, or even at
the back of a book. Preferably the footnote should appear on the same page to
which it refers .

Footnotes are used to:

• acknowledge sources
• define terms
• acknowledge direct quotations
• provide additional information
• provide cross-references to various parts of the paper.

Most style-books gIve detailed specifications for the format of footnotes ,

including specifications for the spacing and placing. Only a few points are
mentioned here.

a. A footnote is generally indicated by a raised number (without a full

stop) at the end of the sentence to which reference is to be made.
A small number is written above the word or item in the text. The
explanation of the item is then given the same number.

32
 Synopsi!s & 7T1hJ<9si!s IAAlsnruJsll

b. The numbering of footnotes is either continuous througho ut a

research paper, or starts afresh on each page. If there are two or
more footnotes then they are numbered on sequence 1,2,3 etc. If
they appear at the foot of a page, the numbering starts anew on
each page. If they appear at end of a chapter, the numbering is
continuous throughout the chapter. In this case they are called end-
notes. There are several systems of giving footnotes but this is the
simplest:

.. . has given rise to a school of thought called neo' -Marxism.

, neo - a new or a modem form of development of

c. Most frequently footnotes are placed at the bottom of the page to

which they refer (separated from the text by a ruled line).

33
 Occasionally all the foot-notes for a chapter of a long work are
gathered together at the end of the chapter.

1
2

d. Bibliographical information in a footnote is generally less

complete than what is found in the bibliography reference section
at the end of the research paper. In a foot note author's name and
title may only be given. An important difference is that in the
footnote, an author's initials or first name will appear before the
surname.

34
 ~~~~~~~~- ~~~~---

QUOTATIONS 7
'----I

When writing an essay, a report, a project, a thesis etc, it is sometimes useful to

quote an extract from someone else's writing - perhaps in order to quote the
opinion of an authority on the subject matter, or to cite the source of facts that
might otherwise be disputed. However, it is advisable to use quotations only when
they serve a specific purpose. Use your own words most of the time.

All borrowed material, quoted directly and indirectly, must be acknowledged .

Extensive and unacknowledged use of another person's material, even if the
material borrowed is thinly disguised by some changes of wording, is unscientific
and unscholarly, generally showing a lack of originality on the part of the student.

Even when fully acknowledged, direct quotations should be used sparingly,

except when the research project involves the discussion and evaluation of a work
of literature. Too many quotations, even if acknowledged, give an impression of
lack of independent thought and lack of determination.

When referring to a book or an article in a journal, the normal procedure is to give

the author's surname, the year of publication in brackets, and the page numbers if
possible. The full reference is then given at the end of the thesis.

35
 Synopsfs & ?Thesfs IlVflBlD7JUBlIl

7.1 Formatting Quotations

There are two basic ways of using quotations in the thesis.

7.1.1 Incorporation in the Text. Quotation marks arc used around the
author's actual words which are then incorporated in the text.
This is often llsed for short quotations.

Then a further dimension is added by Seers (1979),

' development now implies, inter alia, reducing cultural
dependence on one or more of the great power'. Self
reliance thus becomes . ..

7.1.2 Indentation of Quotations. The quotation starts further from the

margin than the other lines - and it may be in a different type or
style; the quotation marks are usually omitted.

For Seers,-----------------------------------------

Development is inevitably a normative concept,

almost a synonym for improvement. To pretend
otherwise is just to hide one's value judgements.
(Seers, 1972, p.22)

Posing the question _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

36
7.2 Types of Quotations

There are two types of quotations

a. Indirect Quotations
b. Direct Quotations

7.2.1 Indirect Q uotations (Reporting). If you find yourself making a

very long quotation, ask yourself whether it would not be a better
idea to report the author's ideas in your own words. This simply
means putting the 'other writer' s ideas in your own words.
Sometimes people report ideas rather than use direct quotation
because it means that you can summarize at the same time. Here is
an example:

Non causal prediction has also been used by Gray et.al.

(1991) in which they sub .sample a vector, code the down
sampled vector and then predict the remaining samples.
They call the scheme a 'Checkerboard Tile'. In our case .. .....

Here we see that the student who wrote this paragraph has
summarized the point he is referring to; but that he has made it
clear from whom and where he has got the idea he is discussing.

7.2.2 Direct Quotations. Occasionally it is necessary to quote the

author's own words. Direct quotations must be reproduced exactly
in all details: spelling, punctuation and paragraphing. Short

37
 SY!!7JOpS!S & 717hJes!s IAAlElJ!!7JILIlElJI/

quotations of less than four lines are included in the text and
enclosed in quotation marks (see 7.1.1). Longer quotations should
be set off from the text in a separate paragraph, indented, and
without quotation marks (see 7.1.2).

When you are referring to a writer it is normal to refer to him by

his second name (e.g., 'Dickens says .. . '), or sometimes by his full
name e.g. , (' Charles Dickens wrote ... '), but never by his first
name alone . If the writer is still living it is possible (but not
necessary) to put his title in front (e.g., ' Professor Brown
. ....
wntes ')

Here is an example of the use of quotation from a student's essay:

In his entitled ' An American Indian Model of the

Universe' , Whorf (1956:57) states categorically, 'After
long and careful study and analysis, the Hopi Language is
seen to contain no words, grammatical forms,
constructions or expressions that refer directly to what we
call "time", and to past, present, or future ... '

You can see that the writer's words are within single quotation marks. The
quotation is preceded by a comma, or sometimes by a colon (:) . If,
however, the quotation is a word or a short phrase it may just be written as
part of the sentence it appears in, but always with single quotation marks.

7.3 Punctuating Quotations

You must quote the words exactly, except:

38
 a) Where the writer you are quoting himself uses quotation marks .
Then you must change his single quotation marks to double
quotation marks . Of course, if the original text has double
quotation marks, you will keep them.The main aim IS to
distinguish between the author's quotation marks and your own.

b) When there is some material which is not relevant and which you
want to omit. You indicate that you have omitted something by
putting a series of three dots. ( In the above example, the complete
sentence is not quoted to the end, and this is shown by a series of
dots). This is called elipsis. Elipsis can be used at the beginning,
middle or end of a sentence.

c) Where there is a reference etc which is not clear, you can put in
some information of your own in square brackets. This usually
happens with pronouns like he, this etc.

For example:

'Both limiting message spectra in the examples in sections

6.2 were determinisitic. This means if the noise were zero,
we would be able to predict [the future of the message]
exactly', Trees (1968).

7.4 Useful Phrases for Writing Quotations

Here are some useful phrases which can be used for writing quotations.
You may also use other phrases according to the demand of the text:

39
 Syvoo.Dslfs & 7!7hJ<B>slfs /JWSVOUBJ

As X points out. ..
X tells/shows us that. ..
X draws it to our attention ...
To quote from X . . .
In a book/entitled .. .
X makes the point that. ..
It was X who first said ...
X suggests/states ...
Referring to ... , X says that. ..

7.S Words and Abbreviations commonly used in Connection with

Quotations and Footnotes

cf . compare
above appearing earlier in the same page, article, chapter etc.
(Often see above.)
et al. and others ( et is a word; al. is an abbreviation).
et. a1. is used when there are more than two authors; only the first
author is named: e.g,
Quirk et. a1. (1991). A Grammar of Contemporary English.
et seq. (and following), et is a word; seq. is an abbreviation of sequentia,
meaning below, appearing later in the same page, article, chapter
etc. (Often see below.)
ibid. the same author, book/article and page; or the same author and
book with the new page mentioned: ibid., p.44. Used when the
writer again is referring to a book/article that he has just referred
 infra below. (a word; not an abbreviation.). Further on (in a book or
writing).
lac. cit. It is an abbreviation of Latin word 'loco citato' meanmg, In the
passage already cited. In the article, chapter or section that I have
referred to before. The author's name must always be given:
Whorf, lac. cit.
op. cit. This is an abbreviation of a Latin word, 'opere citato' meaning in
the book that I have referred to before. The author's name and
page reference must always be given: Whorf, op. cit., p.56.
passim Here and there throughout. Used when a topic is referred to several
times in a book etc., that you are referring to: Whorf (1956), pp.56-
64, passim. (A word, not an abbreviation.)
(sic) This is used when you are quoting from a writer who has made an
obvious mistake (usually spelling) and you want the reader to
know that it is not your mistake! Also sometimes used by writers
to draw the reader's attention to something that might be
considered very silly, when it almost has the meaning 'Would you
believe it?' The word sic means 'thus' or 'so' in Latin. (A word,
not an abbreviation.)
supra above (A word, not an abbreviation.) or earlier on in a book.
cpo compare; used for drawing the reader's attention to some other
relevant source.
ed., eds. editor, edition; editors, editions.
ff. and following; used to refer to the pages that come after a page
referred to: Whorf (1956), p.56 ff.
ms., mss. manuscript, manuscripts.
n.d. no date given.
n.p. no place given.

41
 SylT1Jop8ds & 71717)98"8 iMJsnus

pub. no publisher given.

no. , nos . number; numbers.
p., pp. page; pages.
trans. translator; translated; translation.
vol. , vols. volume; volumes.
 REFERE4 (~ES 8

8.1 Citation in the Text

8.1.1 References should be cited in the text by giving the author's name
(last name, as spelled in the paper/book), followed by the year,
e.g., Ahmad (1990) or (Ahmad, 1990). When name is inside
parenthesis it must be followed by a coma before the year. Same
principle will be followed for two authors, e.g., Saleem and Ali
(1988) or (Saleem and Ali, 1988). In the case of three or more
authors, the reference should be cited as Sheikh et al. (1989) or
(Sheikh et al., 1989). General references or the references from
organizations like, UNESCO, FAO, GOP, etc. should appear in the
text as full or abbreviated like Government of Pakistan, or, Govt of
Pakistan. Anonymous references may be avoided, until essentially
required, if written should always appear in parenthesis followed
by coma and year.

8.1.2 Where more than one references start with the same name and
year, these may be written in text as Aslam (1998 a), Aslam (1998
b) etc. or Anwar et al. (1997 a) Anwar et al. (1987 b) etc. The
same rule should be followed in the reference section.

43
 Sy""" OIPS1S .& 71717;9S/S 'WflBlfTT' 'LIlElJ

8.2 Bibliography

Bibliography or reference section appears before appendices and after

conclusion. Internationally two systems of arranging the authors names are
in practice, when more than one person is involved in the publication ..

System One

• In all cases surname is written first and followed by initials separated

from next name by a coma e.g.

Rehman, T. , John, L. M. and Martin, P.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
sumame, initial, sumame, initial sumame initial

System Two

• Only the first name starts with surname and is followed by initials
while the following names have initials first followed by surnames
e.g.

Pal, M. P., A. Vinten, A. G. Paul and M. R. Jackson.

~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
sumame, initial , initial sumame, initial surname and initial surname

44
Only one system is followed at one time . For the sake of the
standardization and uniformity it is recommended that system one be
followed by the students of NUST. Full citations should appear in the
reference section, as per following format:

8.2.1 Listing and Ordering. In the reference section, the

references should not be numbered but these are simply arranged
in alphabetical order. e.g.,

Alfard, S. (2000) .....

Arif, M. (2001)... . ..
Ashar, R. (2000) .... .
Bakhtiar, Y. (1998) ... .
Bazid, W. (1999) ..... .
Cherni, K. (1988) .... .
Dawd, A. (2001) ..... .

8.2.2 Indentation
References should be enlisted by hanging indent.

8.2.3 Journals
The complete reference of a research article will include: Author
name/s (surname, initial), year of publication, in-parenthesis, title
of the article (only first word with capital letter), name of the
journal (first word with capital), volume number, issue number (in-
parenthesis) followed by a colon and page numbers.
Names of the Journals should be abbreviated according to the latest
edition of the World List of Scientific Periodicals and followed by

45
 SYu'7JOpsts & 7TihJes/s IAA/ElJfl7JlUElJ

a coma. While abbreviating a journal helping verbs like of, an , etc

be dropped.

a. One Author

Muira, H. (1985). Application of numerical optimization methods to

helicopter design problems - a survey. Am. 1. Mech., 9 (2): 40-45.

b. Two Authors

Lim, 1. and Chopra, 1. (1989). Acroelastic optimization of a helicopter

rotor. l.Am. Hel. Soc. 34 (1): 23-29.

c. Many Authors

Rawson. H.M., Shooper, 1. 1. and Rawson, M. L. (1998). Variation in the

composition of Zea mays with the increase in temperature. Aust. 1. Plant
Physiol., 2 (3): 305-322.

8.2.4 Books
The complete reference of a book will include:
Author name/s (surname, initial), year of publication 111

parenthesis, title of the book, publisher's name, place of

publication, page numbers. Each of these start with the capital
letter.

If there is a range of pages to be mentioned it should be written as

pp.280-288. If a particular page is to be referred it should be
written as 288 p.

46
 a. One Author

Huber, PJ. (1981). Robust Statistics. John Wiley, New York. pp.385-388

b. Two Authors

Rousseeuw, J.D and Leroy, A.M. (1987). Robust Regression and Outlier
Detection. John Wiley, New York. pp. 211-260.

c. Chapter in Book edited by some Editor (s)

Glouert, H. (1985). Airplane propeller aerodynamic theory. In: Mechanics

and Mechanism Designs. W. F. Durand (Ed). Dover Publications. Inc. ,
New York. 286 p.

d. Particular Edition

Beardslee, D. (1951). Classroom Dynamics lOth. Ed ., Department of Psychology,

University of Michigan.

8.2.5 Symposium Papers with no Paging

Moffitt, R. and Sheehy T, (1977). Prediction of Helicopter Rotor

Performance in Vertical Climb and Sideword Flight. Presented at the 33 rd
Annual National Forum of the American Helicopter Society, Washington,
D.C.

8.2:6 Conference Proceedings

Peters, D. A and He, C. 1. (1987). A closed - form Unsteady Aerodynamic

.+7
 Theory for Rotors in Hover and Forward Flight. Proceedings of the 43'<1
Annual National Forum of the American Helicopter Society, Missouri.

8.2.7 Report

a. One Author

Snow, R.E (1976). Research on Aptitudes: A Progress Report. Technical

Report No.1., Aptitude Research Project, School of Education, Stanford
University, September.

b. Two Authors

Atikinson, 1.W. and Connor, P.A. (1963). Effects of Aj;)ility Grouping in

Schools Related to Individual Differences in Achievement - related
motivation. Final Report, Office of Education, Cooperative Research
Project 1238.

8.2.8 Thesis

Collins, D.R. (1984). A study of the Solar Energy with reference to its.
application to rural areas. M.Phil thesis, University of London.

8.2.9 Unpublished Report

Ferguson, D.A. (1977). A Preliminary Review of the Literature and Life

History of Arabian and Houbara Bustard. Rep. U.S. Fish Wildlife Service.
Washington, Sept. (typescript).

Fox, N. (1988) Notes on the Analysis of Houbara Bustard Stomach

Content from Baluchistan and Punjab. 13 p. (typescirpt).

48
--- - ~ --- -- --------~-

8.2.10 Unpublished Manuscript

Beardslee, D. (1998). Summary of Conference on Research in Classroom

Processes. Unpublished manuscript Mimeol, Department of Psychology,
University of Michigan.

8.2.11 Reference from Newspaper

a. In case of news item.

Newsagency/Reporter. (1999). Internal Auditing Course
Concludes. Dawn (Islamabad). December, 15.
b. In case of Editorial!Article.
Ghaznavi, 1.(2000). The New Secretary General of UNO. Dawn
(Karachi). February, 25.
c. Some newspapers include the city's name in the title like the following. If
the newspaper you are referring to does not do so, add the city's home is
parenthesis.
Harshely, D. (2001). Advances: Extracting Gold from the Desert.
New York Times. August,S.

49
 "'~ .c:fS tf. ~')' 9 - . 11

8.2.12 Reference from Internet

a. Ifname of the author (s) given.

John, A. (1999). Studies on child psychology.
http .www.psy.com/edu./research.

b. If name is given and date is not given.

Turner, M.R. (N.D). Ma!1aging School System.
Edu.com./f9./ac./uk/
c. If date is given but name is not given.
Anonymous (1998). Higher Education. http ://www.holmail.col11

d. If name and date are not given.

Anonymous (N.D). http://hotmail_col1l

8.2.13 Corporate Author

If no author or editor is named choose an appropriate word from the title

of the organization that produced the document instead of Anonymous or
Anony., e.g.,
FAO, (1998).50 Years ofFAO in Pakistan. Islamabad, Palostam.
(This style should also be followed in text, e.g., FAO, (1998).

8.2.14 Encyclopaedias and other Alphabetised Works

Moldenke, Harold N. (1976)"Flower", World Book Encyclopaedia. (ed.),

Vol.(2), McCann Publishers Ltd. , New York.

50
 HI. 'DI (; .Al TO SCB~IISSIO. 9

The original and two good quality photocopies are to be submitted to the
University. Soft bindings are preferable for an initial submission and evaluation
by the Guidance and Examination Committee.

Hard bound c-opies should be submitted after incorporating the suggested changes
and corrections. The degree for which the thesis is submitted, brief name (or
surname) of the candidate and year should appear on the spine ofthe thesis, in the
same sequence.

9.1 Title

There are two title pages.

• Binding title
• Inner title

9.1.1 Binding Title The title of the binding must contain the full title of the
thesis, the full name and the registration number of the candidate, NUST
Monogram, the name of the department, collegelinstitute and university
and the year (facsimile Appendix-II), printed in the golden words.

'il
9.1.2 Inner Title This is the first page after the binding title on which
something is written. The text is the replica of the binding title except that it is on
white paper and written in black ink.

9.2 Colour

In order to maintain uniformity at the University level, one colour for the
cover/binding of the thesis is selected for MS/M.Sc, M.Phil and Ph.D as
follows and must be strictly observed.

MS/M.Sc Navy Blue

M.Phil Dark Green
Ph.D Black

Text on the title page should be in golden colour.

9.3 Spine

The spine should have the student's name, title of the thesis and year of
submission of thesis, written in golden colour.

52
Scientific misconduct is the improper unprofessional behaviour. The university's
policy on scientific misconduct will be communicated to the students by the
constituent colleges/institutes and by their respective supervisors/advisors.
Nevertheless, the following terms as defined by the University of London are
essential to know:

10.1 Piracy

Piracy is the deliberate exploitation of ideas and conr;:epts from others

without acknowledgement.

10.2 Plagiarism

Plagiarism is the copying of ideas, data or text (or a combination of these)

without permission or acknowledgement.

10.3 Fraud

Fraud involves deception - usually, but not exclusively, the invention of

data. This could also include the omission from analysis and publication of
inconvenient components of a data set.

53
 .". 'iT" ~.~ -~ ~-~ ~ ""Leasti!': A\~f:

10.4 Intellectual Honesty

Whereas the Promotion of an appropriate scientific conduct and

maintenance of ethical standards is the duty of the university
administration, all members of the collegelinstitute and students should
recognise their responsibility of avoiding dishonesty in any form.
Professional honesty demands subscription to proper scientific practices
such as acknowledgement of all sources even contributions of colleges or
collaborators; veracity of data and refrainment from colluding in.

Therefore, keeping in view the above, intellectual honesty should be

encouraged by the supervisors/advisors and all efforts be made to avoid
any breach of good conduct.

10.5 Allegation of Scientific Misconduct

A llegation of scientific misconduct straight-away calls for an

investigation. In case the research work done by a student is found to be a
plagiarised version of another thesis, research work, book, software,
published or unpublished work, partially or completely, a punitive action
against the candidate can be taken which can be as serious as the
cancellation of the candidature or/and withdrawal/cancellation of the
degree.

In case a student is found to have committed scientific misconduct, during

his/her research work prior to have submitted his/her thesis, he/she can bc
asked to resubmit the work or he/she can be suspended from the
collegelinstitute for a certain period as decided by the concerned
authorities . (see NUST statues for regulations).

54
APPE~I)ICES
Appendix 1

NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCES & TECHNOLOGY

Synopsis
For Ms/PhD NUST Degree in

Title AN INTEGRATED FINITE - STATE MODEL FOR ROTOR

DEFORMATION, NONLINEAR AIRLOADS, INFLOW
AND TRIM

Name of Student

Registration Number

Date of Admission
Date of lni tiation

Probable Duration

SUPERVISORY
GUIDANCE AND EXAMINATION COMMITTEE
i) Supervisor
(Name)
ii) Member
(Name)
iii) Member
(Name)

Chairperson/Head ................................ .... .

Department of .................................. .... .
College/Institute ................... ..................... .

55
 Appendix II

PREDICTION OF SHEAR STRENGTH IN CONCRETE

BEAMS WITH MODERATE WEB REINFORCEMENT

By

Nousheen Haider

(96-NUST-2480)

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of

the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science

In

Department of Mechanical Engineering

College of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering
National University of Sciences & Technology
Rawalpindi, Pakistan
(2001)

56
 Appendix III

Certified that the contents and form of thesis entitled "Effect

of Sewage Water on Growth and Quality of Salicornia
bigelovii Torr" submitted by Mr. Ali Haider have been found
satisfactory for the requirement of the degree.

Supervisor: ------------------
Assistant Professor (Dr. Zafar Bhatti)

Member: -------------------
Associate Professor (Dr. Rauf Khan)

Member: -----------------
Lecturer (Dr. Ahmad Baig)

External Examiner: Signature _______

Name__________________
DesignatioD _____________

57
 I
The l"efel"l"ed document on style and fOl"mat fol" thesis writing has bee n pl"eviewed in
detail. It l"epl"esents pl"aise-worthl y effol"ts on the pal"t of the author. This college
l"ecommends its adoption as a guide line manual fol" all students.

College of Electrical & Mechanical

Engineering, Rawalpindi

YoUl" efforts in pl"oducing guidelines fol" writing up th e Thesis of PhD/MS al"e much
appl"eciated. It has covel"ed almost evel"Y asped that a student might need when at
write up stage.

PN Engineering College
PNS lauhar
Karachi

Unifol"mity in the pl"epal"ation/submission of Thesis/ R eseal"ch at NUST

College/Institutes was essentially need ed. Said Guidelines al"e Suppol"ted.

R&D Dte, NUST HQ

Rawalpindi

The subjed manual has been pl"epal"ed with a vel"y meticulous effol"t and covel"S all the
essential details of thesis wl"iting/pl"ese ntation thel"eof

National Institute of Transportation

Risalpur

.);xcellent guidelines and may be implemented with immediate effed

Dr.Istiaq A.Qazi
Ex-Principal lESE
DC PCRET, Islamabad

National University of Sciences and Technology

RAWALPINDI